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1.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the peri- and post-operative (72 hours) analgesic effects of injectable and orally administered carprofen and meloxicam for ovariohysterectomy in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized clinical study. ANIMALS: Forty-three dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dogs were randomly assigned to receive pre-operative carprofen, meloxicam or sterile saline by subcutaneous injection. Pre-anaesthetic medication was intramuscular acepromazine (0.02 mg kg(-1)) and methadone (0.2 mg kg(-1)). Anaesthesia was induced with either thiopentone or propofol injected to effect, and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Visual analogue scores (VAS) for pain and sedation were recorded at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 hours following tracheal extubation. Oral medication with the same treatment was continued post-operatively for 3 days, with VAS scores for pain being recorded before, and 2 hours after treatment on each day. Differences between group age, body mass, duration of general anaesthesia, time from treatment injection to tracheal extubation and time from treatment injection to first oral treatment were analysed using one-way analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis test. Visual analogue scores for pain and sedation were analysed using a re-randomization method. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Meloxicam-treated subjects had lower mean VAS than the control group at 2 and 6 hours following tracheal extubation. Control group VAS were more varied than meloxicam scores (at 6 hours) and carprofen scores (at 3 and 6 hours). On the first post-operative day, pre- to post-treatment VAS scores decreased significantly after meloxicam. On day 3, scores in the meloxicam-treated group were significantly lower than control values after treatment. Changes in pre- to post-treatment VAS were greater in animals receiving either meloxicam or carprofen compared with those given saline. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Both carprofen and meloxicam provided satisfactory analgesia for 72 hours following ovariohysterectomy in dogs.  相似文献   

2.
It was the aim of this placebo-controlled study to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of the NASAID carprofen and the pure m-agonist levomthadone over a five-day postoperative evaluation period in dogs with fractures of the humerus or the femur (n = 30). Pain and sedation evaluation was carried out with a visual analogues system (VAS) and with the aid of a numerical estimation scale(NRS). The degree of lameness, the pain treshhold, the glucose and cortisol concentration curves as well as the respiration and heart rate and the systolic blood pressure were used as further pain indicators and to identify drug side effects. The levomethadon group displayed the lowest degree of pain on postoperative examination on the first day. On days 2 to 5, the carprofen group showed the lowest degree of pain in comparison to the placebo group. The levomethadon- and the carprofen group showed no statistically proven differences from day 2 on. Due to great variations in the pain scores and comparatively high median pain score especially on the first day of this study, the efficacy of all analgesics evaluated here must be regarded as insufficient in many cases. Only the parameter nociceptive pain treshhold showed a little, the degree of lameness, the glucose and cortisol levels showed no close correlation to the VAS and NRS pain scores and were therefore of little usefulness as postoperative pain indicators. No relevant clinical side effects caused by the used analgesics were detected in the kidney, the liver, the gastrointestinal tract and the circulatory system in this study. Rather, traumatically induced elevation of enzyme levels improves or normalised until the 5th day of the study. In addition, no negative effect on wound healing was noted, especially for carprofen. Therefore, the evaluated analgesics seems to be adequate for postoperative pain therapy also in fracture patients (trauma patients). However, the efficacy of all analgesics evaluated here must be regarded as insufficient in many cases.  相似文献   

3.
Rats underwent a midline laparotomy and received buprenorphine, buprenorphine together with carprofen, flunixin or carprofen alone while a control group received saline. Food and water intakes and body weight were reduced following surgery in the saline control group. The degree of depression of these variables was significantly reduced by the administration of either buprenorphine or carprofen. In all groups of rats locomotor activity was depressed following surgery. Analgesic administration had little influence on these changes in activity, although administration of two doses of buprenorphine (0.05 mg/kg, 9 h interval) reduced the degree of depression in comparison to the saline control group. If the depression in food and water consumption is related to the presence of post-operative pain, then these findings suggest that analgesics should be administered to rats following surgical procedures.  相似文献   

4.
Eighteen client-owned dogs undergoing Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO) were included in this blinded clinical study and randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. Group C (carprofen) received intravenous (IV) carprofen, 4 mg/kg, prior to anesthesia, whereas group P (placebo) received IV saline. General anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen and a constant rate infusion (CRI) of sufentanyl IV. Intra-operatively, assessment of nociception was based on changes in physiological parameters and on the analgesics requirement, whereas in the post-operative period evaluation of pain was performed by using a Hellyer and Gaynor pain score and by comparing the doses of rescue buprenorphine required by the two treatment groups. Although no statistically significant differences in intra-operative sufentanyl doses were found between treatment groups, group C had superior cardiovascular stability, and lower post-operative pain scores and rescue buprenorphine doses than group P. Our results indicate that administration of carprofen prior to surgery was effective in improving peri-operative analgesia in dogs undergoing TPLO.  相似文献   

5.
Objective— To compare analgesic efficacy of preoperative versus postoperative administration of carprofen and to determine, if preincisional mepivacaine epidural anesthesia improves postoperative analgesia in dogs treated with carprofen. Study Design— Blind, randomized clinical study. Animals— Dogs with femoral (n=18) or pelvic (27) fractures. Methods— Dogs were grouped by restricted randomization into 4 groups: group 1=carprofen (4 mg/kg subcutaneously) immediately before induction of anesthesia, no epidural anesthesia; group 2=carprofen immediately after extubation, no epidural anesthesia; group 3=carprofen immediately before induction, mepivacaine epidural block 15 minutes before surgical incision; and group 4=mepivacaine epidural block 15 minutes before surgical incision, carprofen after extubation. All dogs were administered carprofen (4 mg/kg, subcutaneously, once daily) for 4 days after surgery. Physiologic variables, nociceptive threshold, lameness score, pain, and sedation (numerical rating scale [NRS], visual analog scale [VAS]), plasma glucose and cortisol concentration, renal function, and hemostatic variables were measured preoperatively and at various times after surgery. Dogs with VAS pain scores >30 were administered rescue analgesia. Results— Group 3 and 4 dogs had significantly lower pain scores and amount of rescue analgesia compared with groups 1 and 2. VAS and NRS pain scores were not significantly different among groups 1 and 2 or among groups 3 and 4. There was no treatment effect on renal function and hemostatic variables. Conclusions— Preoperative carprofen combined with mepivacaine epidural anesthesia had superior postoperative analgesia compared with preoperative carprofen alone. When preoperative epidural anesthesia was performed, preoperative administration of carprofen did not improve postoperative analgesia compared with postoperative administration of carprofen. Clinical Relevance— Preoperative administration of systemic opioid agonists in combination with regional anesthesia and postoperative administration of carprofen provides safe and effective pain relieve in canine fracture repair.  相似文献   

6.
The aim of this study was to titrate the optimal dose of carprofen for single dose usage, for alleviating postoperative pain, under a double-blind and randomised protocol, using both negative and positive controls. Renal tolerance was assessed by screening plasma urea and creatinine. Pre- and postoperative assessment of pain and sedation was made using a dynamic and interactive visual analogue scoring system in 60 cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. The cats were randomly assigned to one of six groups: (1) carprofen at 1-0 mg/kg subcutaneously (sc); (2) carprofen at 2-0 mg/kg sc; (3) carprofen at 4-0 mg/kg sc; (4) pethidine at 5-0 mg/kg intramuscularly (im), (5) pethidine at 10-0 mg/kg im; and (6) no analgesics (injection of saline). All injections were given postoperatively on tracheal extuba-tion and administered in a double-blind manner. Assessments were made up to 20 hours post extubation. Prior to induction and at 20 hours post extubation, blood samples were taken for laboratory analysis of the urea and creatinine content to check for any adverse effect on renal function. Cats given pethidine did not appear more sedated than the groups receiving carprofen or saline. Cats receiving carprofen were in less pain postoperatively overall, with 4-0 mg/kg being the most effective dose rate (significantly better than the other doses of carprofen at four and eight hours post extubation). The highest dose of pethidine provided significantly better analgesia than the highest dose of carprofen up to two hours post extubation, but from two to 20 hours post extubation carprofen at 4-0 mg/kg provided significantly better analgesia than the pethidine. None of the analgesic regimens appeared to affect renal function adversely, as measured by urea and creatinine levels.  相似文献   

7.
This study examined the effects of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) treatment protocols on the behavioral responses of juvenile Steller sea lions after abdominal surgery. Sea lions were randomly assigned to one of two treatments designed to control post-operative pain. The flunixin group (n=6) received flunixin meglumine (1mg/kg) administered as a single intramuscular (IM) injection before extubation from surgery. The carprofen group (n=5) received carprofen (4.4 mg/kg) as an IM injection before extubation, then orally at 24, 48 and 72 h after surgery. Seven behaviors related to post-operative pain were monitored by observers, blinded to treatment, for a total of 10 days (3 days pre-, day of surgery, and 6 days post-surgery). All seven behaviors changed after surgery regardless of NSAID treatment, two of which returned to baseline within 6 days of surgery. Only one behavior was mildly affected by analgesic treatment: sea lions in the carprofen group tended to spend less time lying down in Days 1-3 following surgery (i.e., the days which they received oral carprofen). These results suggested that neither treatment, at the dose administered, was effective in controlling pain in the days following this surgery.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of preoperative administration of oral carprofen, subcutaneous ketoprofen, and local nerve block with bupivacaine in preventing postoperative pain-associated behavior in cats after ovariohysterectomy. ANIMALS: Fifty-two female intact cats. Materials and methods Cats received butorphanol (0.44 mg kg(-1) IM), carprofen (2.2 mg kg(-1) PO), ketoprofen (2.2 mg kg(-1) SQ), or bupivacaine infiltration block (1.1 mg kg(-1) SQ) before surgery. Cortisol and drug concentrations and visual analog scale (VAS) and interactive visual analog scale (IVAS) pain-associated behavior scores were measured 2 hours before and 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after ovariohysterectomy. RESULTS: Cats receiving butorphanol had significantly increased IVAS scores 2 hours after surgery compared with baseline measurements. Cats receiving carprofen, ketoprofen, and bupivacaine had significant increases from baseline in VAS and IVAS scores 1 and 2 hours after surgery. VAS and IVAS scores for cats receiving bupivacaine were significantly greater 1 and 2 hours after surgery than for cats that received butorphanol. Cats receiving carprofen had significant increases in cortisol 1 hour after surgery and significant decreases 24 hours after surgery compared with baseline measurements. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Preoperative carprofen and ketoprofen have effects on pain-associated behavior similar to butorphanol in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Cats receiving bupivacaine blocks may require additional analgesics immediately after surgery.  相似文献   

9.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of a novel, long-acting sufentanil preparation in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OHE). STUDY DESIGN: Blinded, positively controlled, randomized field trial with four parallel treatment groups. ANIMALS: Eighty client owned dogs undergoing elective OHE randomly allocated into four treatment groups (each n = 20). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three groups received intramuscular (IM) sufentanil (at 10, 15 and 25 microg kg(-1), respectively) and the control group received subcutaneous (SC) carprofen 4 mg kg(-1) SC plus acepromazine 0.05 mg kg(-1) IM as pre-anaesthetic medication. OHE was performed under thiopental/halothane anaesthesia. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores for pain and sedation were awarded and mechanical nociceptive thresholds were measured at the wound and hock before surgery and up to 24 hours after tracheal extubation. Serum cortisol was measured before surgery, during surgery and up to 24 hours after tracheal extubation. Animals with inadequate post-operative analgesia were given rescue medication. RESULTS: In the carprofen group, VAS pain scores were significantly higher, wound tenderness was greater and requirement for rescue analgesia was more than in the sufentanil-treated groups. Sufentanil produced dose dependent analgesia and sedation. All treatment groups showed similar patterns of change for cortisol concentrations. Use of the sufentanil preparation was associated with a relatively high incidence of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: The long-acting preparation of sufentanil provided excellent post-operative analgesia that was significantly better than that provided by carprofen. However, use of this formulation, in the anaesthetic technique used in the study, resulted in a relatively high incidence of adverse effects. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Full mu (MOP) opioid agonists provide significantly better post-operative analgesia than nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs after moderately painful surgery. However, the widely recognized adverse effects of opioids may preclude the use of these agents.  相似文献   

10.
The adequacy of postoperative analgesia was assessed in 40 cats following ovariohysterectomy. At extubation, cats were given one dose of carprofen, ketoprofen, meloxicam or tolfenamic acid. Postoperative analgesia was assessed using visual analogue scale (VAS) scoring for pain and sedation; measurement of mechanical nociceptive thresholds at the wound; recognition of the requirement for rescue intervention analgesia; and an overall clinical assessment score at 18 hours. VAS pain scores were low throughout the trial, with no significant differences found between the groups. Postoperative mechanical nociceptive thresholds decreased significantly from baseline in all four groups, with no significant differences between the groups. One cat in each of the tolfenamic acid, ketoprofen and meloxicam groups required rescue intervention analgesia. Nine out of 10 cats in all four groups were classified as having desirable overall clinical assessment scores. In summary, all four drugs provided good postoperative analgesia, although none was able to prevent postoperative wound tenderness.  相似文献   

11.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the isoflurane sparing effect and the post-surgical analgesia provided by a brachial plexus block (BPB) in cats undergoing distal thoracic limb surgery.Study designProspective randomized blinded clinical study.AnimalsTwenty client-owned cats.MethodsCats were assigned to receive either no BPB (group NB) or a nerve stimulator guided BPB (group BPB) using lidocaine (3.6 mg kg?1) and bupivacaine (1.2 mg kg?1). Pre-medication consisted of midazolam and ketamine intravenously (IV). Anaesthesia was induced with propofol IV to effect and maintained with isoflurane delivered in oxygen and a continuous rate infusion of fentanyl (2 μg kg?1 hour?1). End-tidal isoflurane concentration (Fe′ISO) was adjusted every 3 minutes guided by changes in cardiorespiratory parameters and reflexes present, to maintain a stable depth of anaesthesia. Five time points were chosen to record all parameters and compare values between groups. Recovery and post-operative pain assessment were performed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) at 15 and 45 minutes after extubation and thereafter at hourly intervals until 5 hours after placement of the BPB.ResultsNo clinically significant differences were seen for heart rate, respiratory rate and non-invasive blood pressure between groups. Mean Fe′ISO was significantly lower in group BPB compared with group NB at all time points. In group NB, all intraoperative measurements of Fe′ISO were significantly higher compared with baseline (3 minutes before start of surgery) measurements. During recovery, VAS scores for group BPB were significantly lower than for group NB. Additional analgesics were needed in all cats within the study period.Conclusion and Clinical relevanceIn cats undergoing orthopaedic surgery of the thoracic limb, BPB reduced intra-operative isoflurane requirement and pain during the early post-operative period when compared with procedures without a BPB. BPB is a useful adjunct to anaesthesia in such cases.  相似文献   

12.
A model of nociceptive threshold determination was developed for evaluation of NSAID analgesia in cats. In a crossover study, eight cats received carprofen (4 mg/kg), buprenorphine (0.01 mg/kg) or saline (0.3 ml) subcutaneously before intradermal kaolin injection on the antebrachium to induce mild inflammation. Pressure thresholds were measured at the injected site using blunt-ended pins advanced by manual inflation of a bladder within a bracelet. Bladder pressure was recorded as threshold (PT) at the behavioural end point. Baseline PT were recorded before kaolin injection (time 0). PT was measured at 2-10 h intervals for 52 h. PT below the lower 95% confidence interval (CI) of baseline values indicated hyperalgesia. After saline, hyperalgesia was detected from 2-6 h, 22-26 h, and at 30 and 36 h. After carprofen, PT remained within the 95% CI. After buprenorphine, PT remained within the 95% CI except at 2h. Carprofen and to some extent buprenorphine, prevented inflammatory hyperalgesia.  相似文献   

13.
In this study the analgesic efficacy of the pure agonistic opioid morphine and the cyclo-oxygenase type-2-selective carprofen were compared since there is no previous specific comparative study for these two common analgesics. Forty-five bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy were randomly assigned to one of three groups; receiving morphine 0.4 mg/kg bodyweight pre-operatively and 0.2 mg/kg every 4-6 hours thereafter (Morphine group), receiving a once-off carprofen 4 mg/kg injection (Carprofen group) or receiving both morphine and carprofen (MorphCarp group). The dogs were premedicated with acepromazine 0.01 mg/kg and induced with either thiopentone 5-10 mg/kg or propofol 4-6 mg/kg. General anaesthesia was maintained with halothane in oxygen. The degree of pain was assessed over a 24-hour period under blinded conditions using a pain scale modified from the University of Melbourne pain scale and the Glasgow composite pain tool. Physiological parameters such as respiratory rate, pulse rate and body temperature were also assessed over the same time period. There was no significant difference in pain-scores and thus analgesia offered by the three analgesia protocols at any assessment point across the three groups, but there were differences within groups across time points. Baseline total pain-scores were lower than scores at all post-operative points within all three groups. Both morphine and carprofen provided good analgesia without any obvious adverse effects. This study indicates that at the dosages indicated above, carprofen administered on its own produces analgesia equal to that produced by morphine and that the two drugs administered together do not produce better analgesia than either drug administered on its own.  相似文献   

14.
Post‐operative pain management by a single subcutaneous (SC) injection of carprofen has been found to be effective in cats and dogs. This clinical study compared the analgesic properties of injectable carprofen and butorphanol in 71 healthy cats (0.5–5 years, mean weight 3.24 ± 0.61 kg) undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Cats were randomly assigned to three groups: Group C received carprofen 4 mg kg?1 SC at intubation and sterile saline 0.08 mL kg?1 SC at extubation; Group B received sterile saline 0.08 mL kg?1 SC at intubation and butorphanol 0.4 mg kg?1 SC at extubation; Group S received sterile saline 0.08 mL kg?1 SC at intubation and extubation. All cats were pre‐medicated with atropine (0.04 mg kg?1 SC), acepromazine (0.02 mg kg?1 SC), ketamine (5 mg kg?1 SC), and induced IV with ketamine (5 mg kg?1) and diazepam (0.25 mg kg?1). Serum biochemistry values were taken at 24 and 48 hours post‐surgically and compared to a pre‐surgical baseline. Behavioral data were collected by a blinded investigator prior to surgery (baseline) and 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 hours post‐surgery; the data were compiled into composite pain scores on a scale from 0 to 21 and complemented by visual analogue scores (VAS). Scoring was based on changes in behavior, posture, vocalization, and response to interactive stimulation. Cats with pain scores >12 were considered to be moderately painful, received meperidine (4 mg kg?1 IM), and were excluded from further statistical analyses. Sixty of 71 cats completed the study. Anesthetic time was 88.5 ± 21.8 minutes (mean ± SD). Meperidine was given to one cat in C, three in B, and five in S. There were no significant differences in biochemistry values. There were no significant differences in pain scores between C and B at any time period; B and C pain scores were significantly lower than S at 1, 2, 12, 16, and 20 hours post‐operatively, and C lower than S at 3 and 8 hours post‐surgery. Pain scores decreased over the 24‐hour study in all groups; the greatest decrease in each group was between 4 and 8 hours post‐operatively. In this study, carprofen provided post‐surgical analgesia comparable to butorphanol.  相似文献   

15.
The safety of a proprietary formulation of buprenorphine hydrochloride administered subcutaneously (SC) to young cats was investigated in a blinded, randomized study. Four cohorts of eight cats aged approximately 4 months were administered saline, 0.24, 0.72 or 1.20 mg/kg/day buprenorphine SC for nine consecutive days, representing 0×, 1×, 3× and 5× of the intended dose. Cats were monitored daily for evidence of clinical reactions, food and water intake and adverse events (AEs). Physical examinations, clinical pathology, vital signs and electrocardiograms (ECGs) were evaluated at protocol‐specified time points. Complete necropsy and histopathologic examinations were performed following humane euthanasia. Four buprenorphine‐treated cats experienced AEs during the study, two unrelated and two related to study drug administration. The two cats with AEs considered related to drug administration had clinical signs of hyperactivity, difficulty in handling, disorientation, agitation and dilated pupils in one 0.24 mg/kg/day cat and one 0.72 mg/kg/day cat. All of these clinical signs were observed simultaneously. There were no drug‐related effects on survival, injection response, injection site inspections, body weight, food or water consumption, bleeding time, urinalysis, respiration rate, heart rate, ECGs, blood pressures, body temperatures, macroscopic examinations or organ weights. Once daily buprenorphine s.c. injections at doses of 0.24, 0.72 and 1.20 mg/kg/day for 9 consecutive days were well tolerated in young domestic cats.  相似文献   

16.
The postoperative analgesia and sedation in cats given carprofen (4·0 mg/kg bodyweight by subcutaneous injection preoperatively) was compared to that in cats given pethidine (3·3 mg/kg bodyweight by intramuscular injection postoperatively) in a controlled, randomised, blinded, multicentre clinical trial. Further dosing with the particular analgesic was allowed if a cat was exhibiting unacceptable pain. In total, 57 carprofen cases and 59 pethidine cases were evaluated. Significantly fewer cats in the carprofen group required additional doses of analgesic, and mean pain scores were significantly lower from four hours after ovariohysterectomy, and at 18 to 24 hours after castration, compared to the pethidine group. In conclusion, carprofen provided as good a level of postoperative analgesia as pethidine, but of a longer duration (at least 24 hours) and was well tolerated. It thus provides an option for 'pre-emptive analgesia' in cats about to undergo surgery.  相似文献   

17.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a prototype pressure stimulus device for use in the cat and to compare with a known thermal threshold device. ANIMALS: Eight healthy adult cats weighing between 3.0 and 4.9 kg. METHODS: Pressure stimulation was given via a plastic bracelet taped around the forearm. Three 2.4 mm diameter ball bearings, in a 10-mm triangle, were advanced against the craniolateral surface of the antebrachium by manual inflation of a modified blood pressure bladder. Pressure in the cuff was recorded at the end point (leg shake and head turn). Thermal threshold was also tested. Stimuli were stopped if they reached 55 degrees C or 450 mmHg without response. After four pressure and thermal threshold baselines, each cat received SC buprenorphine 0.01 mg kg(-1), carprofen 4 mg kg(-1) or saline 0.3 mL in a three period cross-over study with a 1-week interval. The investigator was blinded to the treatment. Measurements were made at 0.25. 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours after injection. Data were analyzed by using ANOVA. RESULTS: There were no significant changes in thermal or pressure threshold after administration of saline or carprofen, but thermal threshold increased from 60 minutes until 8 hours after administration of buprenorphine (p < 0.05). The maximum increase in threshold from baseline (DeltaT(max)) was 3.5 +/- 3.1 degrees C at 2 hours. Pressure threshold increased 2 hours after administration of buprenorphine (p < 0.05) when the increase in threshold above baseline (DeltaP(max)) was 162 +/- 189 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This pressure device resulted in thresholds that were affected by analgesic treatment in a similar manner but to a lesser degree than the thermal method. Pressure stimulation may be a useful additional method for analgesic studies in cats.  相似文献   

18.
This prospective, blinded, controlled clinical study compared the effects of pre-emptive oral administration of carprofen or tramadol on pain scores and analgesic requirement in dogs undergoing cutaneous tumor removal. Thirty-six client-owned dogs presenting for cutaneous tumor removal were randomly assigned to receive carprofen, tramadol, or no treatment prior to surgery. Pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS), the Modified Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Score (MGCMPS), and algometry at enrollment, prior to premedication, at extubation, then hourly for the first 4 h, and every 4 h for 24 h. Dogs scoring ≥ 7 (MGCMPS), or having a VAS measurement ≥ 40 mm were given rescue analgesia. There were no significant differences in pain VAS, MGCMPS, or algometry. There were no differences in rescue analgesia requirement, or time to rescue analgesia among groups. Carprofen, tramadol, or no pre-emptive analgesia, combined with pre-operative hydromorphone and rescue analgesia, resulted in satisfactory analgesia in the 24-hour postoperative period.  相似文献   

19.
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20.
Mechanical nociceptive thresholds are regularly used to determine the efficacy of analgesic agents both experimentally and clinically in a variety of species. The 'pressure of palpation device' (PPD) was developed for use in cats and is a small battery operated device with a finger-mounted force sensing resistor (FSR, Interlink Electronics, Northumberland. UK). The PPD was used in a study assessing the analgesic efficacy of pethidine after castration in cats. Pethidine was demonstrated to prevent the development of post-operative scrotal hypersensitivity for up to 2 hours after castration, whereas cats given no analgesics showed marked hyperalgesia immediately after surgery. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pain scores after castration showed a similar analgesic effect of pethidine. These results suggest that the PPD could become a useful research tool to assess the effectiveness of analgesic agents in the cat.  相似文献   

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