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1.
Enhancement of the acidity of fresh waters due to sea-salt “episodes” has been reported in western regions of Scotland, Ireland and Norway and eastern regions of Canada and the United States of America. In all cases these short-term pH depressions have been ascribed to cation-exchange processes in catchment soils whereby sodium ions displace acidic cations (H+, Al3+) resulting in a lowering of the Na/Cl ratio in run-off water. Studies of sea-salt episodes in different catchment types of similar sensitivity in Scotland show significant variations in chemical responses, especially in terms of acidification status. Catchments with high background salt content, in a low sulphur deposition area, show only a small increase in acidity with negligible aluminium release and most of the sodium retention matched by Ca and Mg release. Catchments in intermediate deposition areas, with low background salt levels, exhibit smaller sodium retention with increased leaching of acidity and labile aluminium. High non-marine S deposition sites, with intermediate background salt levels, reveal high levels of acidity and aluminium leaching associated with some calcium leaching and evidence of Mg retention. Mitigation of acidification occurs at sites with high background sea-salt levels (eg north west Scotland) where acidic deposition is selectively retained in catchment soils. Non-marine sulphate values in run-off are therefore much lower (often producing negative values) than those predicted from current S deposition values. Consequently such sites are presently producing false exceedances of freshwater Critical Loads when current S deposition values are used. Future reductions in S deposition will probably affect the adsorption characteristics at these sites with consequent effects on sulphate leaching. 相似文献
2.
When exposed to air and adequate moisture, soils containing sulphides (sulphidic soils with pH > 4) become oxidized and generate sulphuric acid to form ‘sulphuric soils’ (pH < 4). Treatment of this acidity is undertaken by addition of lime. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of adding plant organic matter, and simple carbon and nitrogen compounds, as alternatives to lime to sulphuric and sulphidic soils. In sulphuric soils under aerobic conditions, organic matter increased pH, the extent depending on the nitrogen content. Lucerne hay, which had the largest nitrogen content, increased the pH from 3.7 to 8.0, while pea straw and wheat straw effected smaller changes, in proportion to their respective nitrogen contents. Lucerne hay also caused the greatest reductions in soil redox potential and sulphate content, consistent with the action of sulphate‐reducing bacteria. Similarly, incorporation of organic matter under aerobic conditions effectively prevented sulphidic soil acidification and reduced the redox potential and sulphate content. The individual effects of carbon and nitrogen compounds were then examined and compared to plant organic material. Glucose was ineffective at both small and large concentrations, while molasses increased the pH slightly to 4.6 and acetate to 5.9. None of these carbon compounds was as effective as complex organic matter. Nitrogen added alone as nitrate or ammonia had little or no effect on pH, whereas organic nitrogen in the form of urea caused the pH to rise to 6.3 and reduced the redox to less than 0 mV but had no significant effect on sulphate content. 相似文献
3.
Soil pH influences the chemistry, dynamics and biological availability of phosphorus (P), but few studies have isolated the effect of pH from other soil properties. We studied phosphorus chemistry in soils along the Hoosfield acid strip (Rothamsted, UK), where a pH gradient from 3.7 to 7.8 occurs in a single soil with little variation in total phosphorus (mean ± standard deviation 399 ± 27 mg P kg?1). Soil organic phosphorus represented a consistent proportion of the total soil phosphorus (36 ± 2%) irrespective of soil pH. However, organic phosphorus concentrations increased by about 20% in the most acidic soils (pH < 4.0), through an accumulation of inositol hexakisphosphate, DNA and phosphonates. The increase in organic phosphorus in the most acidic soils was not related to organic carbon, because organic carbon concentrations declined at pH < 4.0. Thus, the organic carbon to organic phosphorus ratio declined from about 70 in neutral soils to about 50 in strongly acidic soils. In contrast to organic phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus was affected strongly by soil pH, because readily‐exchangeable phosphate extracted with anion‐exchange membranes and a more stable inorganic phosphorus pool extracted in NaOH–EDTA both increased markedly as soil pH declined. Inorganic orthophosphate concentrations were correlated negatively with amorphous manganese and positively with amorphous aluminium oxides, suggesting that soil pH influences orthophosphate stabilization via metal oxides. We conclude that pH has a relatively minor influence on the amount of organic phosphorus in soil, although some forms of organic phosphorus accumulate preferentially under strongly acidic conditions. 相似文献
4.
The relationship between acidity and benthic invertebrate communities was investigated in two small streams in coniferous forests in central Jutland, Denmark, during 1992 and 1993. Stream pH was acid (mean pH 4.8 and 5.4) and alkalinity fluctuated greatly with mean values around zero. During rain events, water from springfed reaches upstream were mixed downstream with brown humic acid water with high aluminium content, and pH declined from circumneutral near the springs down to pH below 4 over a very short distance (0.5–1.5 km). The benthic invertebrate communities in the most acidic downstream reaches of both streams were dominated by filipalpian stoneflies, mainly Leuctra nigra (Olv.). Community composition remained very similar throughout the sampling period despite variations in pH. In the upper (neutral) reaches invertebrates intolerant of low pH such as Gammarus pulex L. were found. The concentrations of chloride and sulphate in the streams were more than double the concentrations in a nearby moorland stream indicating a strong impact of acidifying atmospheric deposition on the two forest streams. Results of this study indicate that afforestation with conifers on sandy Danish soils with low buffering capacity (about 25% of the total Danish land area) may lead to an increased acidification of surface waters and thereby also to an impoverished aquatic fauna. 相似文献
5.
Peiffer Stefan Beierkuhnlein Carl Sandhage-Hofmann Alexandra Kaupenjohann Martin Bär Silke 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1997,94(3-4):401-416
A field study was performed on the effects of acid mine leachate from slate mine tailings seeping into a small river passing through the tailings. Before entering the tailings the river water has high alkalinity which neutralizes acidity upon mixing with leachate within the tailings. Donwstreams of the tailings the pH of the river water ranges about pH = 8, the water contains high concentrations of sulfate (≈1500 μmol/1 and particulate bound aluminium (≈80 μmol/I), but low concentrations of dissolved aluminium (≈3 μmol/1). It is therefore assumed that AI(OH)3 colloids are precipitated during the neutralisation process and transported out of the tailings. The concentration of particulate bound aluminium along the river shows a strong correlation with the concentration of sulfate, which indicates that particulate bound aluminium is conservative. It therefore seems that under dry weather conditions (under most of the sampling was performed) no chemical retention mechanism exists which confines the distribution of aluminium to a restricted part of the catchment area. In contrast, the white river sediment is rich in both aluminium and sulfate, which suggests the temporary formation of aluminium hydroxosulfate minerals. Favorable (i.e. acidic) conditions may prevail at high discharges where the acidity accumulated in the tailings is flushed into the river with its subsequent acidification. 相似文献
6.
不同产地油菜秸秆制备的生物质炭对红壤酸度和土壤pH缓冲容量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
7.
基于PLSPM模型的鄂西南部分区域耕地土壤pH影响因素研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
选用鄂西南部分区域采集的土壤pH数据,进行其影响因素研究。结果表明:研究区耕地土壤pH呈现东北向西南降低的趋势,整体属于酸性土壤;不同耕地类型土壤p H大小分别是:水浇地旱地水田;不同成土母质发育的土壤p H有所差异,碳酸盐岩发育的土壤p H较高,结晶岩和泥质岩发育的土壤p H较低;耕地土壤p H多因素综合模型显示,人为活动是该区耕地土壤p H的主要影响因素,其后依次是气候、作物和地形;不同土壤酸碱性的耕地对影响因素的响应程度存在差异,中性和弱碱性土壤对人为活动表现为正向响应,强酸性及弱酸性土壤对作物长势和地形同样表现为正向响应,极强酸性土壤对人为活动的响应程度最低,弱碱性土壤对气候的响应程度最强。 相似文献
8.
Gilles L. Lacroix 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1989,46(1-4):375-386
Ecological and toxicological data from field studies on acidic rivers of Nova Scotia were examined to review the effects of low pH on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations in waters rich in organic acids where noexchangeable forms of Al dominate at all times. There were no survival of salmon past the dry stage at pH <4.7, and survival rates for salmon from egg to smolt only increased at pH >4.9. Annual production of juvenile salmon and potential yield of smolts were lower at pH 4.7 to 5.4 than at pH 5.6 to 6.3 because of reduced densities attributable to the high mortality of fry at pH ≤5.0. However, acidity episodes to pH <4.7 also resulted in mortality of parr, reducing densities and often completely eliminating year-classes. The physiological responses of juvenile salmon to chronic acid conditions and to acute acidity typical of episodic events were also reviewed in relation to toxicity. Decreased in plasma Na and Cl were well correlated with ambient pH, but not with exchangeable Al concentrations in rivers. These plasma electrolytes provided reliable indicators of the thresholds for sublethal effects on ionoregulatory mechanisms. There was no morphological evidence of damage or lesions in gill epithelia, indicating that accumulation of Al in the gills of parr was not a significant factor in the lethal effects observed in acidic rivers. High organic matter content in the water apparently protected gills from adverse Al effects. Toxicity was considered to result from the effect of low ambient pH on branchial ionoregulatory mechanisms. 相似文献
9.
《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(7):1513-1526
Abstract Many tropical plant species originated in areas with acidic soils and do not grow well in calcareous (high pH) soils. It is impossible to acidify soils that have high contents of calcium carbonate in south Florida. Replacing calcareous soils with acidic soils obtained from distant regions is an alternative. Unfortunately, such introduced acidic soils may eventually be neutralized by irrigation and ground water that is saturated with calcium carbonate. The objective of this investigation was to examine the acidity changes and buffering capacities of three types of acidic soils (silica sand soil, red loamy sand soil, and a mixed soil) used to establish tropical plants in a rainforest exhibition at Fairchild Tropical Garden, Miami, FL. The three areas were excavated to remove native calcareous soil, limestone bedrock, and filled with acidic soils. Various rainforest plants were planted. Soil samples were collected in contiguous 10 cm‐deep segments from the soil surface to the bedrock shortly after deposition of the soils and one year later. Soil pH, EC, particle distribution, buffering capacity were determined. Results showed that both silica sand and mixed soils had been neutralized and the soil pH values had risen over 7 in all soil depths after one year. However, less than 10 cm of the surface and bottom soil layers of red loamy sand had been neutralized and the soil pH in the middle of soil profile remained unchanged due to its higher buffering capacity. A column leaching study showed that the acidity in the red loamy sand soil would be neutralized by irrigation water and by capillary movement of groundwater with a high concentration of calcium bicarbonate. Buffering curves indicate that it is easier to maintain acidity in sandy soil than of loamy sand and mixed soils with acidified irrigation water. Indeed it is difficult to acidify the mixed soils with high organic matter content after these soils have been neutralized. 相似文献
10.
Soil acidification and the importance of liming agricultural soils with particular reference to the United Kingdom 
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下载免费PDF全文 K. W. T. Goulding 《Soil Use and Management》2016,32(3):390-399
Soil acidification is caused by a number of factors including acidic precipitation and the deposition from the atmosphere of acidifying gases or particles, such as sulphur dioxide, ammonia and nitric acid. The most important causes of soil acidification on agricultural land, however, are the application of ammonium‐based fertilizers and urea, elemental S fertilizer and the growth of legumes. Acidification causes the loss of base cations, an increase in aluminium saturation and a decline in crop yields; severe acidification can cause nonreversible clay mineral dissolution and a reduction in cation exchange capacity, accompanied by structural deterioration. Soil acidity is ameliorated by applying lime or other acid‐neutralizing materials. ‘Liming’ also reduces N2O emissions, but this is more than offset by CO2 emissions from the lime as it neutralizes acidity. Because crop plants vary in their tolerance to acidity and plant nutrients have different optimal pH ranges, target soil pH values in the UK are set at 6.5 (5.8 in peaty soils) for cropped land and 6.0 (5.3 in peaty soils) for grassland. Agricultural lime products can be sold as ‘EC Fertiliser Liming Materials’ but, although vital for soil quality and agricultural production, liming tends to be strongly influenced by the economics of farming. Consequently, much less lime is being applied in the UK than required, and many arable and grassland soils are below optimum pH. 相似文献
11.
Mohammed Moro Buri Roland Nuhu Issaka Toshiyuki Wakatsuki 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2005,51(5):755-759
A review of soil acidity problems with regards to causes, extent and management in Ghana shows that the extent of soil acidity has changed within a period of 2–3 decades. In the 1970s' soil acidity was a major problem in the Western region and the lowlands. Oxisols and Ultisols are common soils found in this area. However, anthropogenic causes have augmented natural causes resulting in more low pH soils. Soil acidity has therefore become a serious problem throughout the country. Anthropogenic causes identified include general agronomic practices such as tillage, use of mineral fertilizers and continuous cultivation. Rates of 1–2 t ha−1 lime on ultisols and oxisols in Ghana are more than adequate to meet the calcium demands and sufficient to neutralize residual acidity of any nitrogen fertilizer. Addition of organic amendments on low pH soils was also found to be beneficial and resulted in increased yields. The adoption of the "sawah" technology for lowland rice production has also resulted in improved water management, increased nutrient availability and significant increases in rice yields. 相似文献
12.
Peter Blaser Lorenz Walthert Stephan Zimmermann Elisabeth Graf Pannatier Jörg Luster 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2008,171(2):163-170
Soil chemical parameters related to soil acidity were determined for 1450 soil samples taken from individual mineral soil horizons in 257 forest soils in Switzerland, 196 developed from carbonate‐containing and 61 from carbonate‐free parent material. The distribution of pH values and exchangeable base cations in corresponding pH ranges were related to the capacity and rate of buffer reactions in the soil. Based on this, five acidity classes for individual soil samples were defined. To describe and classify the status of soil acidity and base saturation (BS) of an entire soil body, the pH and the BS of the total fine earth in the soil were calculated from the pH and BS, respectively, of the individual soil horizons and the estimated volumetric content of fine earth. The status of soil acidification of soil profiles was assessed primarily using the total amount of exchangeable acidic cations in percent of the CEC of the fine earth in the entire soil profile. As a second factor, the gradient between the acidity class of the most acidic soil horizon and the estimated acidity class at the beginning of soil formation was used. The application of these classification schemes to our collection of soil profiles revealed the great influence played by the type of parent material. The acidification status of most soils on carbonate‐containing parent material was classified as very weak to weak, whereas soils on carbonate‐free parent material were found to be strongly to very strongly acidified. In terms of parent rock material, microclimate, and natural vegetation, the results of this study and the proposed classification schemes can be considered appropriate for large parts of Europe. 相似文献
13.
Abstract. Soil profiles, first sampled between 1963 and 1973, were resampled in 1991 in an upland area with modertely high deposition of pollutants. One hundred horizons from 32 profiles, representing 10 different soil subgroups were analysed for pH and seven variables related to pH, using the same laboratory methods on both sampling occasions. To allow comparisons to be made with results obtained with these old methods, analysis of the 1991 samples was repeated for some determinands using the methods currently used in the analytical laboratory. Organic and A horizons show a consistent increase in acidity between samplings. Although brown soils and lithomorphic soils have increased in acidity throughout their depth, gleys and podzols have decreased in acidity at depth, probably because of poor water transmission downwards into these horizons. Correlations with other determinands suggest that the dominant process in the soils is leaching of basic cations and their replacement on exchange sites by protons and probably aluminium ions. A cause of the increase in soil acidity is likely to be the deposition of atmospherically transported pollutants. 相似文献
14.
Cadmium sorption was studied in several acidic soils in a pH range from 4.5 to 6.5. The soils had two classes of surfaces with acidity constants (pKa1 = 4.09 and pKa2 = 6.39) similar to those for weakly and very weakly cidic carboxyls, and N-containing groups in fulvic acid. Titratable H and acidity constants were used to estimate the number of exchange sites at each pH level. Sorption of Cd was closely related to Cd concentration, pH, and soil type. Although the inclusion of pH and organic C contents in a regression accounted for some variations in the Cd distribution coefficient defined as the ratio of the quantity of Cd sorbed to the solution Cd concentration, the number of sorption sites was a more appropriate factor to explain the variability. Because of a negligible contribution to the number of exchange sites from Fe oxides, the sorption of Cd at pH = 4.5 was considered to be of a one-surface Langmuir type. A two-surface Langmuir equation was considered to model sorption at higher pH values. The average affinity constants (log K) were 3.61 and 4.89 for Cd sorption by the two classes of surfaces. 相似文献
15.
Ion leaching in 3 sandy spruce forest soils of different origin and pH was investigated in the laboratory. Zero-tension lysimeters containing undisturbed soil columns of varying soil depth were subjected to H2SO4 loadings for a period of 9 weeks. The analysis of the resulting leachate supports the hypothesis that Al-sulphate minerals may form in acidic soils when exposed to acid (H2SO4) deposition. In the B horizon of a glaciofluvial sandy soil (pH 4.2), both H+ and sulphate ions were retained to maintain 2pH + PSO4 = 11.9 in the leachate solutions. This relation between H+ and sulphate activity may be due to an adsorption mechanism or a precipitation mechanism. The precipitation mechanism is favored by the good fit of leachate composition to the conditions for jurbanite [AlOHSO4] formation from gibbsite [Al(OH)3]. In the B horizon of a sandy till at pH 3.7, the Al in soil solution (0.5 mmol L?1) was leached with sulphate. As the sulphate load was increased, some sulphate was retained. This may also be due to the dissolution and precipitation of an Al-sulphate mineral. The ion activity products of leachate solutions from the B horizon of this soil were close to the pKs reported for jurbanite. The conditions for the possible existence and/or formation of Al-sulphate minerals in acidic soils are discussed. 相似文献
16.
J.R. Hall B. Reynolds T. Sparks A. Colgan I. Thornton S.P. McGrath 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,130(1-4):1067-1072
Critical loads of acidity have been used by the UNECE Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution for the development of protocols to control the emissions of acidifying pollutants. Since soil acidity has an effect on the mobilisation of heavy metals in the environment, it is important to understand the relationships between acidity and heavy metal pollution. This paper examines the relationships between soil acidification and heavy metal (cadmium, copper, lead and zinc) concentrations in topsoils and in stream sediments. It makes use of published heavy metal data and two indices of acidification: soil pH and soil acidity critical loads. For cadmium and zinc, a general increase in the ratio of stream sediment to toposil metal concentrations is seen with a decrease in soil pH and soil acidity critical loads. This demonstrates that where soils are more acidic and acid sensitive the metal concentration in the stream sediments is greater relative to that in the topsoil, suggesting mobilisation of these metals under acid conditions. Results for copper are similar but the relationship weaker. However, for lead the ratios tend to decrease with a decrease in pH and critical loads suggesting that where soils are more acid, lead remains in the soil rather than being mobilised into streams and precipitating onto stream sediments. This reflects the association between soil lead concentrations and soil organic matter content, which tends to be greater in acidic, peaty soils. 相似文献
17.
We evaluated the effect of elemental S (S0) under three moisture (40, 60, 120% water-filled pore space; WFPS) and three temperature regimes (12, 24, 36°C) on changes in pH and available P (0.5 N NaHCO3-extractable P) concentrations in acidic (pH 4.9), neutral (pH 7.1) and alkaline (pH 10.2) soils. Repacked soil cores were incubated for 0, 14, 28 and 42 days. Application of S0 did not alter the trends of pH in acidic and neutral soils at all moisture regimes but promoted a decrease in the pH of alkaline soil under aerobic conditions (40%, 60% WFPS). Moisture and temperature had profound effects on the available P concentrations in all three soils, accumulation of available P being greatest under flooded conditions (120% WFPS) at 36°C. Application of S0 in acidic, neutral and alkaline soils resulted in the net accumulation of 16.5, 14.5 and 13 g P g–1 soil after 42 days at 60% WFPS, but had no effect under flooded conditions. The greatest available P accumulations in the respective soils were 19, 19.5 and 20 g P g–1 soil (equivalent to 38, 41, 45 kg P ha–1) with the combined effects of 36°C, 60% WFPS and applied S0. The results of our study revealed that oxidation of S0 lowered the pH of alkaline soil (r=–0.88, P<0.01), which in turn enhanced available P concentrations. Also, considering the significant relationship between the release of sulphate and accumulation of P, even in acidic soil (r=0.92, P<0.01) and neutral soil (r=0.85, P<0.01) where the decrease in pH was smaller, it is possible that the stimulatory effect of sulphate on the availability of P was due to its concurrent desorption from the colloidal surface, release from fixation sites and/or mineralization of organic P. Thus, in the humid tropics and irrigated subtropics where high moisture and temperature regimes are prevalent, the application of S0 could be beneficial not only in alleviating S deficiency in soils but also for enhancing the availability of P in arable soils, irrespective of their initial pH. 相似文献
18.
Soil acidification during more than 100 years under permanent grassland and woodland at Rothamsted 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Abstract Soil samples have been taken periodically from unlimed plots of the 130-year-old Park Grass Experiment and from the 100-year-old Geescroft Wilderness at Rothamsted. Changes in the pH of the samples show how acidification has progressed. The soils are now at, or are approaching, equilibrium pH values which depend on the acidifying inputs and on the buffering capacities of the soils. We have calculated the contributions to soil acidification of natural sources of acidity in the soil, atmospheric deposition, crop growth and nutrient removal, and, where applicable, additions of fertilizers. The relative importance of each source of acidification has changed as the soils have become more acid. Acid rain (wet deposited acidity) is a negligible source, but total atmospheric deposition may comprise up to 30% of acidifying inputs at near neutral soil pH values and more as soil pH decreases. Excepting fertilizers, the greatest causes of soil acidification at or near neutral pH values are the natural inputs of H+ from the dissolution of CO2 and subsequent dissociation of carbonic acid, and the mineralization of organic matter. Under grassland, single superphosphate and small amounts of sodium and magnesium sulphates have had no effect on soil pH, whilst potassium sulphate increased soil acidity slightly. All of these effects are greatly outweighed under grassland, however, by those of nitrogen fertilizers. Against a background of acidification from atmospheric, crop and natural inputs, nitrogen applied as ammonium sulphate decreased soil pH up to a maximum of 1.2 units at a rate in direct proportion to the amount added, and nitrogen applied as sodium nitrate increased soil pH by between 0.5 and 1 unit. 相似文献
19.
Knowledge about soil formation in tropical montane rainforests is scarce and patchy. We examined the altitudinal change of soils in a Bolivian tropical montane rainforest, aiming to illuminate the contribution of podzolization and hydromorphic processes to soil formation. In three transects from 1700 m to 3400 m a.s.l. we determined the pH, exchangeable cation exchange capacity, carbon and nitrogen stocks, and iron and aluminium fractions from 26 soil profiles. Three zones of different dominant soil forming processes were found: In the lower montane forest (LMF, 1700–2200 m a.s.l.), Dystropepts with high nutrient concentration and acidity were common. The pronounced change to the upper montane cloud forest (UMCF, 2200–2700 m a.s.l.) coincided with the appearance of Placorthods with more acidic conditions, deep ectorganic horizons and increasing translocation of sesquioxides. In the sub-alpine forest (SCF, 2700 m–3400 m a.s.l.), hydromorphic processes dominated over podzolization, resulting in Placaquods with low mineralization rate and nutrient concentration. This shows that due to increasing wetness and colder temperatures at high altitudes, dominant soil forming processes change from podzolization to hydromorphism soils with increasing altitude. 相似文献
20.
This study focuses on fluxes of elements from, and changes in the soil properties of shallow organic material rich soil as a result of changes in precipitation acidity. Intact soil columns including natural vegetation from two areas (one exposed to acidic precipitation and one unpolluted) were used in a lysimeter experiment. The lysimeters were watered with simulated normal rain (pH 5.3) or simulated acidic rain (pH 4.3) for four years. Sulphuric acid and ammonium nitrate were used to regulate the quality of the simulated rain. Significantly more SO4 2? was leached from lysimeters receiving acid rain. Rain acidity had no significant effect on NO3 ? leaching. Significantly more Mg2+ was leached from lysimeters receiving acid rain, but this only applied for the soils from the unpolluted area. Four years of treatment did not cause any significant effect on the soil acidity and the amounts of base cations in the soil. The more acidic rain did, however, cause a significant lower cation exchange capacity. For the soils from the polluted area the acid precipitation did cause a lowering of the exchangeable K+ in the upper 5 cm of the soil. Different quality of the soil organic material indicated by different vegetation types appeared to cause significant differences in the amount of components leached from the soil, but did not cause any difference in response to the different rain qualities. 相似文献