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1.
The 2-year field experiments were carried out to research the effect of different irrigation methods, namely border irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and surface drip irrigation, on root development and profile water uptake in winter wheat. Results showed that the main root distribution zone moved upward under sprinkler and surface drip irrigation when compared to the traditional border irrigation. Profile root distribution pattern changed with irrigation methods. Soil profile water uptake was correlated to the root system and soil water dynamics. Due to the appropriate soil water and higher root density in the surface soil layer under sprinkler and surface drip irrigation, the main water uptake zone was concentrated in the upper layer. Because of the water deficit in the surface layer under border irrigation, water uptake in 50–100 cm depth was stimulated, which caused the main uptake zone downward. The amount and pattern of root water uptake varied with irrigation methods. This may provide valuable information on the aspect of agricultural management.  相似文献   

2.
Precision irrigation involves the accurate and precise application of water to meet the specific requirements of individual plants or management units and minimize adverse environmental impact. Under precision irrigation applications, water and associated solute movement will vary spatially within the root zone and excess water application will not necessarily result in deep drainage and leaching of salt below the root zone. This paper estimates that 10% of the irrigated land area (producing as much as 40% of the total annual revenue from irrigated land) could be adversely affected by root zone salinity resulting from the adoption of precision irrigation within Australia. The cost of increases in root zone salinisation due to inappropriate irrigation management in the Murray and Murrumbidgee irrigation areas was estimated at AUD 245 million (in 2000/01) or 13.5% of the revenue from these cropping systems. A review of soil–water and solute movement under precision irrigation systems highlights the gaps in current knowledge including the mismatch between the data required by complex, process-based soil–water or solute simulation models and the data that is easily available from soil survey and routine soil analyses. Other major knowledge gaps identified include: (a) effect of root distribution, surface evaporation and plant transpiration on soil wetted patterns, (b) accuracy and adequacy of using simple mean values of root zone soil salinity levels to estimate the effect of salt on the plant, (c) fate of solutes during a single irrigation and during multiple irrigation cycles, and (d) effect of soil heterogeneity on the distribution of water and solutes in relation to placement of water. Opportunities for research investment are identified across a broad range of areas including: (a) requirements for soil characterisation, (b) irrigation management effects, (c) agronomic responses to variable water and salt distributions in the root zone, (d) potential to scale or evaluate impacts at various scales, (e) requirements for simplified soil–water and solute modelling tools, and (f) the need to build skills and capacity in soil–water and solute modelling.  相似文献   

3.
With the optimization of irrigation, more salts accumulate in the root zone of soils, due to less over-irrigation. On-farm irrigation management requires a certain amount of leaching to ensure sustainability. The objective is to quantify the pore volume of water required to efficiently leach excess salts from two saline soils, widely irrigated in central South Africa. A total of 30 lysimeters, 15 per soil type arranged in two parallel rows under a moveable rain shelter, were used. Five different salinity profiles per soil type, replicated three times, were leached using irrigation water with a 75 mS m−1 electrical conductivity. During irrigation the residual more saline pore water was displaced from the top downward through the root zone. The mean salinity of the soil profiles approached an equilibrium concentration equal to that of the irrigation water after 0.9 pore volume of soil was displaced by drainage water. For the sandy soil 0.2 and for the sandy loam soil 0.3 pore volumes were required to efficiently remove 70% of the excess salts. The remainder of the water was needed to leach the remaining 20% of the excess salts. This, however, was not efficient in terms of the amount of water required.  相似文献   

4.
Tomato production systems in Florida are typically intensively managed with high inputs of fertilizer and irrigation and on sandy soils with low inherent water and nutrient retention capacities; potential nutrient leaching losses undermine the sustainability of such systems. The objectives of this 3-year field study were to evaluate the interaction between N-fertilizer rates and irrigation scheduling on crop N and P accumulation, N-fertilizer use efficiency (NUE) and NO3-N leaching of tomato cultivated in a plastic mulched/drip irrigated production system in sandy soils. Experimental treatments were a factorial combination of three irrigation scheduling regimes and three N-rates (176, 220, and 330 kg ha−1). Irrigation treatments included were: (1) surface drip irrigation (SUR) both the irrigation and fertigation line placed underneath the plastic mulch; (2) subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) where the irrigation drip was placed 0.15 m below the fertigation line which was located on top of the bed; and (3) TIME (conventional control) with the irrigation and fertigation lines placed as in SUR and irrigation applied once a day. Except for the TIME treatment all irrigation treatments were soil moisture sensor (SMS)-based with irrigation occurring at 10% volumetric water content. Five irrigation windows were scheduled daily and events were bypassed if the soil water content exceeded the established threshold. The use of SMS-based irrigation systems significantly reduced irrigation water use, volume percolated, and nitrate leaching. Based on soil electrical conductivity (EC) readings, there was no interaction between irrigation and N-rate treatments on the movement of fertilizer solutes. Total plant N accumulation for SUR and SDI was 12-37% higher than TIME. Plant P accumulation was not affected by either irrigation or N-rate treatments. The nitrogen use efficiency for SUR and SDI was on the order of 37-45%, 56-61%, and 61-68% for 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively and significantly higher than for the conventional control system (TIME). Moreover, at the intermediate N-rate SUR and SDI systems reduced NO3-N leaching to 5 and 35 kg ha−1, while at the highest N-rate corresponding values were 7 and 56 kg N ha−1. Use of N application rates above 220 kg ha−1 did not result in fruit and/or shoot biomass nor N accumulation benefits, but substantially increased NO3-N leaching for the control treatment, as detected by EC monitoring and by the lysimeters. It is concluded that appropriate use of SDI and/or sensor-based irrigation systems can sustain high yields while reducing irrigation application as well as reducing NO3-N leaching in low water holding capacity soils.  相似文献   

5.
This study was carried out at the experimental field station of the Atomic Energy Authority in Anshas, Egypt, by the aim of assessing the soil moisture status under surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems, as a function of the variation in the distance between drippers along and between laterals. Moisture measurements were carried out using neutron moisture meter technique, and water distribution uniformity was assessed by applying Surfer Model. The presented data indicated that the soil moisture distribution and its uniformity within the soil profile under surface drip was to great extent affected by the distance between drippers rather than that between laterals. Generally, the soil moisture distribution under using 30-cm dripper spacing was better than of that under 50 cm. Under subsurface drip irrigation, the allocation of the irrigation system was the factor that dominantly affected the moisture trend under the studied variables. Installing the system at 30 cm from the soil surface is the one to be recommended as it represents the active root zone for most vegetable crops, beside it leads to a better water saving in sandy soils than that allocated at 15 cm depth.  相似文献   

6.
The HYDRUS-2D model was experimentally verified for water and salinity distribution during the profile establishment stage (33?days) of almond under pulsed and continuous drip irrigation. The model simulated values of water content obtained at different lateral distances (0, 20, 40, 60, 100?cm) from a dripper at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140 and 160?cm soil depths at different times (5, 12, 19, 26 and 33?days of profile establishment) were compared with neutron probe measured values under both irrigation scenarios. The model closely predicted water content distribution at all distances, times and soil depths as RMSE values ranged between 0.017 and 0.049. The measured mean soil water salinity (ECsw) at 25?cm from the dripper at 30, 60, 90 and 150?cm soil depth also matched well with the predicted values. A correlation of 0.97 in pulsed and 0.98 in continuous drip systems with measured values indicated the model closely predicted total salts in the root zone. Thus, HYDRUS-2D successfully simulated the change in soil water content and soil water salinity in both the wetting pattern and in the flow domain. The initial mean ECsw below the dripper in pulsed (5.25?dSm?1) and continuous (6.07?dSm?1) irrigations decreased to 1.31 and 1.36?dSm?1, respectively, showing a respective 75.1 and 77.6% decrease in the initial salinity. The power function [y?=?ax ?b ] best described the mathematical relationship between salt removal from the soil profile as a function of irrigation time under both irrigation scenarios. Contrary to other studies, higher leaching fraction (6.4–43.1%) was recorded in pulsed than continuous (1.1–35.1%) irrigation with the same amount of applied water which was brought about by the variation in initial soil water content and time of irrigation application. It was pertinent to note that a small (0.012) increase in mean antecedent water content (θ i ) brought about 8.25–9.06% increase in the leaching fraction during the profile establishment irrespective of the emitter geometry, discharge rate, and irrigation scenario. Under similar θ i , water applied at a higher discharge rate (3.876?Lh?1) has resulted in slightly higher leaching fraction than at a low discharge rate (1.91?Lh?1) under pulsing only owing to the variation in time of irrigation application. The influence of pulsing on soil water content, salinity distribution, and drainage flux vanished completely when irrigation was applied daily on the basis of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) with a suitable leaching fraction. Therefore, antecedent soil water content and scheduling or duration of water application play a significant role in the design of drip irrigation systems for light textured soils. These factors are the major driving force to move water and solutes within the soil profile and may influence the off-site impacts such as drainage flux and pollution of the groundwater.  相似文献   

7.
The influences of water quantity and quality on young lemon trees (Eureka) were studied at the University of Jordan Research Station at the Jordan Valley for 5 years (1996–2000). Five water levels and three water qualities were imposed via trickle irrigation system on clay loam soil. The primary effect of excess salinity is that it renders less water available to plants although some is still present in the root zone. Lemon trees water requirements should be modified year by year since planting according to the percentage shaded area, and this will lead into substantial water saving. Both evaporation from class A pan and the percentage shaded area can be used to give a satisfactory estimate of the lemon trees water requirement at the different growth stages. The highest lemon fruit yield was at irrigation water depth equal to evaporation depth from class A pan when corrected for tree canopy percentage area. Increasing irrigation water salinity 3.7 times increased average crop root zone salinity by about 3.8–4.1 times.The high salt concentration at the soil surface is due to high evaporation rate from wetted areas and the nature of soil water distribution associated with drip irrigation system. Then, the salt concentration decreased until the second depth, thereafter, salt concentration followed the bulb shape of the wetted soil volume under trickle irrigation. Irrigation water salinity is very important factor that should be managed with limited (deficit) irrigation. But increasing amount of applied saline water could result in a negative effect on crop yield and environment such as increasing average crop root zone salinity, nutrient leaching, water logging, increasing the drainage water load of salinity which might pollute ground water and other water sources.  相似文献   

8.
Analysis of soil wetting and solute transport in subsurface trickle irrigation   总被引：17，自引：2，他引：17  
The increased use of trickle or drip irrigation is seen as one way of helping to improve the sustainability of irrigation systems around the world. However, soil water and solute transport properties and soil profile characteristics are often not adequately incorporated in the design and management of trickle systems. In this paper, we describe results of a simulation study designed to highlight the impacts of soil properties on water and solute transport from buried trickle emitters. The analysis addresses the influence of soil hydraulic properties, soil layering, trickle discharge rate, irrigation frequency, and timing of nutrient application on wetting patterns and solute distribution. We show that (1) trickle irrigation can improve plant water availability in medium and low permeability fine-textured soils, providing that design and management are adapted to account for their soil hydraulic properties, (2) in highly permeable coarse-textured soils, water and nutrients move quickly downwards from the emitter, making it difficult to wet the near surface zone if emitters are buried too deep, and (3) changing the fertigation strategy for highly permeable coarse-textured soils to apply nutrients at the beginning of an irrigation cycle can maintain larger amounts of nutrient near to and above the emitter, thereby making them less susceptible to leaching losses. The results demonstrate the need to account for differences in soil hydraulic properties and solute transport when designing irrigation and fertigation management strategies. Failure to do this will result in inefficient systems and lost opportunities for reducing the negative environmental impacts of irrigation.Communicated by J. Annandale  相似文献   

9.
蒸发和灌水频率对土壤中NO_3~-运移影响的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
通过室内均质土柱试验,对不同灌水频率下有、无蒸发土壤中NO3-运移规律进行了研究。结果表明,有、无蒸发条件下土壤NO3-峰均随灌水频率增加而变陡、变窄,峰值增高,向下运移变缓;随灌水频率增加蒸发条件下溶质峰和溶质锋深度明显浅于无蒸发条件;蒸发量越大,灌水频率越高,有效淋洗水量越少;灌水间隔期蒸发与灌水淋洗共同决定着不同灌水频率土壤中溶质的运移和分布。  相似文献   

10.
The infiltration and redistribution of soil moisture under surface drip irrigation considering hysteresis were investigated in two soils (loamy sand and silt loam) of different texture. The effect of continuous versus intermittent application of 1, 2 and 4 l/h to the soils was evaluated in terms of wetting front advance patterns and deep percolation under the root zone. For this purpose, a cylindrical flow model incorporating hysteresis in the soil water retention characteristic curve, evaporation from the soil surface, and water extraction by roots was used. The results show that, compared with continuous irrigation, pulse irrigation slightly reduces the water losses under the root zone in both cases (with and without hysteresis). Also, at the total simulation time, in both types of irrigation, hysteresis reduces significantly the water losses under the root zone. Finally, the effect of hysteresis was found to be greater at higher discharge rate (4 l/h) and consequently at higher water content at the soil surface.  相似文献   

11.
针对极端干旱区水资源匮乏的现状,以大田葡萄为研究对象,采取根系分区交替滴灌方式研究葡萄生理指标和根区土壤水分分布的变化影响.结果表明:葡萄新枝生长量和叶面积指数随时间的变化过程均可用Logistic模型进行描述,且通过单因素方差分析得出,交替滴灌和常规滴灌的叶面积指数差异不具有统计学意义,说明交替滴灌对植物光合作用主要器官--叶片的生长无明显影响;在棵间蒸发、植物根系吸收以及重力势和水势梯度的共同作用下,交替滴灌条件下沟、垄土壤含水率交替上升,且土壤含水率变化范围主要集中在0~60 cm土层,交替滴灌的耗水量和棵间蒸发量均小于常规滴灌,从而可以提高作物的水分利用效率.该研究为极度干旱区作物节水灌溉提供了一定的科学依据.  相似文献   

12.
【目的】确定根际环形多点源滴灌技术的应用效果。【方法】以陕北沙地枸杞为研究对象,采用小区灌水试验,将根际环形多点源滴灌与地表滴灌、涌泉根灌下对比,研究了不同灌水方式对土壤湿润锋垂直分布范围、土壤含水率、枸杞产量的影响。【结果】地表滴灌下69%的土壤湿润体位于地表0~20cm,涌泉根灌下72.2%的土壤湿润体位于根系主要分布层,根际滴灌下土壤湿润体100%位于枸杞主要根系层;地表滴灌和涌泉根灌、根际滴灌产量比不灌溉枸杞分别增产2 075、3 145、4 150 kg/m^2,水分利用率分别提高了22.4%、41.9%、60.2%;净收入高低排序为根际滴灌>涌泉根灌>地表滴灌,分别比不灌溉处理提高了193.1%、126.3%、81.2%,单位水产值达到了15.0、13.3、11.5元/m^3。【结论】根际环形多点源滴灌的水分湿润范围更适宜于沙质土壤的经济林,是减少地表蒸发损失和深层渗漏的有效技术措施,该技术在沙地经济林生产中有广阔的推广应用前景。  相似文献   

13.
【目的】了解2种典型干旱区土壤(砂土、砂黏土)中直插式地下滴灌的灌水效果。【方法】以实测的土壤湿润锋在垂直向上、向下和水平3个方向的运移距离为基础,建立了土壤湿润锋运移距离与直插式地下滴灌滴头流速和灌水时间之间的函数关系,依据此量化关系结合土壤含水率求得了直插式地下滴灌的微灌技术参数,并评价了直插式地下滴灌在干旱区砂土、砂黏土中的灌水效果。【结果】在2种土质条件下,湿润锋不同方向上的运移距离与滴头流速和灌水时间之间的量化关系式R2>0.95,验证方程R2>0.95,表明模型可行;在砂土中,灌溉水储存系数、灌水均匀系数及土壤湿润比均小于0.6,而在砂黏土中均高于0.8,表明直插式地下滴灌在砂土中灌水效果比砂黏土差。【结论】幂函数可准确描述砂土、砂黏土中直插式地下滴灌湿润峰运移距离、滴头出流速度和灌水时间之间的关系;垂直向上湿润距离与滴头流速负相关,与灌水时间正相关,水平与向下湿润距离与流速、灌水时间均正相关;在本试验条件下,流速为1.25 L/h灌水效果最好。  相似文献   

14.
A common irrigation-scheduling problem in orchards is the proper location of instruments for monitoring soil water content within the active root zone. Given the high spatial variability of soils in the field, and seasonal changes in root distribution and frequency, both within the orchard and around the trees, the accuracy and representativeness of soil water measurements can be strongly affected. Adequate soil water monitoring in orchards thus requires assessment of the variability and location of the active roots in a given location over an extended period of time. We examined the root systems of 12-year-old ‘Hass’ avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees grafted on ‘Mexicola’ seedling rootstocks, growing in fine or coarse-textured soils, under either drip or microsprinkler irrigation systems in Central Chile. We dug 3 m long and 0.75 m deep trenches within the tree rows in spring, summer and autumn, and counted the active roots (white, diameter ≤2 mm) found on the walls. Over the three growing seasons of our study, season had the most significant effect on root distribution, as autumn root frequencies accounted for about half of the cumulative average. Also, the location of the highest concentration of roots under microsprinklers in autumn clearly differed between the fine soils, at about 200 cm from the trunk and 50–60 cm deep, and coarse soils, where they were found within 30 cm from the trunk, and within the first 25 cm of soil. Trees in fine soil had 25% more roots than those in coarse soil, and drip irrigation produced about 30% more roots than microsprinkler, although both of these figures are mainly due to the high number of roots found in the fine soil-drip irrigation combination. Overall, we found the highest root frequency within the first meter from the tree trunk, for all combinations, with some differences between irrigation types. Throughout the growing season in semi-arid regions, some changes in both the quantity of tree roots and the location of the zones of the greatest root activity should be expected, which will vary according to the seasonal soil temperatures, soil texture, and type of irrigation used.  相似文献   

15.
亏缺灌溉对棉花生长发育和产量的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
1998～ 1 999年 ,研究了滴灌和地面灌二种灌水方式下 ,亏缺灌溉对棉花生长发育和产量的影响。试验结果表明 ,在亏缺灌溉条件下 ,花铃期干旱对棉花生长发育和产量影响最大。但随着亏缺灌溉程度由重到轻 ,即随着供水量的增加 ,棉花生长发育趋向良好 ,总耗水量和产量相应增加 ,二者均呈现出良好的直线关系 ;与地面灌相比 ,因滴灌是一种小定额灌溉 ,供水时段、水量分配较为均匀 ,又直接把水送至棉花根部 ,故灌水前后土壤湿度变幅小 ,棉花株高、果枝、蕾、铃的生长发育和叶面积系数乃至产量均优于地面灌方式  相似文献   

16.
Mismanagement of nitrogenous fertilizers has caused serious nitrate (NO3) contamination in many flood-irrigated regions of the western US. Low-volume irrigation practices, such as drip irrigation, can offer an alternative approach for controlling NO3 leaching and agricultural water use. The objectives of this study were to compare NO3 movement through soils under flood and drip irrigation practices for sugarbeet production, and to evaluate the agronomic feasibility of implementing drip irrigation. A field experiment was conducted during the sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) growing seasons of 1996 and 1997 in southeastern Wyoming, where NO3 contamination is a continued concern and sugarbeet is a major cash crop. Three drip irrigation regimes, corresponding to 20, 35, and 50% water depletion of field capacity (designated as D1, D2, and D3, respectively), were compared against flood irrigation. The irrigation plots were treated with 112, 168, and 224 kg N ha−1 (designated as F0, F1, and F2, respectively). Sugarbeet (SB) yields and sugar contents under drip irrigation were higher (3–28%) than those with flood irrigation; yields and sugar contents for the drip systems were in the order of D1>D2>D3. For all of the irrigation applications, there was an increasing trend in yields with increasing fertilizer rates. Drip regime resulted in greater residual soil NO3 (RSN) for both 1996 and 1997 seasons as compared to flood practices. Values of RSN in both years followed the trend: F2>F1>F0. Soil NO3 in all three drip regimes was higher (1.6–2.4 times) than that with flood irrigation. In the overall root zone, NO3 concentrations between D1 and D2 were comparable, whereas both of those levels were lower than D3. Greater NO3 concentrations with D3 were observed at all depths. The amount of applied irrigation water with the drip system was lower than that for flood irrigation. Agronomic water use efficiency (WUE) and fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) for drip irrigation were always higher than those for flood irrigation. In 1996, WUE and FUE maintained an order of D1>D2>D3. There was a decreasing pattern in FUE values with increasing fertilizer rates. The overall results indicated that SB production could be sustained with lower water and fertilizer use by using drip irrigation. The p-values (≤0.05), based on both F-test (pf) and two-tailed student’s t-test (pt), suggested a significant difference between the yield means obtained under drip and flood irrigation practices. As compared to the flood irrigation, the least p-values were obtained with D1 followed by D2 and D3, respectively, thus, confirming that D1 was the most effective treatment. The p-values for SB yields under comparative fertilizer treatments and same drip application showed no significant difference between the means, thus, suggesting the feasibility of using lower fertilizer rate while sustaining the targeted yield under drip irrigation. The comparative estimation of water losses by drainage between flood and drip irrigation suggested that the later practice reduced the quantity of water leaching beyond the root zone. Among the three drip treatments, the lowest drainage amount was observed with D1 as a result of its higher irrigation frequency and smaller quantity of water input during each application.  相似文献   

17.
不同滴灌方式下咸水灌溉对棉花根系分布的影响   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6  
通过大田试验研究了不同滴灌方式利用咸水灌溉对棉花根系分布的影响。结果表明,2种滴灌方式下土壤中的水分和盐分在1 m土体内随土壤深度的增加和咸水浓度的增加而增加,且由于滴头的洗盐作用,地表滴灌和地下滴灌方式下土壤中的水盐分布深度均有所下移。正是由于水盐在土壤有这样的分布特征,2种滴灌方式下不同盐度咸水灌溉后,作物不仅可以感受到变化了的环境信息,而且自发地改变结构形态、空间构型,即增加根长、根干重、根半径以及根表面积,对盐胁迫做出适应性的根系形态变化。  相似文献   

18.
The regular application of nitrogen fertilizers by irrigation is likely responsible for the increase in nitrate concentrations of groundwater in areas dominated by irrigated agriculture. Consequently, sustainable agricultural systems must include environmentally sound irrigation practices. To reduce the harmful effects of irrigated agriculture on the environment, the evaluation of alternative irrigation water management practices is essential. Micro-irrigation offers a large degree of control, enabling accurate application according to crop water requirements, thereby minimize leaching. Furthermore, fertigation allows the controlled placement of nutrients near the plant roots, reducing fertilizer losses through leaching into the groundwater. The presented two-dimensional modeling approach provides information to improve fertigation practices. The specific objective of this project was to assess the effect of fertigation strategy and soil type on nitrate leaching potential for four different micro-irrigation systems. We found that seasonal leaching was the highest for coarse-textured soils, and conclude that fertigation at the beginning of the irrigation cycle tends to increase seasonal nitrate leaching. In contrast, fertigation events at the end of the irrigation cycle reduced the potential for nitrate leaching. For all surface-applied irrigation systems on finer-textured soils, lateral spreading of water and nitrates was enhanced by surface water ponding, causing the water to spread across the surface with subsequent infiltration downwards and horizontal spreading of soil nitrate near the soil surface. Leaching potential increased as the difference between the extent of the wetted soil volume and rooting zone increased.  相似文献   

19.
This study compares the effects of different irrigation regimes on seed yield and oil yield quality and water productivity of sprinkler and drip irrigated sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) on silty-clay-loam soils in 2006 and 2007 in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. In sprinkler irrigation a line-source system was used in order to create gradually varying irrigation levels. Irrigation regimes consisted of full irrigation (I1) and three deficit irrigation treatments (I2, I3 and I4), and rain-fed treatment (I5). In the drip system, irrigation regimes included full irrigation (FI-100), three deficit irrigation treatments (DI-25, DI-50, DI-75), partial root zone drying (PRD-50) and rain-fed treatment (RF). Irrigations were scheduled at weekly intervals both in sprinkler and drip irrigation, based on soil water depletion within a 0.90 m root zone in FI-100 and I1 plots. Irrigation treatments influenced significantly (P < 0.01) sunflower seed and oil yields, and oil quality both with sprinkler and drip systems. Seed yields decreased with increasing water stress levels under drip and sprinkler irrigation in both experimental years. Seed yield response to irrigation varied considerably due to differences in soil water contents and spring rainfall distribution in the experimental years. Although PRD-50 received about 36% less irrigation water as compared to FI-100, sunflower yield was reduced by an average of 15%. PRD-50 produced greater seed and oil yields than DI-50 in the drip irrigation system. Yield reduction was mainly due to less number of seeds per head and lower seed mass. Soil water deficits significantly reduced crop evapotranspiration (ET), which mainly depends on irrigation amounts. Significant linear relationships (R2 = 0.96) between ET and oil yield (Y) were obtained in each season. The seed yield response factors (kyseed) were 1.24 and 0.86 for the sprinkler and 1.19 and 1.06 for the drip system in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The oil yield response factor (kyoil) for sunflower was found to be 1.08 and 1.49 for both growing seasons for the sprinkler and 1.36 and 1.25 for the drip systems, respectively. Oil content decreased with decreasing irrigation amount. Consistently greater values of oil content were obtained from the full irrigation treatment plots. The saturated (palmitic and stearic acid) and unsaturated (oleic and linoleic acid) fatty acid contents were significantly affected by water stress. Water stress caused an increase in oleic acid with a decrease in linoleic acid contents. The palmitic and stearic acid concentrations decreased under drought conditions. Water productivity (WP) values were significantly affected by irrigation amounts and ranged from 0.40 to 0.71 kg m−3 in 2006, and from 0.69 to 0.91 kg m−3 in 2007. The PRD-50 treatment resulted in the greatest WP (1.0 kg m−3) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) (1.4 kg m−3) in both growing seasons. The results revealed that under water scarcity situation, PRD-50 in drip and I2 in sprinkler system provide acceptable irrigation strategies to increase sunflower yield and quality.  相似文献   

20.
滴灌湿润比对成龄库尔勒香梨树根系分布的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
在充分灌溉条件下采用3种滴灌湿润比(20%、40%、60%).以漫灌为对照.研究库尔勒成龄香梨吸水根(根直径≤1 mm)在0～70 cm土层内分布的变化,探讨滴灌湿润比对根系分布的影响.结果表明,漫灌成龄库尔勒香梨树吸水根水平方向上在距树体1～2 m内从树行由内向外呈递增趋势;垂直方向上根系随深度呈递增趋势.滴灌对成龄...  相似文献   

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