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1.
Yuan Z Gallagher A Gault EA Campo MS Nasir L 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2007,174(3):599-604
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 2 is involved in carcinogenesis of the urinary bladder in cattle, while BPV-1 is commonly associated with equine sarcoid tumours. In both cases the early viral proteins are expressed, but virion is not produced. Given the similarities in BPV biology between the tumours in cattle and horses, bovine bladder cancers and equine sarcoids were compared with respect to physical status, load of viral DNA and variability of the E5 open reading frame (ORF). Rolling circle amplification demonstrated that BPV-1 and BPV-2 genomes exist as double stranded, episomal, circular forms in the two tumours. Realtime quantitative PCR revealed that equine sarcoids contained higher viral DNA loads compared to bovine bladder cancers. The BPV-1 E5 ORF showed sequence variation but BPV-2 ORF did not. The presence of BPV-1 E5 variations or their absence in the BPV-2 E5 ORF does not appear to have an effect on viral DNA load in either tumour type. 相似文献
2.
Bovine papillomaviruses (BPV) are DNA oncogenic viruses inducing hyperplastic benign lesions of both cutaneous and mucosal epithelia in cattle. Ten (BPV 1-10) different viral genotypes have been characterised so far. BPV 1-10 are all strictly species-specific but BPV 1/2 may also infect equids inducing fibroblastic tumours. These benign lesions generally regress but may also occasionally persist, leading to a high risk of evolving into cancer, particularly in the presence of environmental carcinogenic co-factors. Among these, bracken fern is the most extensively studied. The synergism between immunosuppressants and carcinogenic principles from bracken fern and the virus has been experimentally demonstrated for both urinary bladder and alimentary canal cancer in cows whose diets were based on this plant. BPV associated tumours have veterinary and agricultural relevance in their own right, although they have also been studied as a relevant model of Human papillomavirus (HPV). Recent insights into BPV biology have paved the way to new fields of speculation on the role of these viruses in neoplastic transformation of cells other than epithelial ones. This review will briefly summarise BPV genome organization, will describe in greater detail the functions of viral oncoproteins, the interaction between the virus and co-carcinogens in tumour development; relevant aspects of immunity and vaccines will also be discussed. 相似文献
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Sequences of papillomavirus DNA in equine sarcoids 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
DNA was extracted from 14 equine sarcoids, electrophoresed and hybridised with a radioactively labelled probe of bovine papillomavirus type I (BPV 1) DNA under conditions of low stringency. Twelve sarcoids contained sequences of DNA that hybridised with the probe and that comigrated with BPV 2 DNA. The viral DNAs in four of these sarcoids differed from BPV 1 and BPV 2 DNA on restriction endonuclease analysis. One of four cell lines derived from sarcoids also contained BPV 1 related DNA. The results confirm the frequent presence in equine sarcoids of unintegrated papillomaviral DNA and suggest a role for papillomavirus infection in this disease. 相似文献
5.
Bogaert L Martens A Van Poucke M Ducatelle R De Cock H Dewulf J De Baere C Peelman L Gasthuys F 《Veterinary microbiology》2008,129(1-2):58-68
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV), the causative agent of papillomas in cattle, has been shown to play a major role in the pathogenesis of equine sarcoids in horses. BPV has also been detected occasionally in normal equine skin. In this study, presence and activity of BPV in normal skin and peripheral blood of 4 groups of horses were evaluated: sarcoid-affected horses, horses living in contact with sarcoid-affected horses, horses living in contact with papilloma-affected cattle and control horses. From each horse, 3 samples on 4 locations were collected: a swab of the intact skin surface and both a swab and a biopsy after decontamination. BPV DNA was found in the normal skin of 24 of 42 horses (57%). Mainly sarcoid-affected horses and horses living in contact with cattle were carriers (73%), but BPV DNA was also detected in 50% of the horses living in contact with sarcoid-affected horses and in 30% of the control population. BPV mRNA was detected in 58% of the samples positive for BPV DNA, although in a much lower quantity compared to sarcoids. In most of the BPV DNA positive samples mild acanthosis, slight basophilic cytoplasmic swelling of the epidermal layers and/or thickening of the basal membrane were noticed, but these observations were also present in several BPV DNA negative normal skin samples. BPV DNA could not be detected in peripheral blood. These findings suggest latent infection and a wide-spread occurrence of BPV in the horse population. 相似文献
6.
Brandt S Tober R Corteggio A Burger S Sabitzer S Walter I Kainzbauer C Steinborn R Nasir L Borzacchiello G 《Veterinary microbiology》2011,150(1-2):35-40
In equids, bovine papillomaviruses of type 1 (BPV-1) and less frequently type 2 induce common, locally aggressive skin tumours termed sarcoids. Whereas BPV infection in cattle usually involves the epidermis and is productive in this skin layer, infection in equids is currently thought to be abortive, with virus solely residing as multiple episomes in dermal fibroblasts. Based on recent observations that do not agree with this assumption, we hypothesised that BPV also infects equid epidermis and is active in this skin layer. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a proof-of-principle study on eight distinct sarcoids. Presence of viral DNA was addressed by qualitative and quantitative BPV-1 PCR from microdissected sarcoid epidermis, and by subsequent amplicon sequencing. Viral activity was assessed by screening sarcoid epidermis for BPV-1 protein expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC) or immunofluorescence (IF). Virus-free equine skin served as negative control throughout the assays. BPV-1 DNA was demonstrated in all sarcoid epidermis samples, with viral DNA loads ranging between 2 and 195 copies/cell. Identical BPV-1 E5 genes were identified in epidermis and dermis of each of two sarcoids, yet different E5 variants were found in individual lesions. IHC/IF revealed the presence of E5 and E7 protein in sarcoid epidermis, and L1 capsomers in the squamous layer of one lesion. These findings indicate that BPV infection also involves the epidermis, where it may occasionally be productive. 相似文献
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Margaret Finlay ZhengQiang Yuan Iain M Morgan M Saveria Campo Lubna Nasir 《Veterinary research》2012,43(1):81
Bovine papillomavirus type 1 infects not only cattle but also equids and is a causative factor in the pathogenesis of commonly occurring equine sarcoid tumours. Whilst treatment of sarcoids is notoriously difficult, cisplatin has been shown to be one of the most effective treatment strategies for sarcoids. In this study we show that in equine fibroblasts, BPV-1 sensitises cells to cisplatin-induced and UVB-induced apoptosis, a known cofactor for papillomavirus associated disease, however BPV-1 transformed fibroblasts show increased clonogenic survival, which may potentially limit the therapeutic effects of repeated cisplatin treatment. Furthermore we show that BPV-1 increases p53 expression in sarcoid cell lines and p53 expression can be either nuclear or cytoplasmic. The mechanism and clinical significance of increase/abnormal p53 expression remains to be established. 相似文献
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Papillomavirus and disease in humans and animals 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. S. Campo 《Veterinary and comparative oncology》2003,1(1):3-14
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Abstract We examined 12 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded feline skin tumours which had the histopathological features of fibropapillomas for the presence of papillomavirus (PV) DNA using touchdown polymerase chain recation (PCR), DNA sequencing and nonradioactive in situ hybridization. Nine of the tumours contained a 102-bp PCR product demonstrated using consensus PV primers that amplify a portion of the L1 gene. The nucleotide sequences are closely related, but not identical to that of ovine PV type 2, rabbit oral PV and reindeer PV. The deduced amino acid sequences had strong homologies with the major capsid protein L1 of deer PV, bovine papillomavirus (BPV) 1 and BPV 2, and European elk PV. Although PV antigens were not detected in any of the tumours by immunohistochemistry, PV DNA was demonstrated in individual mesenchymal cells or cell nests of 4/12 tumours by in situ hybridization. A nonproductive infection of mesenchymal fibroblast-like tumour cells with a papillomavirus would explain the lack of PV antigen expression and the absence of PV DNA in the hyperplastic epithelium. Because these tumours and their pathogenesis are similar to equine sarcoids, we suggest that they should be reclassified as 'feline sarcoids' instead of fibropapillomas. 相似文献
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Carr EA Théon AP Madewell BR Griffey SM Hitchcock ME 《American journal of veterinary research》2001,62(5):741-744
OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 1 or 2 in sarcoids and other samples of cutaneous tissues collected from horses in the western United States. ANIMALS: 55 horses with sarcoids and 12 horses without sarcoids. PROCEDURE: Tissue samples (tumor and normal skin from horses with sarcoids and normal skin, papillomas, and nonsarcoid cutaneous neoplasms from horses without sarcoids) were collected. Tissue samples were analyzed for BPV-1 or -2 DNA, using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism. The PCR products from 7 sarcoid-affected horses were sequenced to evaluate percentage homology with expected sequences for BPV-1 or-2. RESULTS: Most (94/96, 98%) sarcoids contained BPV DNA. Sixty-two percent of the tumors examined had restriction enzyme patterns consistent with BPV-2. Thirty-one of 49 (63%) samples of normal skin obtained from horses with sarcoids contained BPV DNA. All samples subsequently sequenced had 100% homology with the expected sequences for the specific viral type. All tissues from healthy horses, nonsarcoid neoplasms, and papillomas were negative for BPV DNA. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Bovine papillomaviral DNA was detected in essentially all sarcoids examined. There appears to be regional variation in the prevalence of viral types in these tumors. The fact that we detected viral DNA in normal skin samples from horses with sarcoids suggests the possibility of a latent viral phase. Viral latency may be 1 explanation for the high rate of recurrence following surgical excision of sarcoids. 相似文献
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The purpose of the present study was to examine whether bovine papillomavirus (BPV) DNA can be detected on the normal skin and in the habitual surroundings of horses with and without equine sarcoids by means of superficially taken swabs. In affected horses, no significant difference in presence of BPV-DNA could be observed between samples obtained from the equine sarcoid surface, from normal skin close to the tumour and from a normal skin site in direct contact with the tumour. From the group of healthy horses living in contact with affected horses, 44% were BPV-DNA positive. The surroundings of affected and non-affected horses are probably not a major source of BPV-DNA contamination. It can be concluded that BPV-DNA is present on the normal skin of horses affected by equine sarcoid and to a lesser degree, on the normal skin of horses living in contact with affected horses. 相似文献
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R. HARALAMBUS J. BURGSTALLER J. KLUKOWSKA‐RÖTZLER R. STEINBORN S. BUCHINGER V. GERBER S. BRANDT 《Equine veterinary journal》2010,42(4):327-331
Reasons for performing study: Sarcoids are nonmetastasising, yet locally aggressive skin tumours that constitute the most frequent neoplasm in equids. Infection by bovine papillomaviruses types 1 and 2 (BPV‐1, BPV‐2) has been recognised as major causative factor in sarcoid pathogenesis, but a possible correlation of intralesional virus load with disease severity has not been established thus far. Hypothesis: Given the pathogenic role of BPV‐1 and BPV‐2 in sarcoid disease, we suggest that intralesional viral DNA concentration may reflect the degree of affection. Methods: Severity of disease was addressed by recording the tumour growth kinetics, lesion number and tumour type for 37 sarcoid‐bearing horses and one donkey. Viral load was estimated via quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) of the E2, E5, L1 and L2 genes from the BPV‐1/‐2 genome for one randomly selected lesion per horse and correlated with disease severity. Results: Quantitative PCR against E2 identified viral DNA concentrations ranging from 0–556 copies/tumour cell. Of 16 horses affected by quiescent, slowly growing single tumours or multiple mild‐type lesions, 15 showed a viral load up to 1.4 copies per cell. In stark contrast, all equids (22/22) bearing rapidly growing and/or multiple aggressive sarcoids had a viral load between 3 and 569 copies per cell. Consistent results were obtained with qPCR against E5, L1 and L2. Conclusions: While tumours of the same clinical type carried variable virus load, confirming that viral titre does not determine clinical appearance, we identified a highly significant correlation between intralesional viral load and disease severity. Potential relevance: The rapid determination of BPV viral load will give a reliable marker for disease severity and may also be considered when establishing a therapeutic strategy. 相似文献
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Equine sarcoid is the most common tumour of horses and accounts for over half of all equine skin tumours. Six types of sarcoid based on gross appearance and clinical behaviour have been described including occult, verrucous, nodular, fibroblastic, mixed and malevolent. Common locations for sarcoid development include the periocular region, ear pinnae, lips, neck, extremities and ventrum (including groin region). Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is causally associated with equine sarcoid with genetic haplotype, fly vectors and skin trauma identified as potential risk factors for development of the disease. Histopathology is required for definitive diagnosis of equine sarcoid but incomplete excision is thought to activate latent BPV and stimulate growth. Although there are no uniformly effective treatment options, several modalities have been successful in eliminating or managing equine sarcoid. Surgical excision, intratumoural chemotherapy, cryotherapy, hyperthermia, radiotherapy, immunotherapy and immune modulators are used with degrees of success relative to the accessibility and invasiveness of the tumour. Prevention of equine sarcoid may be facilitated by future development of vaccines against bovine papillomavirus. 相似文献
15.
The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of occult, verrucous, fibroblastic, nodular and mixed equine sarcoids. Ten tumours of each type were examined histologically and analysed for the presence of bovine papilloma virus (BPV)- DNA. All tumours were positive for BPV - DNA and showed an increased density of dermal fibroblasts. Epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, rete peg and 'picket fence' formation were only found consistently in the verrucous and mixed types and were often not present in occult and nodular sarcoids. Immunohistochemical staining for Keratins 10 and 16, Ki67 and p53 showed no important differences between the clinical types.It can be concluded that the presence of BPV - DNA and the increased density of dermal fibroblasts were the only common characteristics for all sarcoids of the different clinical types. The presence of other microscopic alterations was variable but could not be used in the differentiation of the clinical types based on histology. 相似文献
16.
Differential expression of microRNAs in bovine papillomavirus type 1 transformed equine cells 
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下载免费PDF全文 N. Terron‐Canedo W. Weir L. Nicolson C. Britton L. Nasir 《Veterinary and comparative oncology》2017,15(3):764-774
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types 1 and 2 play an important role in the pathogenesis of equine sarcoids (ES), the most common cutaneous tumour affecting horses. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non‐coding RNAs that regulate essential biological and cellular processes, have been found dysregulated in a wide range of tumours. The aim of this study was to identify miRNAs associated with ES. Differential expression of miRNAs was assessed in control equine fibroblasts (EqPalFs) and EqPalFs transformed with the BPV‐1 genome (S6‐2 cells). Using a commercially available miRNA microarray, 492 mature miRNAs were interrogated. In total, 206 mature miRNAs were differentially expressed in EqPalFs compared with S6‐2 cells. Aberrant expression of these miRNAs in S6‐2 cells can be attributed to the presence of BPV‐1 genomes. Furthermore, we confirm the presence of 124 miRNAs previously computationally predicted in the horse. Our data supports the involvement of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of ES. 相似文献
17.
Hainisch EK Brandt S Shafti-Keramat S Van den Hoven R Kirnbauer R 《Equine veterinary journal》2012,44(1):107-111
Reasons for performing study: Infection with bovine papillomaviruses types 1 and 2 (BPV‐1, BPV‐2) can lead to the development of therapy‐resistant skin tumours termed sarcoids and possibly other skin diseases in equids. Although sarcoids seriously compromise the welfare of affected animals and cause considerable economic losses, no prophylactic vaccine is available to prevent this common disease. In several animal species and man, immunisation with papillomavirus‐like particles (VLP) has been shown to protect efficiently from papillomaviral infection. Hypothesis: BPV‐1 L1 VLPs may constitute a safe and highly immunogenic vaccine candidate for protection of horses against BPV‐1/‐2‐induced disease. Methods: Three groups of 4 horses each received 50, 100 or 150 µg of BPV‐1 L1 VLPs, respectively, on Days 0, 28 and 168. Three control horses received adjuvant only. Horses were monitored on a daily basis for one week after each immunisation and then in 2 week intervals. Sera were collected immediately before, 2 weeks after each vaccination and one and 2 years after the final boost and analysed by pseudovirion neutralisation assay. Results: None of the horses showed adverse reactions upon vaccination apart from mild and transient swelling in 2 individuals. Irrespective of the VLP dose, all VLP‐immunised horses had developed a BPV‐1‐neutralising antibody titre of ≥1600 plaque forming units (pfu)/ml 2 weeks after the third vaccination. Eight of 10 trial horses still available for follow‐up had neutralising antibody titres ≥1600 pfu/ml one year and ≥800 pfu/ml 2 years after the last immunisation. Conclusion: Intramuscular BPV‐1 L1 VLP vaccination in horses is safe and results in a long‐lasting antibody response against BPV‐1. Neutralisation titres were induced at levels that correlate with protection in experimental animals and man. Potential relevance: BPV‐1 L1 VLPs constitute a promising vaccine candidate for prevention of BPV‐1/‐2‐induced disease in equids. 相似文献
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Detection of bovine papillomavirus DNA in equine sarcoids using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]
Unfixed and formalin-fixed frozen sections and paraffin-sections of histopathologically confirmed sarcoids of 20 horses were studied in the PCR. The used set of primers was located in the E5 open reading frame fitting both to bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV-1) and BPV-2. Independent of the quality of the used tissues BPV-DNA was detected in all 20 sarcoids. By cleaving with restriction endonuclease Bst XI it was shown that the DNA-sequences amplified by PCR were identical with that of BPV-1. The results support the general view that BPV play an important role in equine sarcoids. 相似文献
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Bovine papillomavirus (BPV)-1 and -2 is linked to equine sarcoids, a commonly observed skin tumor in horses that is of considerable veterinary importance. Previous studies using in situ hybridization have detected BPV DNA only in fibroblasts and not in keratinocytes of sarcoids. In contrast, normal equine skin latently infected with BPV shows a dysplastic epithelium without dermal changes, similar to lesions induced by other papillomavirus types infecting the epithelium. The first goal of our study was to describe the epidermal and dermal characteristics of several stages in sarcoid development. Next, we explored whether BPV can infect epidermal cells in the horse using real-time PCR on laser-micro-dissected keratinocytes and fibroblasts. We found that latently infected normal skin samples and a subset of early stage sarcoids show dysplastic, koilocyte-like epithelial changes. BPV DNA was detected in keratinocytes in 40% of the samples with these particular epithelial properties, whereas advanced sarcoids only had BPV DNA in the fibroblasts. These data may indicate a novel and intriguing pathway of BPV infection in the horse composed of a first step of keratinocyte infection, followed by migration of viral material towards the dermis resulting in infection of sub-epidermal fibroblasts and their fully transformed phenotype. Additionally, an example of co-existence of a dermal BPV-1 and an epidermal BPV-2 infection in the same lesion is shown, indicating that horses can harbor infection with more than one BPV type at the same time. 相似文献
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Annunziata Corteggio Gennaro Altamura Franco Roperto Vincenzo Veneziano Donato Traversa Angela Mascioni Giuseppe Borzacchiello 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2012
Equine sarcoids are benign fibroblastic skin tumors affecting equids worldwide. Infection with bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 has been implicated as a major fact in the disease development; however, the cellular mechanisms underlying fibroblast transformation are still largely unknown. In the present study, a diagnosis of sarcoid was histologically assessed along with eosinophilic dermatitis. The sarcoid lesion expressed the viral oncoproteins E5 and E2, suggesting a causative role of the virus and its replication. Ribosomal DNA of the nematode Habronema muscae was also revealed in the lesion. This is the first report to describe and discuss an association of cutaneous habronemosis with equine sarcoid. 相似文献