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新疆霍城县大、小西沟野果林种子植物组成及资源 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6
新疆伊犁霍城大、小西沟野果林是以野樱桃李群落为主的野果林,共有种子植物60科233属500余种.林区野生植物资源丰富,统计表明:有野生果树38种、食用植物30种、饲用植物60种、蜜源植物111种、观赏植物128种、香料植物50种、药用植物113种.其中包括国家重点保护植物9种;新疆维吾尔自治区重点保护植物9种;中国珍稀濒危保护植物3种.通过多次实地调查分析,阐明了霍城野果林野生果树的分布、繁衍规律和植被、生境状况;综述了植物资源类型和用途及野生樱桃李群系生存的濒危程度.并提出在霍城大、小西沟野樱桃李集中分布区建立自然保护区的建议. 相似文献
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天山野生果树主要病害及其分布 总被引：1，自引：5，他引：1
在对新疆天山山区的野生果树资源进行研究的同时，根据资料和野外调查，报道了在新疆野苹果（Malus sieuersii)，野杏（Armeniaca vulgaris)、野扁桃（Amygdatus ledebouriana)、野核桃（Juglans regia)、野生樱桃李（Prunus cerasifera)、野欧洲李（Prunus domestica)、稠李（Padus racemosa)、欧荚Mi(Viburnum opulus)、准噶尔山楂（Grataegus songarica)、茶蔗子（Ribes spp.)、黑果悬钩子（Rubus caesius)、黑果小檗(Berberis heteropoda)等十余种主要野生果树中常发生的29种病害以及分布等特征。 相似文献
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新疆伊犁与哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果[Malus sieversii(Ledeb.)Roem.]种群年龄结构 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
张苹 吕昭智 张鑫 赵想平 张永光 Gulzhanat Tanabekova Maisupova Bagila Adilbayeva Zhanera 崔志军 《干旱区研究》2019,36(4):844-853
人类活动和自然环境的胁迫加速了中亚地区新疆野苹果[Malus sieversii(Ledeb.)Roem.]种群栖息环境的丧失,新疆野苹果种群面积和生存力趋于下降。本文以第三纪孑遗植物新疆野苹果(M. sieversii)为研究对象,野外系统调查新疆野苹果种群的生存现状,比较新疆伊犁和哈萨克斯坦分布的新疆野苹果种群年龄结构及果实产量,对两地当前新疆野苹果种群变化进行了分析。研究结果显示：当前伊犁地区和20世纪70年代哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果种群的龄级结构主要以中龄(15~50 cm)树为主,而幼龄(0~15 cm)与老龄(50~75 cm)树较少。1969年和1970年哈萨克斯坦的新疆野苹果种群生存力最弱,种群为衰退型(Deevey-Ⅲ),但其产量较高;2016年和2017年伊犁的新疆野苹果种群生存力相对较弱,种群趋于衰退(Deevey-Ⅲ),产量较低;2013年哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果种群生存力相对最强,种群最稳定(Deevey-Ⅱ);幼龄个体的缺乏是新疆野苹果种群趋于衰退的关键因子。目前在哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果保护区内需进行适当放牧干扰,以扩大种子的传播,提高种子的萌发;新疆地区以建立保护区为主,杜绝新疆野苹果的采收和降低野果林内的割草强度,以保护幼苗的生存数量,提高新疆野苹果的种子库,加快新疆野苹果种群更新。 相似文献
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苹果小吉丁虫综合防控研究进展 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
苹果小吉丁虫是果树蛀干害虫,属于国内检疫对象和高度危险性林业有害生物。近20年来,在被誉为野生经济林种质资源基因库的新疆天山野果林发生特别严重,特别是对建群树种—新疆野苹果造成毁灭性的破坏。苹果小吉丁虫在新疆野果林扩散速度快,主要以幼虫钻蛀树干为害,幼虫期时间长。防治手段以幼虫期虫疤涂抹药剂、打孔注药和成虫期喷雾防治为主,防治效果并不理想。研究证明乌黑刻柄茧蜂、白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂、球腹蒲螨对苹果小吉丁虫有一定的控制作用。建立以寄生性天敌繁育和释放、寄主植物次生代谢物利用、害虫信息素干扰和害虫诱捕的综合防控体系是今后的研究重点。 相似文献
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新疆野苹果（Malus sieversii）为国家二级保护植物和重要的野生果树种质资源。选取遭受小吉丁虫等病虫害破坏最为严重的新源县种群为对象,利用微卫星（SSR）标记死亡植株和存活植株的基因型,对比两者间的遗传差异,探究树木死亡对新疆野苹果种群遗传多样性的影响。结果表明：（1）死亡植株与存活植株间没有显著的遗传分化,这说明新疆野苹果植株死亡不存在遗传相关性,为随机死亡过程;（2）树木死亡对新源县种群的遗传结构未产生重大影响,遗传多样性水平仅轻微减小,但丢失了许多低频度等位基因;（3）未来的监测和评价中,等位基因数（Na）比遗传多样性指数能更有效地反映新疆野苹果遗传资源变化。 相似文献
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世界栽培落叶果树起源中心--新疆天山伊犁谷地野果林 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
据实地调查,天山伊犁河谷地(含外伊犁山)野苹果林为17741 hm2;野杏林为1355 hm2,较位于哈萨克斯坦境内阿拉木图以西的天山塔拉斯阿拉套野苹果林1419 hm2;野杏林190 hm2,和卡拉套野杏林790 hm2的合计还多。据此可见,天山伊犁河谷地的孑遗植物(野果林)的面积远远大于天山阿拉木图以西。不仅如此,天山伊犁河谷地野果林还有相当数量的樱桃李、欧洲李(1980年林培钧教授发现于 相似文献
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伊犁野果林包括霍城县的大西沟、小西沟、新二台,向东到新源县的交托海、铁木尔勒克以及巩留县的核桃沟。85年和86年我们用两年时间,对伊犁地区野果林及其附近的植物进行了调查,通过鉴定、整理分类,共采集植物标本1005号。经统计野果林的野生种子植物有59科,219属,399种。其中裸子植物3科,3属,5种。被子植物56科,216属,394种。组 相似文献
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新疆野苹果Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) Roem.是苹果的祖先, 也是重要的育种遗传资源, 常用作砧木。近年来, 新疆野苹果的分布面积骤减, 对其的保护越来越重要。本研究采用高通量测序技术, 对采自新疆伊犁天山野果林的26份样本进行病毒检测, 检测到苹果褪绿叶斑病毒(apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, ACLSV)和苹果茎痘病毒(apple stem pitting virus, ASPV)。通过RT-PCR检测所有样品(127份), 检测到ACLSV、ASPV和苹果茎沟病毒(apple stem grooving virus, ASGV), 检出率分别为22%、19.7%和11%。结合RACE PCR技术扩增得到ASGV新疆野苹果分离物基因组全长序列, 暂时命名为ASGV-XJ。去除3′末端poly(A)后的长度为6 506 bp, 有两个彼此重叠的开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF), ORF1(47-6 364 nt)编码一个241 kD的多聚蛋白, 包含甲基转移酶(methyltransferase)、木瓜蛋白酶(papain-like-protease)、解旋酶(nucleotide triphosphate-binding helicase)、RNA 依赖的RNA聚合酶(RNA-dependent RNA polymerase)和C端的外壳蛋白(coat protein, CP)等; ORF2(4 798-5 760 nt)编码一个36 kD的运动蛋白(movement protein, MP)。系统发育分析表明, 分离物间没有表现出寄主专一性和地理分布规律。上述结果对新疆野苹果的保护工作有重要的参考意义。 相似文献
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Rosemarie Tedeschi Pavel Lauterer Lorenzo Brusetti Federica Tota Alberto Alma 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,123(3):301-310
Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) is one of the natural hosts of Cacopsylla melanoneura, the acknowledged vector of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’, the causal agent of Apple Proliferation disease, a serious and growing problem for apple production in
Europe, particularly in northern Italy. Wild plants could be important sources of both insects and phytoplasmas, but their
role in the epidemiology of phytoplasma diseases and their insect vectors has never been thoroughly examined. Cacopsylla melanoneura’s primary host is hawthorn, a plant closely related to apple which often grows wild near orchards. Other psyllid species
feed on hawthorn, but no data are available on their possible role as phytoplasma vectors. We investigated the hawthorn’s
psyllid fauna in northwestern Italy using yellow sticky traps, beat trays, and molecular analyses from 2003–2005, to study
the relationship between hawthorn, the phytoplasma and the insect vector. Population dynamics were monitored, and insects
and hawthorn samples were analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and
DNA sequencing for the presence of phytoplasmas. Cacopsylla melanoneura was the dominant psyllid species, followed by C. peregrina, C. affinis and C. crataegi. PCR and RFLP analyses revealed the presence of different fruit tree phytoplasmas in hawthorn plants, and in all four psyllid
species. 相似文献
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Leonardo Araujo Felipe A. M. F. Pinto Camila C. L. de Andrade Valmir Duarte 《Plant pathology》2022,71(3):654-667
During European canker monitoring in an apple experimental orchard, 14 mummified fruit (two and three trees with 10 and four positive records in 2018 and 2019, respectively) showed perithecia. Perithecium production on apple fruit, confirmation of pathogenicity of Neonectria ditissima isolated from mummified fruit, and ascospore release from fruit tissues has rarely been reported, and their role in the epidemiology of European canker has been largely overlooked. Thus, the objectives of our study were to (a) prove the presence of both conidia and ascospores of N. ditissima in mummified fruit in an experimental field, confirming pathogenesis in different apple cultivars, and (b) monitor production of the two types of inoculum in infected apple fruit over time. Canker incidence in this orchard was 47% of trees with symptoms in 2018 and 48% in 2019. Molecular and morphological tests confirmed that the fungus detected in the mummified apple fruit was N. ditissima. Apple fruit with sporodochia and perithecia washed immediately after collection from the orchard showed conidia but no ascospores of N. ditissima. However, after 4 days’ incubation, perithecia on mummified fruit showed many ascospore cirri. Koch's postulates were fulfilled on apple plants and mature fruit. Fruit inoculated with N. ditissima released spores for over a year under Brazilian field conditions. The release of both spore types peaked in May (Brazilian leaf fall) and October (spring); release of conidia also peaked in February (early harvest). These results support our hypothesis that fruit can serve as primary inoculum for European canker in Brazilian apple orchards. 相似文献
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Onésime Mubenga Kankonda Benjamin Dudu Akaibe George Otieno Ong’amo Bruno-Pierre Le Ru 《Phytoparasitica》2017,45(1):57-69
Lepidopteran stemborers are considered as the most important insect pests of cereal crops in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, limited information exists on stemborers and their parasitoids in the rain forest of the DR Congo. In order to enhance the understanding of the pest ecology, sampling in both cultivated and wild habitats has been recommended as a bottom line to any action aiming at the design of pest management measures. Following this recommendation, a survey was carried out in the rain forest of the DR Congo on maize and wild host plants. We collected eighteen stemborer and one earborer species belonging to 5 families. Five species were found feeding on maize while 18 species fed on wild host plants. Busseola fusca was the commonest species feeding on maize which accounted for 50.1%. At least 20 parasitoids species distributed as 15 species on maize and 16 species in the wild habitats were recovered during this study. Cotesia sesamiae, Enicospilus ruscus and Sturmiopsis parasitica accounted for 99.8% of interactions within parasitoid community. Out of nineteen wild host plants encountered, Pennisetum purpureum and Vossia cuspidata were the most speciose grasses in terms of both parasitoids and stemborers. The implications of such diversity and network structure are discussed. 相似文献
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兴隆山自然保护区森林生态价值评估 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
甘肃兴隆山是第二批森林和野生动物类型国家级自然保护区,保护区占地面积大,区内生物多样性丰富,对于区域和国家都有重要的生态服务价值。本文评估了兴隆山自然保护区的生态价值,包括生产有机物价值、涵养水源价值、保护土壤价值、固碳放氧价值及净化环境价值,评估结果表明兴隆山自然保护区的生态价值主要体现在它的保持土壤价值、滞尘价值和生产有机物价值,其涵养水源价值对其区域和国家都很重要。 相似文献
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青海蔷薇科野生果树种质资源的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过调查并结合有关文献和植物标本研究表明,青海省蔷薇科野生果树有60种(含2个变种、1个变型),隶属于10属,占全省野生果树总数的53.6%。其中以蔷薇属(Ro-sa)和栒子属(Cotoneaster)最为丰富,分别有13种、12种,其次悬钩子属(Rubus)和李属(Prunus)分别有9种、8种,这4个属的种类占青海蔷薇科野生果树的70%;果实类型有梨果、聚合果、核果3种类型,其中梨果类、聚合果类占有较大比例,分别占总种数的45%和40%。青海省蔷薇科野生果树不少种类具有抗寒耐旱等特性,可作为砧木或抗性育种材料,一些种类果实营养较为丰富。青海蔷薇科野生果树主要分布于东部的黄河、湟水河及大通河流域,并划分为西倾山区、祁连山区和青南高原区3个分布区域,分析了各区的种类和分布情况;垂直分布在海拔1800~4000 m之间。另外,对几种重要野生果树资源进行了评价,并提出了开发利用的建议。 相似文献
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Within the framework of the EU project DROPSA (‘Strategies to develop effective, innovative and practical approaches to protect major European fruit crops from pests and pathogens’), a review on pests (including pathogens) that have fruit species as their host plants was conducted. The focus was on pests that have been introduced into Europe or were found in the fruit trade during the last 10–15 years. Among the 387 recorded pests, the following groups were identified: 1. fruit and vinegar flies, 2. scale insects, 3. fungi, 4. plant viruses, 5. bacteria, 6. pests of unknown risk, 7. tropical fruit pests, 8. pests that had an unexpected change of hosts, 9. fruit pests not likely to be transported on fruit and 10. ‘hitchhikers’ (non‐fruit pests intercepted on fruit/fruit plants, fruit pests intercepted on other commodities than fruit). The large number of pests identified, from different taxonomic groups and origins, shows that fruit are an important pathway for pests, threatening fruit production in Europe. 相似文献
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Several uncultivated trees of the species Prunus spinosa , P. cerasifera and P. domestica , sampled both adjacent to European stone fruit yellows (ESFY)-infected orchards and in isolation from cultivated stone fruit plants, were found to be infected by ESFY phytoplasma. These species were also colonized by Cacopsylla pruni , vector of the ESFY agent. In contrast, uncultivated species of Prunus avium , P. cerasus and P. mahaleb hosted neither the pathogen nor the vector. Insect- and graft-transmission trials of ESFY phytoplasma conducted under controlled conditions confirmed the data obtained in the field. The role played by the wild Prunus species is discussed and appears to be fundamental in the epidemic cycle of the disease. 相似文献