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1.
日粮中复合添加剂水平与肉仔鸡生产性能关系的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
以 1日龄、健壮的爱维茵肉仔鸡 6 30只 (公母各半 )为试验动物 ,应用肉鸡用复合维生素、复合微量元素和复合生物活性物质添加剂为试验因素 ,采用 3因子 5水平 2次通用旋转组合设计 ,平分成 2 0个组 (其中设 1个对照组 ) ,得到 15种施用水平组合及其 15种试验日粮 ,进行 7周龄饲养试验。结果表明 ,采食 15号日粮第 15～ 2 0组试鸡 ,7周龄增重最高达 2 36 8g ,料肉比最低达1.78,极显著地优于增重和料肉比均最低的对照组 17.5 2 %和 10 .10 % (P <0 .0 1) ;试验条件下 ,肉鸡增重、料肉比与 3种复合添加剂的施用水平有密切的相关关系 ,回归分析得出它们在日粮中最佳添加水平是复合维生素为 15 32 .0 7mg/kg、复合微量元素为 3796 .92mg/kg和复合生物活性物质为16 2 3.32mg/kg。  相似文献   

2.
以1日龄、健壮的艾维茵(avian)肉仔鸡630只(公母各半)为试验动物,以自制的复合维生素、复合微量元素和复合生物活性物质添加剂为试验因素,采用3因子5水平二次回归通用旋转组合设计,平分成21个组(其中增设1个对照组),得到15种施用水平组合及其15种试验日粮,进行49d饲养试验.结果表明采食1号日粮第1组试鸡,测定的肉质形状指标较佳pH、系水力、粗蛋白、肌间脂肪指示极显著地优于增设的对照组;试验条件下,肉质性状的主要指标与三种复合添加剂的施用水平呈极显著的回归关系,对二次回归数学模型寻优得出各复合添加剂,(或其各个活性成分)在鸡饲粮中的最佳添加量分别是复合维生素1953.547mg/kg;复合微量元素2888.10mg/kg;复合生物活性物质2417.917mg/kg(甜菜碱1886.44,大蒜素90.91).  相似文献   

3.
日粮中复合添加剂水平对鸡肉中脂肪酸组成影响的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
以1日龄、健壮的艾维茵(avian)肉仔鸡630只(公母各半)为试验动物,以自行配制的复合维生素、复合微量元素和复合生物活性添加剂为试验因素,采用3因子5水平二次回归通用旋转组合设计,平分成21个组(其中设1个对照组),得到15种施用水平组合及其15种试验日粮,进行49d饲养试验。结果表明:采食2号日粮的第2组试鸡胸肌中多不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,均值为22.10%;饱和脂肪酸含量较低,均值为26.09%;分别比增设的对照组优8.59%和16.27%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。试验条件下,肉鸡胸肌中饱和脂肪酸含量和不饱和脂肪酸含量与3种复合添加剂施用水平呈极显著的回归关系,对二次回归数学模型寻优得出各复合添加剂(或其各个活性成分)在肉鸡饲粮中的最佳添加量分别是:复合维生素2234.51mg/kg(E340.53、C378.35、A5675.38、H0.57)、复合微量元素4211.70mg/kg(Fe113.51、Cu132.43、Mn170.26、Cr1.14、Zn208.10、Se0.281)、复合生物活性物质1099.95mg/kg(甜菜碱1054.11、大蒜素24.33)。  相似文献   

4.
以自行配制的复合维生素、复合微量元素和复合生物活性添加剂为试验因素,采用3因素5水平二次回归通用旋转组合设计,平均分成21个组(第21组为对照组), 得到15种施用水平组合及其15种试验日粮,进行49 d饲养试验.结果表明:采食2号日粮第2组试验鸡胸肌中饱和脂肪酸含量较低,均值为26.09%,比对照组降低了16.27%(P＜0.01);多不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,均值为22.10%,比对照组提高了8.59%(P＜0.01).试验条件下,各添加剂在鸡日粮中的最佳添加量分别是复合维生素2234.51 mg/kg(VE 340.53 mg/kg、VC 378.35 mg/kg、VA 5675.38 IU/kg、VH 0.57 mg/kg);复合微量元素4211.70 mg/kg(Fe 113.51、Cu 132.43、Mn 170.26、Cr 1.14、Zn 208.10、Se 0.281);复合生物活性物质1099.95 mg/kg(甜菜碱1054.11、大蒜素24.33).  相似文献   

5.
复合添加剂对肥育猪肌肉氨基酸组成影响的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为了研究自行配制的猪用复合维生素、复合微量元素和复合生物活性物质添加剂的不同水平组合对猪肉中氨基酸组成的影响,采用了3因素5水平二次回归通用旋转组合设计,以大×长仔猪为试验动物,进行了93d饲养试验。结果表明:采食11号日粮第11组试猪背最长肌中必需氨基酸(EAA)、鲜味氨基酸(FAA)和总氨基酸(TAA)含量最高,均值为7.58%、6.23%和18.20%,比对照组高10.98%、12.05%和10.57%,差异极显著(P<0.01);试验条件下,猪肉中EAA总量、FAA总量与3种复合添加剂水平呈极显著的回归关系,猪肉中EAA总量和FAA总量都较高时,相应各复合添加剂在猪饲粮中的添加量分别是复合维生素1260.019mg/kg、复合微量元素2191.668mg/kg和复合生物活性物质5496.512mg/kg。  相似文献   

6.
目的:本研究旨在探讨日粮维生素E水平对AA鸡免疫器官发育的影响。方法:选用1 d健康AA肉鸡母鸡160羽,随机分为试验组和对照组共5个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复8羽,试验期为42 d。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加25、50、75、100 mg/kg的维生素E。饲养期间每双周周末对各组AA肉鸡屠宰并称取胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊的重量,计算免疫器官指数。结果:试验结果表明,第2周时,日粮中添加75 mg/kg维生素E脾脏指数比对照组提高了16.67%(P>0.05),100 mg/kg时胸腺指数比对照组提高了13.04%(P>0.05)。第4周时,日粮中添加50 mg/kg维生素E脾脏指数比对照组提高了64.71%(P>0.05)。第6周时,日粮中添加25 mg/kg维生素E胸腺指数和脾脏指数分别比对照组提高了38.71%(P<0.05)和42.86%(P>0.05),100 mg/kg维生素E胸腺指数和法氏囊指数分别比对照组提高了45.16%(P<0.05)和7.69%(P>0.05)。结论:日粮中添加维生素E对肉鸡免疫器官的发育没有显著影响,但能够具有促进其生长发育的趋势。  相似文献   

7.
文章旨在研究日粮单独或联合使用锌和维生素C对高温条件下肉鸡生长性能和免疫反应的影响。试验选择320只1d肉仔鸡,根据体重随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复20只鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮(锌含量为40mg/kg),处理1组在基础日粮中添加60mg/kg锌,处理2组在基础日粮中添加200mg维生素C,处理3组在基础日粮中添加60mg/kg锌+300mg/kg维生素C,试验共开展35d。在试验第21~35天对鸡只进行热应激诱导,即25℃12h,25~34℃3h,34℃6h,34~25℃3h。结果显示:处理组较对照组均显著提高了肉鸡的采食量、体增重(P<0.05),显著降低了料比(P<0.05)。日粮同时添加锌和维生素C组肉鸡采食量和体增重最高(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,日粮添加60mg/kg锌、200mg/kg维生素C或锌和维生素C联合使用的肉鸡脾脏、胸腺和法氏囊重量显著提高(P<0.05)。60mg/kg锌+200mg/kg维生素C和200mg/kg维生素C组较对照组显著提高了新城疫、传染性法氏囊炎和传染性支气管炎的抗体滴度(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,60mg/kg锌+200mg/kg维生素C、200mg/kg维生素C组和60mg/kg锌组显著提高了血液白细胞总数、淋巴细胞和单核细胞占比(P<0.05)。结论:在本试验条件下,日粮单独或联合添加锌和维生素C均可显著改善热应激条件下肉鸡的生长性能和免疫状态。  相似文献   

8.
试验选用1日龄健康艾维茵肉鸡384只称重后随机分为16个处理组,每个处理组设3个重复,每个重复8只,试验期为6周,采用4×4(VA×VE)完全随机试验设计,研究了日粮中添加不同水平维生素A(1 500、3 000、15 000和45 000 IU/kg)和维生素E(5、15、150和1 500 IU/kg)对肉鸡骨骼钙磷代谢的影响。结果表明,随日粮维生素A水平的增加,肉鸡的胫骨钙浓度呈显著一次线性降低(P<0.05),血清AKP活性与胫骨磷浓度呈一次线性降低趋势(P<0.10),而且45 000 IU/kg维生素A组的肉鸡血清AKP活性、胫骨的灰分与钙含量均显著降低(P<0.05),胫骨矿化度趋于降低(P<0.10)1;5 000 IU/kg维生素A组的上述各项指标均呈不同程度地降低。随日粮维生素E水平增加,血清钙含量与胫骨矿化度呈显著一次线性增加(P<0.05),胫骨钙含量呈显著的一元二次增加(P<0.05);而且1 500 IU/kg维生素E组的肉鸡胫骨矿化度有显著的增加趋势(P<0.10)。日粮维生素A水平在1 500～45 000 IU/kg范围内,维生素E水平在5～1 500 IU/kg范围内,维生素A、E在肉鸡的钙、磷代谢方面均无明显的互作效应存在。过量的维生素A对肉鸡钙、磷代谢有显著的负面影响,日粮维生素A水平为45 000 IU/kg时,提示肉鸡维生素A过量;日粮维生素A水平为15 000 IU/kg时,提示肉鸡维生素A临界过量。日粮中添加较高剂量的维生素E(1 500 IU/kg),可引起肉鸡骨骼强度呈增加趋势,对肉鸡的钙、磷代谢有一定的促进效果。  相似文献   

9.
试验旨在探讨日粮中添加不同组合的复合氨基酸与维生素添加剂对育肥肉牛血清生化指标及免疫球蛋白的影响。试验选取日龄相近、体重(485.82±12.50) kg的健康育肥西门塔尔杂交牛12头,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复1头牛。对照组肉牛饲喂基础日粮;试验A组在基础日粮中添加5 g/kg精氨酸+15 g/kg谷氨酰胺;试验B组日粮中添加5 g/kg精氨酸+70 mg/kg复合维生素;试验C组日粮中添加15 g/kg谷氨酰胺+70 mg/kg复合维生素。试验期45 d。结果显示,试验A组肉牛血清总蛋白、球蛋白、总胆红素、总胆汁酸、甘油三酯、肌酐、尿素氮、镁含量及谷草转氨酶、γ-谷氨酰基转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、肌酸激酶活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验B组肉牛血清总蛋白、球蛋白、甘油三酯、尿素氮、无机磷含量及谷草转氨酶、γ-谷氨酰基转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、总胆汁酸、肌酸激酶、淀粉酶活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验C组肉牛血清总蛋白、球蛋白、总胆红素、尿素氮、镁含量及γ-谷氨酰基转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、总胆汁酸、肌酸激酶、淀粉酶活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);各试验组肉牛血清谷丙转氨酶活性及胆固醇、葡萄糖含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);试验A组肉牛血清免疫球蛋白M和免疫球蛋白A含量均显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。研究表明,育肥肉牛日粮中添加复合氨基酸与维生素对肉牛血清生化指标产生一定影响,精氨酸+谷氨酰胺能够提高育肥牛机体免疫力。  相似文献   

10.
本试验旨在研究饲粮维生素E水平对22～42日龄岭南黄羽肉鸡生长性能、免疫功能和抗氧化能力的影响。选用1 440只22日龄岭南黄羽肉鸡公鸡,共设6个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复40只鸡。试验采用玉米淀粉-豆粕型基础饲粮,各处理间除饲粮维生素E水平不同外,其他营养水平均一致。处理1(空白对照组,维生素E含量为3.59 mg/kg)为基础饲粮,处理2～6分别在基础饲粮中添加5、10、20、40、80 mg/kg维生素E。试验期21 d。试鸡地面平养,自由采食颗粒料和自由饮水。结果表明:饲粮中添加维生素E有降低试鸡饲料采食量的趋势(P=0.051),但对平均日增重、饲料增重比、胴体品质、脾脏指数、胸腺指数均未产生显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮添加80 mg/kg维生素E显著提高了法氏囊指数(P<0.05),添加10、20、40和80 mg/kg维生素E显著降低了血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量(P<0.05),添加5、10mg/kg维生素E使试鸡血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性分别提高了16.93%和23.46%(P<0.05),添加20 mg/kg维生素E显著提高了血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性(P<0.05)。饲粮添加5、10、40、80 mg/kg维生素E显著提高了肝脏中α-生育酚含量(P<0.05),添加各水平维生素E均显著降低了肝脏中丙二醛含量(P<0.05),添加10、20 mg/kg维生素E显著提高了试鸡肌肉中T-SOD活性(P<0.05)。试验结果提示,仅考虑生长性能,玉米-豆粕型饲粮中不需添加维生素E;综合各抗氧化指标,经方差分析和多重比较得到22～42日龄黄羽肉鸡饲粮维生素E适宜水平为13.59～23.59 mg/kg;以血清TNF-α含量、T-SOD活性为评定指标,经回归分析得出饲粮维生素E适宜水平分别为59.88和46.64 mg/kg。  相似文献   

11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。  相似文献   

12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

13.
Tropical Animal Health and Production -  相似文献   

14.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

15.
Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.  相似文献   

16.
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

17.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

18.
The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.  相似文献   

19.
<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.  相似文献   

20.
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

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