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1.
淹水条件下不同氮肥对水稻土中磷肥转化的动态影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用室内土培试验研究了淹水条件下不同氮肥对水稻土（黄泥土）中磷肥转化的动态影响。结果表明，培养1d时，不同氮肥对土壤有效磷含量无显著影响，但显著降低土壤的水溶性磷含量；之后，硝酸铵和硝酸钙处理显著增加土壤有效磷和水溶性磷含量；氯化铵和硫酸铵处理表现降低土壤水溶性磷含量的作用，而对土壤有效磷含量仍无显著影响；尿素处理15d和35d时有增加土壤有效磷和水溶性磷含量的作用，而70d和105d时土壤有效磷和水溶性磷含量与对照处理差异不大。 相似文献
2.
小麦–玉米种植制度下长期施钾对土壤钾素Q/I关系的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为评价长期施肥条件下土壤钾素容量和强度（Q/I）关系,采用Q/I法研究了小麦–玉米种植制度下3类土壤（塿土、潮土和红壤）,连续15年不施钾（NP）和施钾（NPK）土壤钾素Q/I关系的变化及其参数与土壤性质变化的关系。结果表明,长期施钾土壤K+平衡活度比（AR0）、土壤活性钾（KL）、非专性吸附钾（-△K0）和专性吸附钾（KX）均较不施钾土壤的高,其中,施钾后AR0和-△K0值提高幅度最大的是红壤,分别提高13.78和12.17倍;15年连续施用钾肥对红壤钾位缓冲容量（PBC）影响不明显,塿土和潮土长期施钾处理PBC值显著降低（17 %～20 %）。不施钾土壤K+和Ca2++Mg2+交换自由能（-△G）（13.69～19.33 kJ/mol）高于施钾土壤（12.15～12.81 kJ/mol）;土壤钾素Q/I参数与土壤1 mol/L HNO3浸提K、K+饱和度和有机质含量等存在显著相关关系。土壤钾素Q/I参数能科学评价土壤的供钾状况。连续15年施钾肥土壤供钾能力较高,长期不施钾肥土壤钾素亏缺明显,尤其是潮土和红壤易出现缺钾。 相似文献
3.
4.
采用Mehlich 3法和常规分析方法测定赤红土和红土的有效磷、有效钾,结果表明,Mehlich 3法测得的有效磷、有效钾与常规方法测定的呈显著的相关。赤红土上的玉米生物试验结果表明:Mehilch 3法测定的土壤有效磷、有效钾含量与玉米吸收的磷、钾量以及玉米的株高、干重呈显著相关。 相似文献
5.
通过2年盆栽试验，探讨不同磷水平下玉米–大豆间作根际土壤无机磷组分、土壤有效磷含量及作物磷吸收的差异，明确土壤无机磷组分、土壤有效磷与作物磷吸收之间的相互关系。试验设置玉米单作、大豆单作、玉米–大豆间作3种种植方式以及3个P2O5施用水平(0、50、100 mg/kg，分别记作P0、P50、P100)，共9个处理。结果表明：与单作相比，2018年和2019年在P0、P50和P100水平下，间作显著提高玉米和大豆的籽粒产量，并显著提高玉米和大豆植株的磷素吸收量。与常规施磷水平(P100)下的单作处理相比，玉米–大豆间作在磷肥减少50%(P50)的条件下，并未降低玉米和大豆的磷吸收量与籽粒产量。3个磷水平下，间作提高了玉米和大豆根际土壤有效磷含量，而降低了根际土壤总无机磷以及Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P、O-P的含量；同时适当增施磷肥显著提高了玉米和大豆根际土壤总无机磷及各无机磷组分的含量。本试验条件下，间作促进土壤中Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P和O-P的活化(尤其是Fe-P)，是低磷胁迫下间作土壤有效磷含量与作物磷吸收量增加的重要原因。玉米–大豆间作具有节约磷肥、维持作物产量及根际土壤有... 相似文献
6.
为探明不同轮作模式对宁夏南部山区旱地农田土壤肥力和谷子产量的影响，基于连续8年定位试验，研究了谷子连作（R0）、谷子–小麦–糜子轮作（R1）、谷子–胡麻–豌豆轮作（R2）和谷子–豌豆–马铃薯轮作（R3）处理对谷子产量及土壤物理和化学性质的影响。结果表明：经过两个轮作周期后，与R0处理相比，R2处理谷子产量增加13.10%，R1处理产量略有降低，R3处理产量显著降低（P<0.05）。各轮作模式均有利于降低土壤容重，提高土壤田间持水量，并且R1和R2处理土壤容重显著低于R0处理；除R3处理外，R1和R2处理有利于增加土壤孔隙度，与R0处理相比增幅分别为15.09%和21.18%。各轮作模式均有利于增加土壤>0.25 mm大团聚体总量，其中R1和R2处理可以显著降低土壤中<0.25 mm和2~0.25 mm团聚体数量（P<0.05），并显著增加>2 mm团聚体比例。各轮作模式土壤有机质含量均高于R0处理，土壤全量养分含量差异不明显；各轮作模式均有利于增加土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和有效磷含量，同时R2处理还有利于增加土壤碱解氮、速效钾和微生物生物量磷含量。综上，轮作有利于旱地土壤有机质积累，降低土壤容重，增加大团聚体数量，提高土壤微生物生物量，但不同轮作模式间存在差异，其中，R2处理更有利于增加谷子产量、改善土壤结构、培肥土壤，可以作为宁夏南部山区雨养农业旱作区的优选作物轮作模式进行推广。 相似文献
7.
不同活化处理腐植酸–尿素对褐土小麦–玉米产量及有机碳氮矿化的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
腐植酸–尿素是一种新型有机无机肥料,不同活化方式对其肥效的发挥具有重要作用。本研究利用田间定位试验和室内培养试验,设计不施肥处理(CK)、无机肥处理(U)、腐植酸–尿素直接掺混处理(U+HA1)、腐植酸–尿素硫化活化处理(U+HA2)、腐植酸–尿素硫化加超声波处理(U+HA3),在褐土上研究不同活化处理腐植酸–尿素肥料对小麦–玉米产量和土壤有机碳氮矿化的影响。结果表明:施用腐植酸–尿素显著提高小麦–玉米产量,小麦、玉米产量分别比U处理增产15%~28%、8%~10%,比CK处理增产63%~81%、55%~57%。U+HA3处理比U+HA1和U+HA2处理具有更强的增产效果。土壤养分在不同施肥处理间存在差异,土壤NO3–-N含量的变化趋势为U+HA1、U+HA3U+HA2UCK。土壤NH4+-N含量在不同处理间与NO3–-N含量具有相似的趋势,其中U+HA1处理土壤NH4+-N含量较其他两种腐植酸–尿素处理有显著的降低。施肥处理提高了土壤有效磷、速效钾含量,但是腐殖酸–尿素处理与U处理的影响未见差异。腐殖酸-尿素处理对土壤有机碳含量未产生显著影响,但提高了土壤有机碳的矿化速率与累积矿化量,其中U+HA3处理比U+HA1和U+HA2处理效果明显。土壤有机碳的累积矿化量与作物总产量、土壤速效氮、有效磷、速效钾含量具有显著的正相关关系。与CK处理相比,腐植酸的添加对土壤有机氮矿化比率影响不显著,但U处理土壤有机氮矿化比率显著提高。通过本研究验证腐植酸-尿素肥料比无机肥料具有更强的提高土壤生产力和肥力的作用,硫化超声波活化处理效果比其他两种活化处理效果显著。硫化超声波活化处理腐植酸-尿素肥料是值得推广的新型肥料,对丰富肥料资源具有重要作用。 相似文献
8.
基于GIS和丰缺指标法的区域施肥管理体系的构建 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
9.
延边地区三种类型植烟土壤酶活力、速效养分根际效应研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在大田环境条件下,采用随机区组设计,研究延边地区3种类型土壤烤烟全生育期根际和非根际土过氧化氢酶、脲酶和转化酶活性,pH值,碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷含量动态变化.结果表明:延边地区植烟土壤根际土过氧化氢酶、脲酶和转化酶活性平均为0.60U,0.48U和22.09U,根际效应在不同土壤酶间存在差异:过氧化氢酶(R/S=1.08)＜脲酶(R/S=1.14)＜转化酶(R/S=1.51).暗棕壤烟株根际土3种酶活性和酶活根际效应均高于其他两种类型土壤.烟株根际土pH值、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别为5.42、72.52 mg/kg、33.36 mg/kg和402.04 mg/kg,根际效应表现为:pH(R/S=0.91)＜碱解氮(R/S=0.98)＜速效磷(R/S=1.99)＜速效钾(R/S=2.46).烟株根际土pH值、碱解氮和速效钾含量均表现为:暗棕壤＞黑砂土＞白浆土,根际土速效磷含量与此相反.结论:暗棕壤烟株根际效应较大,酶活性较高、养分富集较多,为烟株生长提供了良好的养分供应环境,是暗棕壤烟叶质量优于黑砂土和白浆土的原因之一. 相似文献
10.
湖南省柑橘园土壤营养状况及其对叶片养分的影响 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
为了解湖南省柑橘园土壤及叶片养分丰缺状况,对湖南省82个柑橘主产区土壤和植株叶片的矿质元素含量进行分析测试,运用曲线回归方法分析了土壤酸碱性与土壤肥力间相关性,采用典型性相关分析方法研究了土壤与叶片养分的定量统计关系。结果表明:全省86.75%的柑橘园土壤pH为酸性至强酸性,78.31%的土壤有机质含量处于适宜水平,有效氮、磷、钾缺乏土壤比例分别为15.66%、69.88%和27.71%,柑橘叶片全氮、磷、钾缺乏比例分别为12.35%、16.05%和18.52%。曲线回归分析结果显示,土壤养分含量与pH存在密切的关系,土壤有机质(Y_1)、碱解氮(Y_2)、有效磷(Y_3)、速效钾(Y_4)与pH(X)的拟合关系分别为:Y_1=2.15X~2–24.17X+85.53(R~2=0.53)、Y_2=0.255X~2–3.17X+91.29(R~2=0.36)、Y_3=5.51X~2–66.37X+208.22(R~2=0.43)、Y_4=5.59X~2–37.24X+213.43(R~2=0.40)。典型性相关分析结果显示,土壤养分含量水平的高低对叶片中其他养分含量也存在明显的影响,柑橘园土壤养分指标(X_1:pH;X_2:有机质;X_3:碱解氮;X_4:有效磷;X_5:速效钾)与叶片养分指标(Y_1:氮;Y_2:磷;Y_3:钾)的拟合模型分别为:U_1=–0.390X_1+0.909X_2+0.398X_3+0.269X_4–0.297X_5,V_1=0.792Y_1+0.637Y_2–0.132Y_3。在园区培肥管理时,应注意调节土壤酸碱度,因土酌情采取增施氮肥、磷肥和钾肥等综合平衡施肥措施。 相似文献
11.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(11-12):1511-1523
Abstract A new soil extractant (H3A) with the ability to extract NH4, NO3, and P from soil was developed and tested against 32 soils, which varied greatly in clay content, organic carbon (C), and soil pH. The extractant (H3A) eliminates the need for separate phosphorus (P) extractants for acid and calcareous soils and maintains the extract pH, on average, within one unit of the soil pH. The extractant is composed of organic root exudates, lithium citrate, and two synthetic chelators (DTPA, EDTA). The new soil extractant was tested against Mehlich 3, Olsen, and water for extractable P, and 1 M KCl and water‐extractable NH4 and NO2/NO3. The pH of the extractant after adding soil, shaking, and filtration was measured for each soil sample (5 extractants×2 reps×32 soils=320 samples) and was shown to be highly influential on extractable P but has no effect on extractable NH4 or NO2/NO3. H3A was highly correlated with soil‐extractable inorganic N (NH4, NO2/NO3) from both water (r=0.98) and 1 M KCl (r=0.97), as well as being significantly correlated with water (r=0.71), Mehlich 3 (r=0.83), and Olsen (r=0.84) for extractable P. 相似文献
12.
Tillage systems influence soil properties and may influence the availability of applied and mineralized soil N. This laboratory study (20°C) compared N cycling in two soils, a Wooster (fine, loamy Typic Fragiudalf) and a Hoytville (fine, illitic Mollic Epiaqualf) under continuous corn (Zea mays) production since at least 1963 with no-tillage (NT), minimum (CT) and plow tillage (PT) management. Fertilizer was added at the rate of 100 mg 15N kg–1–1 soil as 99.9% 15N as NH4Cl or Ca(NO3)2 and the soils were incubated in leaching columns for 1 week at 34 kPa before being leached periodically with 0.05 M CaCl2 for 26 weeks. As expected, the majority of the 15NO3– additions were removed from both soils with the first leaching. The majority of applied 15NH4+ additions were recovered as 15NO3– by week 5, with the NT soils demonstrating faster nitrification rates compared with soils under other tillage practices. For the remaining 22 weeks, only low levels of 15NO3– were leached from the soils regardless of tillage management. In the coarser textured Wooster soils (150 g clay kg–1), mineralization of native soil N in the fertilized soils was related to the total N content (r2 0.99) and amino acid N (r2 0.99), but N mineralization in the finer textured Hoytville (400 g clay kg–1) was constant across tillage treatments and not significantly related to soil total N or amino acid N content. The release of native soil N was enhanced by NH4+ or NO3– addition compared to the values released by the unfertilized control and exceeded possible pool substitution. The results question the use of incubation N mineralization tests conducted with unfertilized soils as a means for predicting soil N availability for crop N needs. 相似文献
13.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(17-18):2663-2677
Accurate estimation of the available potassium (K+) supplied by calcareous soils in arid and semi‐arid regions is becoming more important. Exchangeable K+, determined by ammonium acetate (NH4OAc), might not be the best predictor of the soil K+ available to crops in soils containing micaceous minerals. The effectiveness of different extraction methods for the prediction of K‐supplying capacities and quantity–intensity relationships was studied in 10 calcareous soils in western Iran. Total K+ uptake by wheat grown in the greenhouse was used to measure plant‐available soil K+. The following methods extracted increasingly higher average amounts of soil K+: 0.025 M H2SO4 (45 mg K+ kg?1), 1 M NaCl (92 mg K+ kg?1), 0.01 M CaCl2 (104 mg K+ kg?1), 0.1 M BaCl2 (126 mg K+ kg?1), and 1 M NH4OAc (312 mg K+ kg?1). Potassium extracted by 0.01 M CaCl2, 1 M NaCl, 0.1 M BaCl2, and 0.025 M H2SO4 showed higher correlation with K+ uptake by the crop (P < 0.01) than did NH4OAc (P < 0.05), which is used to extract K+ in the soils of the studied area. There were significant correlations among exchangeable K+ adsorbed on the planar surfaces of soils (labile K+) and K+ plant uptake and K+ extracted by all extractants. It would appear that both 0.01 M CaCl2 and 1 M NaCl extractants and labile K+ may provide the most useful prediction of K+ uptake by plants in these calcareous soils containing micaceous minerals. 相似文献
14.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(19):2425-2448
Evaluation of nutrient status in soil is important for nutritional, environmental, and economical aspects. The objective of this work was to find out the most suitable universal extractant for determination of available phosphorus (P) and nitrate (NO3-) and exchangeable potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) from soils using 0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl2), 0.01 M barium chloride (BaCl2), 0.1 M BaCl2, 0.02 M strontium chloride (SrCl2), Mehlich 3, and ammonium bicarbonate diethylene triamine penta acetic acid (AB-DTPA) extractants. Composite surface soil samples (0–20 cm) were collected from the Eastern Harage Zone (Babile and Haramaya Districts), Wolaita Zone (Damot Sore, Boloso Bombe, Damot Pulasa, and Humbo Districts), and Dire Dawa Administrative Council by purposive sampling. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Results indicated that the greatest correlations were found between Mehlich 3 and Olsen method and also between 0.02 M SrCl2 and Olsen method for available P. The amount of NO3– extracted by 0.02 M SrCl2 was significantly correlated to the amount determined by 0.5 M potassium sulfate (K2SO4). The amounts of exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg determined by ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) method were significantly correlated to the amount determined by universal extractants tested. In general, both 0.02 M SrCl2 and Mehlich 3 can serve as universal extractants for the macronutrients considered in this study with the former being more economical when NO3– is included. 相似文献
15.
Jinbo Zhang Christoph Müller Tongbin Zhu Yi Cheng Zucong Cai 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2011,47(5):533-542
A study was carried out to investigate the potential gross nitrogen (N) transformations in natural secondary coniferous and
evergreen broad-leaf forest soils in subtropical China. The simultaneously occurring gross N transformations in soil were
quantified by a 15N tracing study. The results showed that N dynamics were dominated by NH4+ turnover in both soils. The total mineralization (from labile and recalcitrant organic N) in the broad-leaf forest was more
than twice the rate in the coniferous forest soil. The total rate of mineral N production (NH4+ + NO3−) from the large recalcitrant organic N pool was similar in the two forest soils. However, appreciable NO3− production was only observed in the coniferous forest soil due to heterotrophic nitrification (i.e. direct oxidation of organic
N to NO3−), whereas nitrification in broad-leaf forest was little (or negligible). Thus, a distinct shift occurred from predominantly
NH4+ production in the broad-leaf forest soil to a balanced production of NH4+ and NO3− in the coniferous forest soil. This may be a mechanism to ensure an adequate supply of available mineral N in the coniferous
forest soil and most likely reflects differences in microbial community patterns (possibly saprophytic, fungal, activities
in coniferous soils). We show for the first time that the high nitrification rate in these soils may be of heterotrophic rather
than autotrophic nature. Furthermore, high NO3− production was only apparent in the coniferous but not in broad-leaf forest soil. This highlights the association of vegetation
type with the size and the activity of the SOM pools that ultimately determines whether only NH4+ or also a high NO3− turnover is present. 相似文献
16.
Uttam K. Saha Leticia Sonon Bipul K. Biswas 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2018,49(1):63-75
Soil mineral (or inorganic) nitrogen (SMN), which primarily exists as exchangeable and soluble ammonium (NH4+) and the nitrate (NO3?) ions, represents readily available nitrogen for plant growth. Over the years a 2M potassium chloride (KCl) solution has become the extraction solution of choice for extracting SMN. In the research and service laboratories, either distillation-titration method (DTM) or colorimetric method (CM) is virtually the standard to measure NH4+- and NO3?-N in the 2M KCl soil extracts. However, being a time-consuming and labor intensive method, DTM generally has a very low throughput. Likewise, CM is affected by interferences from pH variation, color, turbidity, presence of organic species, and some other constituents in the extracts. In contrast, diffusion conductivity method (DCM) is a less expensive and high throughput one, which is also relatively free from common interferences. In this study, we, therefore, compared the extraction efficiency of various KCl concentrations and performance of diffusion conductivity method (DCM) with DTM in measuring NH4+-N and NO3?-N in KCl extracts of 32 agricultural soils of Georgia. A 0.2M KCl solution extracted statistically similar amounts of NH4+-N and NO3?-N as did 2M KCl, suggesting that a 10-fold dilute KCl solution than the standard 2M KCl might be good enough to extract and estimate the most of SMN. For the analyses of NH4+- and NO3?-N in the KCl extracts, the DCM produced results statistically similar to those produced by DTM. The deviation between the results given by DCM and DTM was no more than ±10%. Thus, DCM appears to be an attractive alternative to the labor intensive and time-consuming DTM for measuring NH4+- and NO3?-N in the KCl extract of soils in the research and service laboratories. 相似文献
17.
土壤有效磷的测定有助于了解土壤的磷素供给能力,为施用磷肥提供参考,但是测定方法虽多,却各有优缺点;生物方法的结果比较接近实际情况,但操作不便,需时较久;化学方法简便快速,但往往适用范围不广,至今尚无适用所有土壤的化学浸提方法. 相似文献
18.
桑园土壤—桑叶—蚕茧系统硫素相关规律研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
采用典型地区桑园面上调查取样和实验室分析相结合的研究方法对长江中下游地区典型桑园的硫素状况进行研究。结果表明 :表土 ( 0～ 2 0cm)有效硫含量为 2 5 1～87 73mgkg- 1(均值 1 8 34± 1 5 2 5mgkg- 1) ,底土有效硫含量比表土有所增加 ,二者极显著正相关。缺硫土样占 5 5 77% ,以皖、赣、鄂、闽等省红砂岩、花岗岩母质形成的土壤为典型缺硫土壤 ,其次为赣、湘、苏的河流冲积物母质土壤。桑园土壤有效硫含量与桑叶全硫含量呈极显著二次曲线相关 (R2 =0 1 773 ,n =5 2 ,a <0 ) ;桑叶全硫含量与茧层全硫含量呈显著二次曲线相关 (R2 =0 2 1 0 1 ,n =2 6,a <0 )、与蛹全硫含量呈极显著直线正相关 (R2 =0 2 5 1 5 ,n =2 7)。高产桑园土壤有效硫含量及桑叶、茧层、蛹、蚕沙全硫含量均比低产桑园高 相似文献
19.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(17-18):2857-2867
Abstract A new soil test procedure using 1M NH4Cl was developed for the extraction of plant‐available cadmium (Cd) from soils. Five grams of soil is weighed into a 50‐mL polyethylene vial to which 30 mL of 1M NH4Cl solution is added. The soil suspension is then shaken on a horizontal shaker for 16 h at 25°C at 180 cycles per min. The suspension is then centrifuged at 2,500g for 5 min and the supernatant filtered through a 0.45 μm nitrocellulose filter under vacuum. Cadmium in the extract is then determined at 228.8 nm on a graphite furnace equipped atomic absorption spectrophotometer. A highly significant correlation was observed between the natural logarithm (In) of 1M NH4Cl‐extractable Cd in soils and the Cd content in the grain of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durutn L.) grown on the same soils (r = 0.974, p = 3.8 x 10‐7). In comparison with several commonly used extradants, such as ABDTPA, CaCl2, NH4OAc, and NH4NO3, the 1M NH4Cl‐extracted Cd from soils was found to be a better index of Cd availability. 相似文献
20.
C. Monterroso E. Alvarez M. L. Fernndez Marcos 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》1999,10(1):35-47
The usefulness of Mehlich 3 (M3) reagent was evaluated as a method to extract numerous elements from coalmine soils in As Pontes (Spain) showing a wide range of physicochemical properties. Critical levels (deficiency and/or toxicity) were established for plant available elements extracted by this reagent. The M3 method was compared to 1M NH4Cl, Olsen, acid oxalate, and DTPA methods as extractants for exchangeable Ca, Mg and K, available P, non-crystalline aluminium, and available heavy metals, respectively. The M3 method correlated significantly to NH4Cl for Ca, Mg and K (r=0·76, 0·84 and 0·87, respectively), to Olsen P (r=0·77) and to oxalate Al (r=0·77). Significant correlations were found between Fe, Cu, Zn and Cd extracted by M3 and DTPA; for Mn, Ni, Co and Pb different relationship between methods were obtained for acid and alkaline samples, so that critical levels were established for M3 metals as a function of soil pH. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献