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1.
The Azospirillum 10SW used in our experiments was isolated from roots of wheat growing in nitrogen-poor soil of a hilly region of Nepal, where inorganic nitrogen fertilizers were never used. The main objectives of this work were to assess the effects of inorganic nitrogen fertilization in the yield responses of wheat grown in association with the bacteria. The in vitro experiments were done in laboratory, whereas the pot experiments were performed in a greenhouse. The nitrogenase activities of in vitro grown Azospirillum were repressed by nitrate. The magnitude of repression was lower when the bacteria were growing in association with wheat. The number of roots per plant was increased significantly in inoculated plants irrespective of the nitrate concentration of the medium. Inoculation with Azospirillum 10SW also increased the yield of wheat grown in pots with medium levels of nitrogen fertilization. These data show the possibility of inoculation of this Azospirillum spp. in combination with nitrogen fertilizer to improve the yield of wheat. Azospirillum inoculation enhanced the development of roots and shoots in the early growth stages of wheat. It may be one of the factors responsible for the yield increases. Received: 11 December 1996  相似文献   

2.
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, particularly those from the genus Azospirillum spp., may affect root functions such as growth and nutrient/water uptake, which in turn may affect shoot growth. Calculations based on data from literature on shoot and root mass of crop grasses (79 plant/bacteria associations were analyzed) revealed that inoculation with Azospirillum spp. increased the shoot-to-root (S/R) ratio in about half of reported cases and decreased the S/R ratio in the other half. In 11 of 35 cases, the S/R ratio increased when the shoot mass increased more than the root mass. In 23 of 35 cases, the root mass did not increase, yet the S/R ratio still increased. Thus, the increase in the S/R ratio indicated that shoot growth responds to inoculation more than root growth. A decrease in the S/R ratio occurred when (a) root growth dominated shoot growth even though both increased (16 of 36 cases), or (b) root growth either increased or remained unchanged, and shoot growth was either unaffected or even decreased (19 of 36 cases). This analysis suggests that: (a) Azospirillum spp. participates in the partitioning of dry matter (both carbon compounds and minerals) at the whole plant level by affecting root functions, and (b) the bacteria affect crop grass through multiple mechanisms operating during plant development.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (e.g., Azospirillum and Bacillus spp.) have been reported to enhance growth and fix N2 with several nonleguminous crops. These rhizobacteria have the potential to be applied to oil palm seedlings and, consequently, reduce the cost of nitrogenous fertilizer. The rhizobacteria are also known as a bioenhancer for the ability to increase root growth and enhanced water and nutrient absorption by the host plants. An experiment was carried out in the field nursery station, Federal Land Development Authorities (FELDA), Bukit Mendi, Pahang, Malaysia, to observe the effects of PGPR inoculation on enhanced nutrient accumulation and plant growth (tops and roots) of oil palm seedlings under field nursery conditions. The inoculation process showed positive response in enhancing higher accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the plant tissues, enhanced root dry weight and top growth (dry matter and leaf chlorophyll content) of the host plants under field nursery conditions.  相似文献   

4.
Summary Eight commercial Israeli spring wheat cultivars (six Triticum aestivum and two T. turgidum) grown with 40 and 120 kg N/ha were tested for responses to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. At the low level of N fertilization (40 kg/ha), five cultivars showed significant increases in plant dry weight measured at the milky ripe stage; however, by maturation only the cultivar Miriam showed a significant increase in grain yield. Two cultivars, which had shown a positive inoculation effect at the earlier stages, had a significant decrease in grain yield. No significant effect of inoculation was found at the high N level. To confirm those results, four wheat (T. aestivum) cultivars were tested separately over 4 years in 4 different locations under varying N levels. Only Miriam showed a consistently positive effect of Azospirillum inoculation on grain yield. Inoculation increased the number of roots per plant on Miriam compared with uninoculated plants. This effect was found at all N levels. Nutrient (N, P and K) accumulation and number of fertile tillers per unit area were also enhanced by Azospirillum, but these parameters were greatly affected by the level of applied N. It is suggested that the positive response of the spring wheat cultivar Miriam to Azospirillum inoculation is due to its capacity to escape water stresses at the end of the growth season.  相似文献   

5.
Summary A nitrate-respiring strain, a denitrifying strain, and a non-nitrogen-fixing strain of Azospirillum brasilense were compared for their effect on the growth of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays) under temperate conditions in nitrogen-limited pot cultures. Increases in yield of Z. mays shoots occurred with all three strains when inoculation coincided with the addition of low levels of combined nitrogen. The inoculation of A. brasilense did not show any effect on the yield of P. americanum and T. aestivum. Increased numbers of A. brasilense became associated with Z. mays roots following the addition of low levels of combined nitrogen. Low and very variable rates of acetylene reduction activity were observed from excised roots of inoculated Z. mays plants without preincubation. Results indicate that inoculation of cereals with A. brasilense under temperate conditions has only a limited effect on plant growth.  相似文献   

6.
A glasshouse study was conducted to determine and quantify direct transfer of nitrogen (N) between 3 selected warm‐season annual legumes and a warm‐season annual grass during the growing season, ‘Tifleaf’ pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke] was grown in pots as a monoculture with and without N applied as inorganic fertilizer, or with either ‘Iron and Clay’ cowpeas [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp], common alyceclover [Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC.], or ‘Comanche’ partridge pea (Cassia fasciculata Michx.). Sixty‐three percent of the N contained in pearl millet grown with alyceclover was derived directly from alyceclover as determined by the 15N dilution technique. Partridge peas and cowpeas transferred 34% and 32%, respectively, of the N contained in companion pearl millet plants. Pearl millet grown with partridge peas produced dry matter yields similar to pearl millet that received the equivalent of 112 kg N/ha. Pearl millet grown with legumes contained lower levels of neutral detergent fiber than did pearl millet that received inorganic fertilizer. Nitrogen content of pearl millet grown with legumes was not as great as pearl millet that received N‐fertilizer.  相似文献   

7.
Few studies of the inoculation of cereal crops with N2-fixing bacteria have included more than one or two plant genotypes. In a recent study performed in Argentina using 12 different maize genotypes, it was found in 2 consecutive field experiments that several of them responded consistently, either negatively or positively, to inoculation with a mixture of strains of Azospirillum spp. The present study in post was performed to investigate the effect of inoculation of individual strains (and a mixture) of Azospirillum spp., and their nitrate reductase negative (NR-) mutants, on the growth of four of these maize genotypes. Two of these genotypes were grown in 15N-labelled soil with the aim of quantifying any contributions of biological N2 fixation. Two genotypes (Morgan 318 and Dekalb 4D-70) produced similar increases in grain yield when they were inoculated with a mixture of Azospirillum spp. strains or fertilized with the equivalent of 100 kg N ha-1. The other genotypes (Dekalb 2F-11 and CMS 22) showed little response to inoculation or N fertilization. The Morgan 318 and Dekalb 4D-70 genotypes showed a large increase in total N accumulation, suggesting that the response was due to increased N acquisition, but not due to bacterial nitrate reductase as the NR- mutants generally caused plant responses similar to those of the parent strains. Despite problems with the stabilization of the 15N enrichment in the soil, the 15N isotope dilution results indicated that there were very significant biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) contributions to the Dekalb 4D-70 and CMS 22 maize genotypes.Dedicated to Professor J.C.G. Ottow on the occasion of his 60th birthday  相似文献   

8.
Summary The response of the cotton plant to inoculation with six strains of Azospirillum brasilense was investigated under subtropical conditions in Egypt. Azospirilla populations and activities were increased as a result of root inoculation with liquid inoculum of Azospirillum sp. Highest C2H2 — reduction activities on roots were obtained with strains S631 and Sp Br 14 (means of 216.85 and 209.50 nmol C2H4g–1 root h–1 respectively) while strain M4 gave the lowest activity (mean of 100.8 nmol C2H4g–1 root h–1). Statistical analysis showed that Azospirillum strains 5631, Sp Br 14, E15 and SC22 significantly increased the plant dry weight and nitrogen uptake while inoculation with strains M4 and SE had no significant effect in that respect.  相似文献   

9.
Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) Pseudomonas lurida-NPRp15 and Pseudomonas putida-PGRs4 possessing multiple plant growth-promoting traits were isolated from rhizoplane of pea and rhizosphere of garlic, respectively. The effects of individuals and combinations of Pseudomonas spp. with effective root nodulating symbiotic nitrogen fixing Rhizobium leguminosarum-FB1 on plant growth, nutrient uptake and yield of the rajmash plant were studied under greenhouse conditions. Bacterial inoculation resulted in significantly higher values for plant dry biomass, N, P, K, Zn and Fe contents as compared to the uninoculated control. Furthermore, dual inoculation of P. lurida-NPRp15 with R. leguminosarum-FB1 significantly increased root and shoot dry weight, nodulation, nutrient uptake, pod yield, and nutrient content of pods of rajmash VL63 compared to controls, single and triple inoculation. The results of the study indicate the potential of harnessing the benefit of plant growth-promoting and nitrogen-fixing microorganisms to improve the growth and yield of rajmash.  相似文献   

10.
Experiments were conducted in 2009–2010 at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Yazd, Iran, to study the effect of nitrogen levels and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) containing Azotobacter sp. and Azospirillum sp. on seed yield, its components and quality traits of sesame cultivars. Treatments were arranged in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with nitrogen rates (0 (control), 25 and 50 kg N ha?1), cultivars (Darab-14, GL-13 and local) and N-fixing bacteria levels (non-inoculation and inoculation) were applied with three replications. Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased yield and yield components, but reduced oil content in 2010. Inoculating seeds with PGPR increased yield and yield components of sesame cultivars compared to the control treatment. Seed yield in PGPR inoculation with half a rate of N fertilizer treatment was more than seed yield in the full rate of N fertilizer without a PGPR inoculation treatment. N fertilizer and PGPR application significantly decreased saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acid) while it significantly increased unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acid). Oleic acid had a significant negative correlation with linoleic acid (r = ?0.79). The result showed that an application of PGPR could be usefully applied to reduce use of chemical fertilizer.  相似文献   

11.
Summary Pot experiments with oats were carried out to study the effect of Azospirillum brasilense Sp 7 and Azotobacter chroococcum 94K on the yield of plants, the N content of soil and the 14N balance. The plants were grown on gray forest soil under irrigation with deionized water and application of 15N-labelled fertilizer at a rate of 4 mg N 100 g-1 soil. Inoculation of plants with Azospirillum spp. and Azotobacter spp. failed to increase the plant yield. However, the increase in total N in the soil at the end of the experiment and the positive 14N balance in the soil-plant system due to increased nitrogenase activity in the rhizosphere were statistically significant. The amount of N accumulated in the soil was comparable with the rate of N applied as fertilizer.  相似文献   

12.
The possible interaction of four nematicides (Terbufos, Carbofuran, Fenamiphos, and Aldicarb) with Azospirillum lipoferum and growth of two Zea maize cultivars was studied in a greenhouse experiment. Application of nematicides, Fenamiphos in particular, resulted in higher plant length, dry matter production and N yield over the nematicide-untreated plants. Azospirillum spp. inoculation stimulated the growth of nematicide-treated Z. maize. Among the nematicides used, Carbofuran and Aldicarb inhibited the nitrogenase activity on plant roots more seriously than Fenamiphos and Terbufos. Generally, the inhibition percentages in acetylene reducing activity in soil of inoculated treatments were lower (14.4 - 61.8%) than those reported for the uninoculated ones (21.4 - 73.9%). Soil, irrespective of treatment, regained a part of its normal N2-ase activity with time. Field concentrations of all nematicides showed different inhibitory effects on N2-ase activity of Azospirillum spp. in culture medium, such effects increased with increased doses (10- and 100- fold) and incubation periods (10 days). The contribution of Azospirillum spp. to the N economy of soil treated with nematicides is discussed.  相似文献   

13.
The synergistic effects of nitrogen‐fixing and phosphate‐solubilizing rhizobacteria on plant growth, yield, grain protein, and nutrient uptake of chickpea plants were determined in a sandy clay‐loam soil. Legume grain yield and concentration and uptake of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were significantly increased as a result of co‐inoculation with Mesorhizobium and P‐solubilizing Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp. The inoculation with M. ciceri RC4 + A. chroococuum A10 + Bacillus PSB9 tripled the seed yield and resulted in highest grain protein (295 mg g–1) at 145 d after sowing (DAS). An 8% increase in P concentration above the uninoculated control was observed in case of a single inoculation with Pseudomonas PSB 5, while the P uptake was highest (2.14‐fold above the uninoculated control) with a combined inoculation with [M. ciceri RC4 + A. chroococcum A10 + Bacillus PSB 9] at 145 DAS. The highest N concentration and N uptake at 145 DAS (81% and 16% above the uninoculated control, respectively) were observed with the triple inoculation of [M. ciceri RC4 + A. chroococcum A10 + Pseudomonas PSB 5). These findings show that multiple inoculations with rhizospheric microorganisms can promote plant growth and grain yield and increase concentrations and uptake of N and P by field‐grown chickpea.  相似文献   

14.
水氮耦合对黍稷幼苗形态和生理指标的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
盆栽试验条件下,研究水氮耦合对黍稷幼苗形态和生理指标的影响。结果表明,在供水量相同条件下,黍稷幼苗株高、叶面积、根系总表面积、总体积与总根长均随施氮量的增加而增加,供水量相同时根冠比随施氮量增加而降低;施氮量相同条件下随灌水量的增加黍稷幼苗各指标呈相似变化趋势,各处理与对照差异均达到了显著水平。不同的水氮处理组合,黍稷叶片叶绿素含量差异显著,以高水高氮的W3N3处理[土壤田间持水量70%~80%,尿素用量4.6 g.kg 1(土)]为最大值,低水低氮的W1N1处理[土壤田间持水量30%~40%,尿素用量为0 g.kg 1(土)]为最小值;灌水量相同,叶绿素含量随施氮量增加而增加;施氮量相同,叶绿素含量也随灌水量增加而增加,水分和氮素对叶片叶绿素含量的影响表现为明显的协同效应;黍稷幼苗叶片电解质外渗率的变化趋势则相反。黍稷根系超氧化物歧化酶活性以低水中氮的W1N2处理[土壤田间持水量30%~40%,尿素用量2.3 g.kg 1(土)]为最高,达213.71 U.g 1(FW);W3N3最低,为72.93 U.g 1(FW)。水分相同条件下黍稷幼苗根系过氧化物酶活性、丙二醛含量、可溶性糖含量均随施氮量的增加而降低,施氮量相同时则随灌水量的增加而降低。根系活力则相反,且各处理间差异均达到显著水平。在干旱胁迫条件下,适当的增施氮肥可以提高苗期黍稷的叶绿素含量和根系活力,增加根系总表面积、总体积与总根长,降低根系丙二醛含量,在一定程度上缓解干旱胁迫的影响。  相似文献   

15.
Summary This study examined the response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants at the pretransplant/nursery stage to inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., singly or in combination. The VAM fungi and fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from the rhizosphere of rice plants. In the plants grown in soil inoculated with fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. alone, I found increases in shoot growth, and in root length and fine roots, and decreases in root growth, and P and N concentrations. In contrast, in the plants colonized by VAM fungi alone, the results were the reverse of those of the pseudomonad treatment. Dual inoculation of soil with VAM fungi and fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. yielded plants with the highest biomass and nutrient acquisition. In contrast, the plants of the control treatment had the lowest biomass and nutrient levels. The dual-inoculated plants had intermediate root and specific root lengths. The precentages of mycorrhizal colonization and colonized root lengths were significantly lower in the dual-inoculated treatment than the VAM fungal treatment. Inoculation of plants with fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. suppressed VAM fungal colonization and apparently reduced photosynthate loss to the mycorrhizal associates, which led to greater biomass and nutrient levels in dual-inoculated plants compared with plants inoculated with VAM fungi alone. Dual inoculation of seedlings with fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and VAM fungi may be preferable to inoculation with VAM alone and may contribute to the successful establishment of these plants in the field.  相似文献   

16.
Summary Root and stem nodulation, nitrogen fixation (acetylene-reducing activity), growth and N accumulation bySesbania rostrata as affected by season and inoculation were studied in a pot experiment. The effects ofS. rostrata as a green manure on succeeding wet-season and dry-season rice yields and total N balance were also studied.S. rostrata grown during the wet season showed better growth, nodulation, and greater acetylene-reducing activity than that grown during the dry season. Inoculation withAzorhizobium caulinodans ORS 571 StrSpc® (resistant to streptomycin and spectinomycin) on the stem alone or on both root and stem significantly increased N2 fixation by the plants. Soil and seed inoculation yielded active root nodules under flooded conditions. Plants that were not inoculated on the stem did not develop stem nodules. The nitrogenase activity of the root nodules was greater than that of the stem nodules in about 50-day-oldS. rostrata. S. rostrata incorporation, irrespective of inoculation, significantly increased the grain yield and N uptake of the succeeding wet season and dry season rice crops. The inoculated treatments produced a significantly greater N gain (873 mg N pot–1) than the noinoculation (712 mg N pot–1) treatment. About 80% of the N gained was transferred to the succeeding rice crops and about 20% remained in the soil. The soil N in the flooded fallow-rice treatment significantly declined (–140 mg N pot–1) but significantly increased in bothS. rostrata-rice treatments (159 and 151 mg N pot–1 in uninoculated and inoculated treatments respectively). The N-balance data gave extrapolated values of N2 fixed per hectare at about 303 kg N ha–1 per two crops forS. rostrata (uninoculated)-rice and 383 forS. rostrata (inoculated)-rice.  相似文献   

17.
Summary A greenhouse experiment was conducted with wetland rice (Oryza sativa cv. IR-50) in a clay-loam soil (Fluventic Eutrochrept) to study the effect of cyanobacterial inoculation a mixed culture of Aulosira fertilissima, Nostoc muscorum, Nostoc spp., and Anabaena spp., applied at the rate of 0.15 g (dry weight pot-1 or 43 kg ha-1) on acetylene reduction activity in soil and the root system (excised root), and the grain and straw yield. The effects of applying P (40 kg ha-1), N (60 kg ha-1), and P+N to the soil were also evaluated. Cyanbacterial inoculation significantly increased (more than 200% on average) photo-dependent acetylene reduction activity in soils, particularly where the indigenous activity was considerably low, i.e. under unfertilized and N-fertilized conditions. The effect of inoculation was prominent at the maximum tillering and grain formation stages of the crop. This inoculation benefit was, however, marginal in P-applied soils (P and P+N), where the indigenous activity was stimulated more than threefold. The inoculation led to a remarkable increase in root-associative acetylene reduction activity after the maximum tillering stage of the crop, particularly with applied N but for other treatments this inoculation effect was not significant. Cyanobacterial inoculation also increased the grain and straw yield of the crop when N was not applied. The grain and straw yield was significantly correlated with the acetylene reduction activity in flooded soils and in the root system during the tillering and maximum tillering stages of rice growth, respectively.  相似文献   

18.
It is important to develop integrated fertilization strategies for various crops that enhance the competitive ability of the crop, maximize crop production and reduce the risk of nonpoint source pollution from fertilizers. In order to study the effects of mineral nitrogen fertilization and biofertilizer inoculation on yield and some physiological traits of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under different levels of sulfur fertilizer, field experiments in factorial scheme based on randomized complete block design were conducted with three replications in 2012 and 2013. Experimental factors were: (1) four levels of chemical nitrogen fertilizer (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg N ha?1), (2) two levels of biofertilizer (with and without inoculation) consisting Azotobacter sp. and Azospirillum sp. and (3) two levels of sulfur application (0 and 50 kg S ha?1). Rapeseed yield, oil content of grains and studied physiological traits had a strong association with the N fertilization, biofertilizer inoculation and sulfur (S) application. Higher rates of N fertilization, biofertilizer inoculation and S application increased the grain yield of rapeseed. In the case of physiological traits, the highest value of relative water content (RWC) was recorded in 100 kg N ha?1 that was statistically in par with 150 kg N ha?1 application, while usage of 150 kg N ha?1 showed the maximum cell membrane stability (CMS). Inoculation with biofertilizer and S fertilization resulted in higher RWC and CMS in rapeseed plants. The chlorophyll content showed its maximum values in the highest level of N fertilization, biofertilizer inoculation and S application. The usage of 200 kg N ha?1 significantly decreased the oil content of rapeseed grains, but the highest grain oil content was obtained from the application of 150 kg N ha?1, Azotobacter sp. and Azospirillum sp. inoculation and S fertilization. It seems that moderate N rate (about 150 kg N ha?1) and S application (about 50 kg S ha?1) can prove to be beneficial in improving growth, development and total yield of inoculated rapeseed plants.  相似文献   

19.
Summary A spontaneous mutant ofAzospirillum lipoferum, resistant to streptomycin and rifampicin, was inoculated into the soil immediately before and 10 days after transplanting of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Two rice varieties with high and low nitrogen-fixing supporting traits, Hua-chou-chi-mo-mor (Hua) and OS4, were used for the plant bacterial interaction study. The effect of inoculation on growth and grain and dry matter yields was evaluated in relation to nitrogen fixation, by in situ acetylene reduction assay,15N2 feeding and15N dilution techniques. A survey of the population of marker bacteria at maximum tillering, booting and heading revealed poor effectivety. The population of nativeAzospirillum followed no definite pattern. Acetylene-reducing activity (ARA) did not differ due to inoculation at two early stages but decreased in the inoculated plants at heading. In contrast, inoculation increased tiller number, plant height of Hua and early reproductive growth of both varieties. Grain yield of both varieties significantly increased along with the dry matter. Total N also increased in inoculated plants, which was less compared with dry matter increase.15N2 feeding of OS4 at heading showed more15N2 incorporation in the control than in the inoculated plants. The ARA,15N and N balance studies did not provide clear evidence that the promotion of growth and nitrogen uptake was due to higher N2 fixation.  相似文献   

20.
The partial sterilization of soil eliminates useful microorganisms, resulting in the reduced growth of mycorrhizae-dependent citrus plants, which are often unresponsive to the application of fertilizer. Research was conducted to test the hypothesis that indigenous mycorrhizae (IM) inoculation is as efficient as selected mycorrhizal inoculation under sterile and non-sterile soil conditions. Rhizophagus clarus and indigenous mycorrhiza spores, isolated from citrus orchards, were used as arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi under greenhouse conditions with sterile and non-sterile Çanakçi series (Typic xerofluvent) soils with low phosphorus (P) fertility. Different P (0 and 100 mg kg?1) and zinc (Zn) (0, 5 and 10 mg kg?1) concentrations were used at the start of the experiments. The shoot, root dry weight (RDW), root colonization, and P, Zn, iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) concentrations of the shoot were determined; mycorrhizae dependency (MD) was also calculated.

The results indicate that R. clarus and indigenous mycorrhiza in sterile and non-sterile soil conditions considerably increased the growth of citrus plants. Owing to existing beneficial indigenous rhizosphere microorganisms, citrus plant growth without inoculation was better in non-sterile soils than in the sterile soils. In non-sterilized soil, the plant growth parameters of R. clarus-inoculated soils were higher than those of indigenous mycorrhiza-inoculated soils. Mycorrhizae infection increased certain citrus plant growth parameters, such as root infection, biomass and nutrient uptake (P, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu). In sterile soil, the addition of up to 5 mg kg?1 soil Zn and the inoculation of R. clarus significantly increased plant growth; inoculation with indigenous mycorrhiza produced more dry weight upon the addition of up to 100 mg kg?1 phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5). Under sterile soil conditions, without considering fertilizer addition, MD was found to be higher than that of non-sterile soils. In general, the contribution of the indigenous soil spores is significant. However, indigenous soil mycorrhizae may need to be managed for better efficiency in increasing plant growth and nutrient uptake. The major finding was that the inoculation of citrus seedlings with mycorrhiza is necessary under both sterilized and non-sterilized soil conditions.  相似文献   

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