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1.
《Journal of Cereal Science》2008,47(3):207-219
Phytochemicals and antioxidants in whole grains have not received as much attention as the phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables although the increased consumption of whole grains and whole grain products has been associated with reduced risk of developing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, some cancers and all-cause mortality. Recent research has shown that the total phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of whole grains have been commonly underestimated in the literature, and that whole grains contain more phytochemicals than was previously reported. Most whole grain phenolics are in bound form, 85% in corn, 76% in wheat, and 75% in oats. In addition, whole grains contain unique phytochemicals that complement those in fruits and vegetables when consumed together. The beneficial effects associated with whole grain consumption are in part due to the existence of the unique phytochemicals of whole grains. The majority of phytochemicals of whole grains that are beneficial for health are present in the bran/germ fraction. In whole wheat flour, the bran/germ fraction contributed 83% of total phenolic content, 79% of total flavonoid content, 78% of total zeaxanthin, 51% of total lutein, and 42% of total β-cryptoxanthin. The bran/germ fraction of whole wheat may therefore impart greater health benefits when consumed as part of a diet, and help reduce the risk of chronic diseases. This paper will review recent research on the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of whole grains and their unique contribution to the health benefits of whole grains. 相似文献
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E. V. Hardenburg 《American Journal of Potato Research》1934,11(11):292-295
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Whole grain phytochemicals and health 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
Phytochemicals and antioxidants in whole grains have not received as much attention as the phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables although the increased consumption of whole grains and whole grain products has been associated with reduced risk of developing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, some cancers and all-cause mortality. Recent research has shown that the total phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of whole grains have been commonly underestimated in the literature, and that whole grains contain more phytochemicals than was previously reported. Most whole grain phenolics are in bound form, 85% in corn, 76% in wheat, and 75% in oats. In addition, whole grains contain unique phytochemicals that complement those in fruits and vegetables when consumed together. The beneficial effects associated with whole grain consumption are in part due to the existence of the unique phytochemicals of whole grains. The majority of phytochemicals of whole grains that are beneficial for health are present in the bran/germ fraction. In whole wheat flour, the bran/germ fraction contributed 83% of total phenolic content, 79% of total flavonoid content, 78% of total zeaxanthin, 51% of total lutein, and 42% of total β-cryptoxanthin. The bran/germ fraction of whole wheat may therefore impart greater health benefits when consumed as part of a diet, and help reduce the risk of chronic diseases. This paper will review recent research on the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of whole grains and their unique contribution to the health benefits of whole grains. 相似文献
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Isabel Bondia-Pons Anna-Marja Aura Satu Vuorela Marjukka Kolehmainen Hannu Mykkänen Kaisa Poutanen 《Journal of Cereal Science》2009
Dietary intake of whole-grain foods is associated with a decreased risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity and heart disease. In addition to dietary fibre, various phytochemicals have been suggested to contribute to the health effects of whole grain products. This review focuses on phenolic compounds in rye (Secale cereale L.), which is one of the major bread grains in Europe. Data on phenolic concentrations in rye grain and foods, their bioavailability to tissues and effects in vivo, and their potential contributions to health are presented. Phenolic compounds in rye, such as phenolic acids, alkylresorcinols and lignans, are concentrated in the outer layers of the grain. Phenolic acids are the major phenolic compounds in whole grain rye (103–300 mg/100 g grain), ferulic acid being the most abundant. Rye lignans are present at concentrations of 2 mg/100 g grain and had been shown to be converted by the intestinal microflora to the mammalian lignans enterodiol and enterolactone in human intervention studies. Alkylresorcinols (36–320 mg/100 g grain), which have been found to be incorporated into human erythrocyte membranes, are of particular interest due to their potential use as biomarkers of the intake of rye and wheat. 相似文献
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The objectives of this study were to determine the trophic state of agricultural reservoirs within the four major watersheds and evaluate ecosystem health using a multi-metric fish modeling approach of the lentic ecosystem health assessment (LEHA) in South Korea. Fish survey for the LEHA model was sampled twice from 12 reservoirs (oligotrophic to hypereutrophic reservoirs) during 2008–2010 along with data analysis of water quality monitored by the Ministry of Environment, Korea. The fish sampling gears used in the field were fyke net, trammel net, casting net, and kick net. A regression analysis of N:P ratios showed a negative linear function with total phosphorous (TP) values but not with total nitrogen. The greater relationship to TP was due to low variability and high ambient concentrations of N relative to P. The plots of “TSI (CHL)–TSI (TP)” and “TSI (CHL)–TSI (SD)” suggest that other factors other than phosphorus limited algal biomass (CHL–TP < 0), and that non-algal particles dominated light attenuation (CHL–SD < 0). Nutrients input into the reservoirs during the Asian monsoon exceeded actual nutrient availability for phytoplankton growth. A regression model of the fish trophic components against log-transformed TP showed that the proportions of omnivore and insectivore fish had a positive linear function and negative relationship with TP, respectively. According to the multi-metric LEHA model for agricultural reservoirs, the model value averaged 26 ± 6.5, indicating a “Fair” condition. Overall, ecosystem health was directly influenced by organic matter pollution and high algal production. This new tool appeared particularly relevant to detect the contamination effects on fish communities in reservoirs. The new national biological monitoring methodology in lentic ecosystem would be used as a key tool for ecological restorations and species conservations in Korean lentic ecosystems. 相似文献
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茶与健康专题（二） 茶叶内含成分及其保健功效 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
茶,一种在普遍性上仅次于水的饮品,世界上150多个国家和地区的人民有饮茶习俗。不论是王公贵族,还是平民庶人,都同样爱茶、嗜茶。茶集解渴、健体、怡情、修身、涤心于一体。茶之所以能如此经久不衰、风靡全球必须归功于茶对人体的保健功效。从中国古代宣传＂茶为万病之药＂起,世界各地都将饮茶与保健联系在一起。在古印度,有一类食物称为＂Rasayana＂,包括34种植物。 相似文献
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Improving cereal grain carbohydrates for diet and health 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Starch and cell wall polysaccharides (dietary fibre) of cereal grains contribute to the health benefits associated with the consumption of whole grain cereal products, including reduced risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer. The physiological bases for these effects are reviewed in relation to the structures and physical properties of the polysaccharides and their behaviour (including digestion and fermentation) in the gastro-intestinal tract. Strategies for modifying the content and composition of grain polysaccharides to increase their health benefits are discussed, including exploiting natural variation and using mutagenesis and transgenesis to generate further variation. These studies will facilitate the development of new types of cereals and cereal products to face the major health challenges of the 21st century. 相似文献
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《Journal of Cereal Science》2006,44(3):224-235
This review highlights recombinant DNA technology as a powerful tool to enhance the gene pools of sorghum and pearl millet crops regarded as jewels of Africa. Although important advances in the improvement of these species have been made by classical breeding and modern marker assisted selection, genetic manipulation and in vitro culture allows the gene pool to be broadened beyond that normally available for improvement by allowing the transfer of genes which control well-defined traits between species. The current state of sorghum and millet transformation technology is summarised and applications in the improvement of nutritional quality and the resistance to pathogens and pests for crops grown in Africa and Asia is discussed. Regulatory aspects including gene flow and future prospects are also discussed. 相似文献
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Population studies have shown that whole grain consumption is associated with diminished risk of serious, diet-related diseases, which are major problems in wealthy industrialised economies and are emerging in developing countries with greater affluence. These conditions include coronary heart disease, certain cancers (especially of the large bowel), inflammatory bowel disease and disordered laxation. Carbohydrates are important contributors to the health benefits of whole grains. Insoluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP, major components of dietary fibre) are effective laxatives. Soluble NSP (especially mixed-link β-glucans) lower plasma cholesterol and so can reduce heart disease risk but the effect is inconsistent. Processing seems to be an important contributor to this variability and other grain components may be involved. However, starch not digested in the small intestine (resistant starch, RS) appears to be as important as NSP to large bowel function. Dietary analysis suggests that some populations (e.g. native Africans) at low risk of diet-related disease through consumption of unrefined cereals may actually have relatively low fibre intakes. While NSP are effective faecal bulking agents, they are fermented to a very variable extent by the large bowel microflora. In contrast, RS seems to act largely through the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced by these bacteria. One SCFA (butyrate) appears to be particularly effective in promoting large bowel function and RS fermentation appears to favour butyrate production. Animal studies show that dietary RS lowers diet-induced colonocyte genetic damage and chemically-induced large bowel cancer which correlates with increased butyrate. These effects could contribute to a lower risk of cancer and ulcerative colitis in the long term. Cereal grain oligosaccharide (OS) may also function as prebiotics and increase the levels of beneficial bacteria in the large bowel. Understanding the relationships between NSP, RS and OS and large bowel health will be facilitated by the advent of new molecular technologies to identify the bacterial species involved. The potential for improvements in public health is considerable. 相似文献
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茶叶中的矿质元素对人体健康的作用 总被引：28，自引：0，他引：28
随着生活水平的提高，健康和延年益寿已越来越引起人们的重视。而天然的饮料茶叶，也由此引起医学界、药学界的广泛关注。目前，对茶叶中的有机…… 相似文献
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《Journal of Cereal Science》2007,45(3):224-235
This review highlights recombinant DNA technology as a powerful tool to enhance the gene pools of sorghum and pearl millet crops regarded as jewels of Africa. Although important advances in the improvement of these species have been made by classical breeding and modern marker assisted selection, genetic manipulation and in vitro culture allows the gene pool to be broadened beyond that normally available for improvement by allowing the transfer of genes which control well-defined traits between species. The current state of sorghum and millet transformation technology is summarised and applications in the improvement of nutritional quality and the resistance to pathogens and pests for crops grown in Africa and Asia is discussed. Regulatory aspects including gene flow and future prospects are also discussed. 相似文献
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《Journal of Cereal Science》2008,47(3):220-229
Population studies have shown that whole grain consumption is associated with diminished risk of serious, diet-related diseases, which are major problems in wealthy industrialised economies and are emerging in developing countries with greater affluence. These conditions include coronary heart disease, certain cancers (especially of the large bowel), inflammatory bowel disease and disordered laxation. Carbohydrates are important contributors to the health benefits of whole grains. Insoluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP, major components of dietary fibre) are effective laxatives. Soluble NSP (especially mixed-link β-glucans) lower plasma cholesterol and so can reduce heart disease risk but the effect is inconsistent. Processing seems to be an important contributor to this variability and other grain components may be involved. However, starch not digested in the small intestine (resistant starch, RS) appears to be as important as NSP to large bowel function. Dietary analysis suggests that some populations (e.g. native Africans) at low risk of diet-related disease through consumption of unrefined cereals may actually have relatively low fibre intakes. While NSP are effective faecal bulking agents, they are fermented to a very variable extent by the large bowel microflora. In contrast, RS seems to act largely through the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced by these bacteria. One SCFA (butyrate) appears to be particularly effective in promoting large bowel function and RS fermentation appears to favour butyrate production. Animal studies show that dietary RS lowers diet-induced colonocyte genetic damage and chemically-induced large bowel cancer which correlates with increased butyrate. These effects could contribute to a lower risk of cancer and ulcerative colitis in the long term. Cereal grain oligosaccharide (OS) may also function as prebiotics and increase the levels of beneficial bacteria in the large bowel. Understanding the relationships between NSP, RS and OS and large bowel health will be facilitated by the advent of new molecular technologies to identify the bacterial species involved. The potential for improvements in public health is considerable. 相似文献
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大豆蛋白活性肽保健功能性的研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
大豆蛋白活性肽具有多种生物功效和保健功能,如:降血压、降血脂、促进钙磷吸收、调节免疫、延缓衰老等等。本文就调节免疫、延缓衰老作了深入的研究,并且对大豆蛋白肽潜在的应用价值及其应用前景作一综述 相似文献
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R. D. Phillips 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1993,44(3):195-211
Starchy legumes have been consumed by humans since the earliest practice of agriculture and have been ascribed medicinal and cultural as well as nutritional roles. They are an important component of the diet in the developing countries in Africa, Latin America, and Asia where they are especially valuable as a source of dietary protein to complement cereals, starchy roots and tubers. Legumes contain 20–30% protein which is generally rich in lysine and limiting in sulfur amino acids. The nutritional quality of legume protein is limited by the presence of both heat labile and heat stable antinutrients as well as an inherent resistance to digestion of the major globulins. In addition to its nutritional impact, legume protein has been shown to reduce plasma low density lipoprotein when consumed. Legume starch is more slowly digested than starch from cereals and tubers and produces less abrupt changes in plasma glucose and insulin upon ingestion. Starchy legumes are also valuable sources of dietary fiber as well as thiamin and riboflavin. Starchy legumes are a valuable component of a prudent diet, but their consumption is constrained by low yields, the lack of convenient food applications, and flatulence. 相似文献