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1.
Visible (Vis)/near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is an excellent technique for non-destructive fruit quality assessment. This research was focused on evaluating the use of Vis/NIR spectroscopy for measuring soluble solids content (SSC) of intact ‘Cuiguan’ pears (Pomaceae pyrifolia Nakai cv. Cuiguan) on-line. Also, the effect of fruit moving speed on SSC measurements was investigated. Diffuse transmission spectra were collected using a fiber spectrometer equipped with a 3648-element linear silicon CCD array detector in the wavelength range of 345–1040 nm, and all sample spectra were collected three times at different fruit moving speeds of 0.3 m s?1, 0.5 m s?1 and 0.7 m s?1. Spectral pre-processing such as derivative, standard normal variate transformation (SNV) and multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) was used before calibration. Partial least squares (PLS) and least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM) were used to develop calibration models for SSC. The results show that fruit moving speed has few effects on spectra and model performance at a fruit moving speed of 0.3–0.7 m s?1. At 0.5 m s?1, the best model for SSC was PLS regression coupled with original spectra, its coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) being 0.916% and 0.530%, respectively.  相似文献   

2.
Sugar content is one of the most important factors determining the eating quality of watermelon fruit. In order to detect the fruit soluble solids content (SSC) on-line, this work develops a nondestructive on-line detection prototype system using visible and near-infrared (Vis/NIR) technology. For the acquisition of the diffuse transmittance spectrum of watermelon, the conveyor was set at a speed of 0.3 m/s and ten 150 W tungsten halogen lamps were used as the light source. The crucial model for SSC value prediction was optimized by chemometrics. Partial least squares regression (PLSR), stepwise multiple linear regressions (SMLR), Monte-Carlo uninformative variable elimination (MC-UVE) and genetic algorithms (GA) were applied to the spectra in the range of 687–920 nm. The data pre-processing methods were optimized to transmittance spectra with baseline offset correction (BOC), and the BOC-MC-UVE-SMLR calibration model was the best with a correlation coefficient (rpre) of 0.70, root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.33 °Brix for the prediction set. In on-line testing of 30 samples, the rpre was 0.66 and RMSEP was 0.39 °Brix. The results showed that a nondestructive on-line SSC value determination prototype based on Vis/NIR technology was feasible.  相似文献   

3.
The effectiveness of short hyperbaric treatments to control postharvest decay of sweet cherries (Prunus avium L., cv Ferrovia) and table grapes (Vitis vinifera L., cv Italia) was investigated. Sweet cherries and table grape berries were exposed to the pressure of 1140 mmHg (1.5 atm) for 4 and 24 h, respectively, in 64 L gas-proof tanks. Fruit kept at ambient pressure (near 760 mmHg, 1.0 atm) served as a control. Postharvest rots of sweet cherries arose from naturally occurring infections, whereas table grape berries were artificially wounded, exposed to the hyperbaric treatment, then the wounds inoculated with 20 μL of a Botrytis cinerea conidial suspension (5 × 104 spores mL−1). Sweet cherries were stored at 0 ± 1 °C for 14 d, followed by 7 d at 20 ± 1 °C. Table grapes berries were kept at 20 ± 1 °C for 3 d. On sweet cherries, hyperbaric treatment reduced the incidence of brown rot, grey mould, and blue mould, with respect to the control. Similarly, on treated table grapes a significant reduction of lesion diameter and percentage of B. cinerea infected berries was observed. Induced resistance was likely to be responsible for the observed decay reduction. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the effectiveness of short hyperbaric treatments in controlling postharvest decay of sweet cherries and table grapes.  相似文献   

4.
NIR spectroscopy was used to assess textural parameters (maximum shear force and cutting energy) in intact green asparagus. At the same time, two commercially available spectrophotometers, which differ primarily in terms of measurement principles, were evaluated: a scanning monochromator (SM) of 400–2500 nm and a combination of diode array and scanning monochromator (DASM) of 350–2500 nm. A total of 468 green asparagus spears cv. ‘UC-157’ were used to obtain calibration models based on reference data and NIR spectral data. Both instruments provided good precision for maximum shear force, with r2 values between 0.55 and 0.67 and standard error of cross-validation (SECV) ranging from 7.81 to 8.43 N, and also for cutting energy (r2 = 0.60–0.74; SECV = 0.06–0.07 J). The results obtained suggest that NIR spectroscopy is a promising technology for predicting intact green asparagus quality in terms of texture. They also show that the two spectrophotometers tested provided a similar degree of accuracy for texture measurements in intact green asparagus.  相似文献   

5.
Apples can be stored for long time under controlled temperature and atmosphere conditions, and therefore, non-destructive and rapid tools are required to assess fruit quality and to monitor changes during the postharvest period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of NIR spectroscopy to optimize postharvest apple management and to follow changes in fruit quality during storage. An FT-NIR system operating in diffuse reflectance in the range 12,500–3600 cm−1 was used to evaluate the physico-chemical (dry matter, soluble solids, colour and firmness) and some nutraceutical characteristics (total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity) of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples, which were stored for about six months at 1 °C in controlled atmosphere, over two subsequent years. Spectral data were elaborated by PLS regression and LDA classification techniques. Good correlation models between spectral data and chemical and physical parameters were obtained for soluble solids, a* colour coordinate and firmness (0.81 < R2 < 0.90 in calibration and 0.79 < R2 < 0.89 in cross validation). Even higher correlation values (0.89 < R2 < 0.95 in calibration and 0.86 < R2 < 0.92 in cross validation) were obtained for indexes correlated to the antioxidant capacity of apples. The classification technique Linear Discriminant Analysis was applied to spectral data, in order to discriminate apples on the basis of storage time. Average correct classification was higher than 93% in validation and close to 100% in calibration, indicating high potential of NIR spectroscopy for the estimation of storage time of apple lots.  相似文献   

6.
Table grapes have high market value in international markets due to their attractive taste and high antioxidant content. However, their market potential is limited by losses due to Botrytis cinerea Pers. Fr. Cinnamon leaf oil (CLO) is a natural fungicidal and antioxidant agent that can be used to avoid postharvest losses due to B. cinerea Pers. Fr. and to increase the antioxidant levels of this produce. CLO was applied to grapes as water emulsions (0, 0.5, 2.5, and 5 g L−1), as vapors (0, 0.196, 0.392, and 0.588 g L−1), or as a chemical incorporated into pectin coatings (0 and 36.1 g L−1). Afterwards, berries were stored at 10 °C for 15 d and were evaluated periodically for the fungal decay index, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant activity using the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and DPPH radical inhibition methods. The odor acceptability of the treated berries was evaluated after 10 d of storage. The CLO emulsion (5 g L−1) significantly reduced the fungal decay without affecting the antioxidant properties of the berries. The application of CLO as a vapor was more effective according to the evaluated parameters than the emulsions; all tested concentrations inhibited fungal decay and increased the flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. When CLO was incorporated into the pectin, no fungal decay appeared, and the highest antioxidant activity was observed after 15 d of storage. Additionally, all treatments, except the emulsion treatment, increased the odor acceptability of the treated berries compared to the control berries. From this study, it can be concluded that CLO as vapors or coatings can be used to control decay and increase the antioxidant health benefits of grapes due to CLO's antifungal and antioxidant properties.  相似文献   

7.
The effect of cultivar, season, shelf-life and origin on the accuracy of near infrared (NIR) calibration models for the soluble solids content (SSC) and firmness of apple was studied based on a large spectral data set based on approximately 6000 apple fruit from different cultivars, origins, shelf-life exposure time and seasons. To interpret the variance in the spectra with respect to biological variability, functional analysis of variance (FANOVA) was used. From the FANOVA analysis it was concluded that the effects of cultivar, origin and shelf-life exposure time on the NIR spectra were all significant. The largest differences in the spectra were found around the water absorption peaks (970, 1170 and 1450 nm). External validations using independent data sets showed that the accuracy of the models increased considerably when more variability was included in the calibration data set. In general the RMSEP for predictions of the SSC were in the range 0.6–0.8 °Brix, while for Magness Taylor firmness it was 5.9–8.8 N, depending on the cultivar. It was shown that atypical data can lead to large validation errors. It is, therefore, important to collect a calibration data set which is sufficiently representative for future samples to be analyzed with the developed calibration models and to develop simple procedures for model adaptation during practical use.  相似文献   

8.
UV-C inactivation kinetic data of Penicillium expansum on intact and wounded pear disks were determined. P. expansum conidia (0.5 mL, 1.6 × 107 CFU/mL) were spot inoculated onto intact and wounded pear tissue with skin (excised disks), treated with UV-C doses ranging 0.101–3.06 kJ/m2 at 23 °C and surviving conidia were enumerated. Changes in selected physicochemical parameters and sensory quality following UV-C treatment of whole pears were determined immediately after treatment, and 4 and 8 weeks of storage at 4 °C. A greater UV-C intensity was required for similar inactivation levels of P. expansum populations on wounded pear disks (3.1 kJ/m2 for 2.7 log reduction) compared to intact pear disks (1.7 kJ/m2 for 2.8 log reduction). No significant difference in % weight loss, or soluble solids content and texture was observed between UV-C treated and untreated pears. However, browning was observed on UV-C treated pear surfaces after 4 and 8 weeks along with changes in flavor and texture. An increase in consumer preference was noticed for the untreated control pears after 4 weeks storage.  相似文献   

9.
Sour rot is an important disease of grapes caused by an etiologic complex of microorganisms in which filamentous fungi play a key role. Yeasts are used for biocontrol of pathogenic filamentous fungi on fruits. The major objective of this study was to assess in vivo on detached berries the effect of viticultural yeasts on phytopathogenic fungi involved in grape sour rot. Yeasts that were found to be effective in vivo against the fungi were assayed for their possible pathogenicity in humans: growth at 42 °C, pseudohyphal formation, adhesion, and phospholipase and protease activity. A total of 234 yeasts belonging to 14 genera were assayed against the following pathogens: Aspergillus caelatus, Aspergillus carbonarius, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus versicolor, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium comune, Rhizopus stolonifer and Ulocladium sp. Forty-three (16 Saccharomyces and 27 non-Saccharomyces) showed antagonistic properties against some of the fungi assayed in grapes at 25 °C. Yeast isolates determined as biocontrol agents under in vivo conditions were isolated from fermenting musts (35), viticultural soils (6) and grape berries (2). Twenty biocontrol agents did not show phenotypical characteristics associated with pathogenicity in humans.  相似文献   

10.
Pericarp colour of litchi fruit is an important quality attribute that determines its market value and consumer acceptance. Plant growth regulators (PGR) such as abscisic acid (ABA) and ethephon are known to play important roles in peel colour development during maturation and ripening of non-climacteric fruits (e.g. grape and litchi). Our aim was to investigate the effects of preharvest application of ABA, ethephon and their combination on pericarp colour and fruit quality of litchi (cv. Calcuttia) and also to assess the potential effects on postharvest performance of fruit. Exogenous application of ABA (150 or 300 mg L−1) at the colour-break stage significantly increased the concentration of total anthocyanins and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, the major anthocyanin contributing ∼71–96% of the total anthocyanins, in litchi pericarp compared to ethephon (500 μL L−1). Among different anthocyanins quantified, the relative contribution of cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside to the total anthocyanins was significantly higher in all PGR-treated fruit compared to the control, but the concentration of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside was specifically enhanced by ABA. No significant effect on the concentrations of epicatechin, and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside was observed in response to PGR treatments. Ethephon (500 μL L−1) treatment did not significantly increase the anthocyanin levels in pericarp, but it caused more degradation of chlorophyll pigments than control. Aril quality with regard to firmness, soluble solids and acidity was not significantly affected by PGR treatments, except that ethephon-treated fruit showed significant softening and lower acidity. Postharvest changes in fruit quality attributes including pericarp browning during cold storage at 5 °C for 14 d were mainly related to the storage duration effect, rather than PGR treatment. In conclusion, ABA treatment (150 or 300 mg L−1) at the colour-break stage enhanced anthocyanins accumulation in litchi pericarp without adversely affecting postharvest quality and storage stability for 14 d.  相似文献   

11.
Controlled atmosphere (CA) treatments with ultralow oxygen (ULO) alone and in combinations with 50% carbon dioxide were studied to control grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) on harvested table grapes. Two ultralow oxygen levels, 30 and <0.01 μL L−1, were tested in both ULO and ULO + 50% CO2 treatments. The ULO treatments with the lower oxygen level were more effective than the ULO treatments at the higher oxygen level. The ULO + 50% CO2 treatments were more effective than the ULO treatments. Grape mealybug eggs were significantly more tolerant of ULO and ULO + CO2 treatments than nymphs and adults. A 14 day ULO treatment with 30 μL L−1 O2 at 2 °C did not achieve 100% mortalities of any life stage. In the presence of 50% CO2, the 14 d treatment achieved complete mortality of all life stages of the grape mealybug. A 3 d ULO treatment with <0.01 μL L−1 O2 at 2 °C resulted in 93.3% mortality of nymphs and adults. The 3 d ULO treatment in combination with 50% CO2 treatments, however, achieved complete control of grape mealybug nymphs and adults and caused 70.5% relative egg mortality. Complete egg mortality was achieved in a 10 d ULO + 50% CO2 treatment with <0.01 μL L−1 O2 at 2 °C. Both the 14 d CA treatment with 30 μL L−1 O2 and 50% CO2 and the 10 d CA treatment with <0.01 μL L−1 O2 and 50% CO2 were tested on table grapes and grape quality was evaluated after two weeks of post-treatment storage. The CA treatments did not have a significant negative impact on grape quality and were safe for table grapes. The study indicated that CA treatments have potential to be developed for postharvest control of grape mealybug on harvested table grapes.  相似文献   

12.
‘Crimson Seedless’ is a popular table grape cultivar, but in warm-climates, its fruits often fail to develop adequate red color, even after they have been treated with ethephon. Application of abscisic acid (ABA) may improve color more effectively than ethephon, but its potential effects on postharvest quality must be considered before recommending its use on table grapes. Therefore, we compared the postharvest quality attributes of grapes treated preharvest with 250 μL L−1 ethephon, the current industry standard, to that of grapes treated with 150 or 300 μL L−1 ABA, or nontreated. Treatment with either ethephon or 150 μL L−1 ABA allowed grapes to be harvested 10 d before nontreated fruit, and fruits treated with 300 μL L−1 ABA attained marketable quality 30 d before nontreated fruit. Early harvest was possible because the treatments induced more rapid coloring of the grapes, and though total yield was not affected by any plant growth regulator (PGR), all PGRs doubled packable yields by improving the color of the grapes. ABA-treated grapes were characterized by superior appearance both in berries and clusters’ rachises compared to ethephon-treated and control grapes. Other quality attributes such as firmness, berry weight, decay incidence, and shatter remained unaffected among treatments. Therefore, ABA is an effective alternative to ethephon for enhancing the color and maintaining postharvest quality of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes.  相似文献   

13.
Red fleshed watermelons are an excellent source of the phytochemical lycopene. However, little is known about the stability of lycopene in cut watermelon. In this study, lycopene stability and other quality factors were evaluated in fresh-cut watermelon. Twenty melons each of a seeded (Summer Flavor 800) and a seedless (Sugar Shack) variety were cut into 5 cm cubes and placed in unvented polystyrene containers, sealed, and stored at 2 °C for 2, 7, or 10 days. At each storage interval, melons were evaluated for juice leakage, changes in carotenoid composition, color, soluble solids content (SSC), and titratable acidity. Headspace carbon dioxide and ethylene were monitored during storage intervals. Juice leakage after 10 days of storage averaged 13 and 11% for the seeded and seedless melons, respectively. Lycopene content decreased 6 and 11% after 7 days of storage for Summer Flavor 800 and Sugar Shack melons, respectively. β-Carotene and cis lycopene contents were 2 and 6 mg kg−1 for Summer Flavor 800 and Sugar Shack, respectively, and did not change with storage. After 10 days of storage, CIE L1 values increased while chroma values decreased, indicating a lightening in color and loss of color saturation in melon pieces. Symptoms of chilling injury, such as greatly increased juice leakage, or lesions on cubes, were not seen on the fresh-cut cut watermelon after 10 days storage at 2 °C. Puree pH increased and SSC decreased slightly after storage. Carbon dioxide levels increased and oxygen levels decreased linearly during storage, creating a modified atmosphere of 10 kPa each of CO2 and O2 after 10 days. Fresh-cut cut watermelon held for 7 or more days at 2 °C had a slight loss of SSC, color saturation, and lycopene, most likely caused by senescence.  相似文献   

14.
Standard quality parameters, consumer acceptability, emission of volatile compounds and ethylene production of ‘Mondial Gala®’ apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) were determined in relation to storage atmosphere, storage period and shelf-life period. Fruit were harvested at the commercial date and stored in AIR (21 kPa O2:0.03 kPa CO2) or under three different controlled atmospheres (CAs): LO (2 kPa O2:2 kPa CO2), ULO1 (1 kPa O2:1 kPa CO2), or ULO2 (1 kPa O2:2 kPa CO2). Fruit samples were analysed after 12 and 26 weeks of storage plus 1 or 7 d at 20 °C.Apples stored in CA maintained better standard quality parameters than AIR-stored fruit. The volatile compounds that contributed most to the characteristic aroma of ‘Mondial Gala®’ apples after storage were butyl, hexyl and 2-methylbutyl acetate, hexyl propanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl, butyl and hexyl 2-methylbutanoate. Data obtained from fruit analysis were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). The apples most accepted by consumers showed the highest emission of ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, ethyl hexanoate, tert-butyl propanoate and ethyl acetate, in addition to the highest titratable acidity and firmness values.  相似文献   

15.
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16.
To control postharvest decay, table grapes are commercially fumigated with sulfur dioxide. We evaluated ozone (O3) fumigation with up to 10,000 μL L?1 of ozone for up to 2 h to control postharvest gray mold of table grapes caused by Botrytis cinerea. Fumigation for 1 h with 2500 or 5000 μL L?1 of ozone were equal in effectiveness. Both treatments reduced postharvest gray mold among inoculated ‘Thompson Seedless’ grapes by approximately 50% when the grapes were examined after storage for 7 d at 15 °C following fumigation. In a similar experiment, ‘Redglobe’ grapes were stored for 28 d at 0.5 °C following fumigation for 1 h with 2500 or 5000 μL L?1 of ozone. Both treatments were equal in effectiveness, but inferior to fumigation with 10,000 μL L?1. Ozone was effective when grapes were inoculated and incubated at 15 °C up to 24 h before fumigation. The cluster rachis sustained minor injuries in some tests, but berries were never harmed. Ozone was applied in three combinations of time and ozone concentration (10,000 μL L?1 for 30 min, 5000 μL L?1 for 1 h, and 2500 μL L?1 for 2 h) where each had a constant concentration × time product (c × t) of 5000 μL L?1 × h. The effectiveness of each combination was similar. The incidence of gray mold was reduced by approximately 50% among naturally inoculated, organically grown ‘Autumn Seedless’ and ‘Black Seedless’ table grapes, and by 65% among ‘Redglobe’ table grapes, when they were fumigated with 5000 μL L?1 ozone for 60 min in a commercial ozone chamber and stored for 6 weeks at 0.5 °C. Residues of fenhexamid, cyprodinil, pyrimethanil, and pyraclostrobin were reduced by 68.5, 75.4, 83.7, and 100.0%, respectively, after a single fumigation of table grapes with 10,000 μL L?1 ozone for 1 h. Residues of iprodione and boscalid were not significantly reduced. Ozone is unlikely to replace sulfur dioxide treatments in conventional grape production unless its efficacy is improved, but it could be an acceptable technology to use with grapes marketed under “organic” classification, where the use of SO2 is prohibited, or if SO2 use were to be discontinued.  相似文献   

17.
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18.
Because of the complexity of farming systems, the combined effects of farm management practices on nitrogen availability, nitrogen uptake by the crop and crop performance are not well understood. To evaluate the effects of the temporal and spatial variability of management practices, we used data from seventeen farms and projections to latent structures analysis (PLS) to examine the contribution of 11 farm characteristics and 18 field management practices on barley performance during the period 2009–2012. Farm types were mixed (crop-livestock) and arable and were categorized as old organic, young organic or conventional farms. The barley performance indicators included nitrogen concentrations in biomass (in grain and whole biomass) and dry matter at two growing stages. Fourteen out of 29 farm characteristics and field management practices analysed best explained the variation of the barley performance indicators, at the level of 56%, while model cross-validation revealed a goodness of prediction of 31%. Greater crop diversification on farm, e.g., a high proportion of rotational leys and pasture, which was mostly observed among old organic farms, positively affected grain nitrogen concentration. The highest average grain nitrogen concentration was found in old organic farms (2.3% vs. 1.7 and 1.4% for conventional and young organic farms, respectively). The total nitrogen translocated in grain was highest among conventional farms (80 kg ha−1 vs. 33 and 39 kg ha−1 for young and old organic farms, respectively). The use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides increased biomass leading to significant differences in average grain yield which became more than double for conventional farms (477 ± 24 g m−2) compared to organic farms (223 ± 37 and 196 ± 32 g m−2 for young and old organic farms, respectively). In addition to the importance of weed control, management of crop residues and the organic fertilizer application methods in the current and three previous years, were identified as important factors affecting the barley performance indicators that need closer investigation. With the PLS approach, we were able to highlight the management practices most relevant to barley performance in different farm types. The use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides on conventional farms was related to high cereal crop biomass. Organic management practices in old organic farms increased barley N concentration but there is a need for improved management practices to increase biomass production and grain yield. Weed control, inclusion of more leys in rotation and organic fertilizer application techniques are some of the examples of management practices to be improved for higher N concentrations and biomass yields on organic farms.  相似文献   

19.
Yield modelling based on visible and near infrared spectral information is extensively used in proximal and remote sensing for yield prediction of crops. Distance and thermal information contain independent information on canopy growth, plant structure and the physiological status. In a four-years′ study hyperspectral, distance and thermal high-throughput measurements were obtained from different sets of drought stressed spring barley cultivars. All possible binary, normalized spectral indices as well as thirteen spectral indices found by others to be related to biomass, tissue chlorophyll content, water status or chlorophyll fluorescence were calculated from hyperspectral data and tested for their correlation with grain yield. Data were analysed by multiple linear regression and partial least square regression models, that were calibrated and cross-validated for yield prediction. Overall partial least square models improved yield prediction (R2 = 0.57; RMSEC = 0.63) compared to multiple linear regression models (R2 = 0.46; RMSEC = 0.74) in the model calibration. In cross-validation, both methods yielded similar results (PLSR: R2 = 0.41, RMSEV = 0.74; MLR: R2 = 0.40, RMSEV = 0.78). The spectral indices R780/R550, R760/R730, R780/R700, the spectral water index R900/R970 and laser and ultrasonic distance parameters contributed favourably to grain yield prediction, whereas the thermal based crop water stress index and the red edge inflection point contributed little to the improvement of yield models. Using only more uniform modern cultivars decreased the model performance compared to calibrations done with a set of more diverse cultivars. The partial least square models based on data fusion improved yield prediction (R2 = 0.62; RMSEC = 0.59) compared to the partial least square models based only on hyperspectral data (R2 = 0.48; RMSEC = 0.69) in the model calibration. This improvement was confirmed by cross-validation (data fusion: R2 = 0.39, RMSEV = 0.76; hyperspectral data only: R2 = 0.32, RMSEV = 0.79). Thus, a combination of spectral multiband and distance sensing improved the performance in yield prediction compared to using only hyperspectral sensing.  相似文献   

20.
Pre-storage application of 40% CO2 at 0 °C for 24 or 48 h and controlled atmosphere (12% O2 + 12% CO2) storage at 0 °C for up to eight weeks on decay control and quality of organic ‘Flame Seedless’ and ‘Crimson Seedless’ table grapes were studied as a postharvest disease control alternative. To simulate different potential field conditions, these organic treatments were applied to organic-grown grapes that were naturally infected (without inoculation), surface inoculated (berries inoculated by spraying with a conidia suspension), and nesting inoculated (clusters inoculated by placing in the middle an artificially infected berry) with the pathogen Botrytis cinerea, the cause of grape gray mold. Under these three conditions, a 40% CO2 for 48 h pre-storage treatment followed by controlled atmosphere reduced the gray mold incidence from 22% to 0.6% and from 100% to 7.4% after four and seven weeks, respectively. High CO2 pre-storage alone limited botrytis incidence in both naturally and artificially infected grapes, but was more effective when combined with CA. These treatments did not affect visual or sensory fruit quality. Exposure to high CO2 for 24 or 48 h effectively inhibited mycelial growth of B. cinerea in PDA plates incubated at 22 °C for up to 72 h. Conidia germination in PDA plates was reduced ∼60% after 12 h incubation. In vitro studies demonstrated a fungistatic effect, but further studies on the mechanism of action could improve treatment performance. This novel high CO2 initial fumigation followed by controlled atmosphere during storage or transportation could be a commercially feasible alternative for postharvest handling of organic and conventional table grapes. Our results encourage validating this combined physical treatment in other cultivars and under commercial conditions.  相似文献   

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