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Forest canopies exchange a large part of the mass and energy between the earth and the atmosphere. The processes that regulate these exchanges have been of interest to scientists from a diverse range of disciplines for a long time. The International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Canopy Processes Working Group provides a forum for these scientists to explore canopy processes at scales ranging from the leaf to the ecosystem. Given the changes in climate that are being experienced in response to rising [CO(2)], there is a need to understand how forest canopy processes respond to altered environments. Globally, native and managed forests represent the largest terrestrial biome and, in wood and soils, the largest terrestrial stores of carbon. Changing climates have significant implications for carbon storage in forests, as well as their water use, species diversity and management. In order to address these issues, the Canopy Processes Working Group held a travelling workshop in south-east Australia during October 2010 to examine the impact of changing climates on forest canopies, highlighting knowledge gaps and developing new research directions. 相似文献
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Michael P. Curran Richard E. Miller Steven W. Howes Douglas G. Maynard Thomas A. Terry Ronald L. Heninger Thomas Niemann Ken van Rees Robert F. Powers Stephen H. Schoenholtz 《Forest Ecology and Management》2005,220(1-3):17
International protocols, such as those of the Montreal Process (MP), specify desired outcomes without specifying the process and components required to attain those outcomes. We suggest that the process and its components are critical to achieve desired outcomes. We discuss recent progress in northwestern North America, on three topics that will facilitate development of and reporting in sustainability protocols: (1) common terms and comparable guidelines for soil disturbance, (2) cost-effective techniques for monitoring and assessing soil disturbance, and (3) improved methods to rate soils for risk of detrimental soil disturbance. Uniform terms for soil disturbance will facilitate reporting and exchange of information. Reliable monitoring techniques and tracking the consequences of soil disturbance for forest growth and hydrology are paramount for improving understanding and predictions of the practical consequences of forest practices. To track consequences, we urge creation of regional research and operations databases that can be used to: (1) address MP values, (2) define detrimental soil disturbances, (3) develop risk rating systems for operational application, and (4) improve best management practices (BMPs) and ameliorative treatments that avoid or correct detrimental disturbances. 相似文献
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森林土壤有机碳(SOC)是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,然而,多样的森林类型和不同森林经营措施的干扰,使得森林土壤碳库维持机制以及碳固存过程的研究和森林土壤碳库的估算存在较大的变异。作为主要的森林经营措施之一,采伐对森林土壤碳储量以及碳过程均产生直接或间接地影响。为深刻理解森林土壤碳库对于采伐干扰的响应,本文综述了近十几年来不同采伐方式下森林土壤碳储量及其主要碳排放过程——土壤呼吸的研究现状,综合分析了采伐方式、森林类型、采伐剩余物管理以及微生物因子等对土壤碳库的影响及其不确定性,并在此基础上阐述了研究中尚未解决的主要问题:1)生物因子作为CO2产生的主体,在应对干扰时结构、功能的变化直接影响着土壤碳排放以及碳固定,但它们具体作用机制以及过程并不清楚,需展开进一步的调查;2)不同森林采伐方式对不同地区和不同类型森林土壤的影响的复杂性,亟须在进一步加强实验研究的基础上,发展森林土壤碳循环的过程或机理模型,为森林生态系统完整的碳循环过程表达及碳计量提供技术支撑,以期为我国森林经营以及碳汇等方面研究提供参考。 相似文献
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Peter Cronkleton Anne M. Larson Laurène Feintrenie Claude Garcia Patrice Levang 《Small-Scale Forestry》2013,12(1):5-13
At the 2010 Montpellier conference on ‘Taking Stock of Smallholder and Community Forestry: Where do we go from here?’, researchers, policy-makers and practitioners came together to discuss historical trends and future directions for understanding and supporting forest sustainability and local livelihoods in forest-based communities. A consensus arising from these discussions was that there is a need to reframe and broaden approaches to understand forestry practised by smallholders and communities. The paper highlights three key topics from that discussion: (1) the need to reconsider definitions of community forestry, (2) the need to broaden understanding of rights surrounding forest resources and (3) the need to reframe research to focus on management of the forest–farm interface. 相似文献
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《中国林学(英文版)》2006,8(1):I0001-I0001
Forestry Studies in China strives to provide a platform for a broad blend of peer-reviewed papers for a purpose of accelerating academic communication and exchanges between forestry researchers in and outside China. The Journal features articles by international scientists across the spectrum of forest research, including forest ecology, silviculture, forest management, sci- 相似文献
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《中国林学(英文版)》2007,9(4):F0002-F0002
Forestry Studies in China strives to provide a platform for a broad blend of peer-reviewed papers for a purpose of acceler-ating academic communication and exchanges between forestry 相似文献
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《中国林学(英文版)》2010,(4):164-F0002
Forestry Studies in China strives to provide a platform for a broad blend of peer-reviewed papers for a purpose of accelerating academic communication and exchanges between forestry researchers 相似文献
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Communication between forest scientists and forest policy-makers in Europe — A survey on both sides of the science/policy interface 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《Forest Policy and Economics》2008,10(3):183-194
Improving communication in the science/policy interface has received increased attention from scientists and policy-makers in recent years. This paper discusses recent science/policy interface literature and reports on the results of two surveys, sent out to forest scientists and forest policy-makers, asking them to evaluate communication in the forest science/policy interface in Europe. The questionnaires are based on a model of the communication process between scientists and policy-makers which was developed for this study, comprising information sources, channels, types and topics of information. The results indicate that policy-makers and scientists largely share the same ideas on how they should communicate with each other. However, the results also show that policy-makers' expectations from science differ from scientists' estimations on what policy-makers consider relevant topics of scientific information. Another result of the study is that scientists and policy-makers give largely the same suggestions for improving communication in the science/policy interface. 相似文献
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Nick McCarthy Niclas Scott Bentsen Ian Willoughby Philippe Balandier 《European Journal of Forest Research》2011,130(1):7-16
COST (COST is an intergovernmental framework for European cooperation in science and technology. COST funds network activities, workshops and conferences with the aim to reducing the fragmentation in European research) Action E47, European Network for Forest Vegetation Management??Towards Environmental Sustainability was formed in 2005 and gathered scientists and practitioners from eighteen European countries with the objective of sharing current scientific advances and best practice in the field of forest vegetation management to identify common knowledge gaps and European research potentials. This paper summarizes the work of the COST action and concludes that although diverse countries have by necessity adopted different means of addressing the challenges of forest vegetation management in Europe in the 21st century, some common themes are still evident. In all countries, there is a consensus that vegetation management is a critical silvicultural operation to achieve forest establishment, regeneration, growth and production. It appears that herbicides are still in use to some degree in all the countries reviewed, although at a lower intensity in many of the northern countries compared to other regions. The most common alternatives to herbicides adopted are the use of mechanical methods to cut vegetation and achieve soil cultivation; overstorey canopy manipulation to control vegetation by light availability; and in some instances the use of mulches or biological control. Any reductions in herbicide use achieved do not seem to have been driven solely by participation in forest certification schemes. Other factors, such as national initiatives or the availability of additional resources to implement more expensive non-chemical approaches, may be equally important. The development of more cost-effective and practical guidance for managers across Europe on non-chemical control methods can best be brought about by future collaborative research into more sustainable and holistic methods of managing forest vegetation, through the identification of silvicultural approaches to reduce or eliminate pesticide use and through gaining a better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms and impacts of competition. 相似文献
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《Forest Ecology and Management》2002,155(1-3):187-203
The forestry industry in the southeastern United States relies upon soils that are highly eroded and depleted of their original organic matter and nutrient content. Pro-active land management can ensure continued and possibly increased production and revenue through the management and recovery of the soil resource. With an emphasis on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) forests, this review integrates land-use history, pine ecology, silviculture, soil ecological research and the implications for forest management into a single discussion. Promoting soil recovery involves knowledge of ecosystem history and disturbance as well as nutrient cycling mechanisms, pools, fluxes and soil forming factors. Research on the rhizosphere is an area that is needed. Recovery of regional soils may confer benefits of drought and disease resistance. The goal of sustainable forestry is compatible with soil recovery; however, the technology and practices of modern forestry deserve thorough evaluation. Emphasis on the continued production of commodities, the agricultural model, is much different from managing for the functioning of healthy forest ecosystems. Many of the practices and outcomes of intensive forest management, including short rotations, harrowing, subsoiling, and burning or removal of logging slash, seem to be at odds with the goal of soil recovery. Best management practices that foster soil recovery include less intensive stand utilization and reduced soil disturbance. Stem-only harvest and longer rotations permit a recovery of soil biodiversity and an accrual of detritus and soil organic matter. Windrowing and similar techniques have dramatic and lasting effects on soil development. No-tillage agriculture as a model for pine plantations is discussed. 相似文献
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林业工作者通过建立生长模型来研究、理解和展示林分的生长过程并制定经营决策,特定的计算机工具经常用来实现这些模型。CAPSIS是一个致力于建立森林生长模型并能充分整合各种模型的通用共享森林建模平台,可提供森林经营管理的工具设计和比较不同的森林经营方案。笔者对CAPSIS森林生长经营模拟平台及其在林业上的应用进行了介绍,并讨论了建模者和林业工作者利用这一共享森林建模平台进行森林生长研究、经营管理决策等的优势。 相似文献
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Advances in molecular, biochemical, and physiological techniques for studying forest soil microbial communities are making it possible to assess the diversity, composition, and functioning of these complex communities. These new approaches avoid the limitations associated with isolating bacteria and fungi in the lab and are based on DNA, membrane phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA), and carbon source utilization. There are, however, limitations associated with these newer methods that need to be appreciated when applying them and interpreting results. Applications of community profiling approaches have advanced our understanding of the functional role of microbial diversity in forest soils, controls on microbial community composition, variability of communities among and within forest ecosystems, and responses to disturbance and forest management activities. Finally, several research directions are identified with potential for greater insight into the link between the microbial community and processes in forest soils. 相似文献
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冰雪灾害是一种常见的自然灾害,易对森林造成巨大破坏。在全球变化加剧的背景下,冰雪灾害发生的频率和强度呈现上升趋势。文中综述了冰雪灾害后森林土壤物理性质、土壤化学性质、土壤微生物群落和土壤酶活性的变化,以便为受损森林生态系统的修复提供参考。今后的研究热点是加强对灾后森林养分循环、土壤微生物和土壤种子库的长期研究,开展土壤微生物群落、土壤呼吸和土壤理化性质相互关系及作用机理研究,运用3S技术监测不同立地条件下土壤灾后动态变化、建立更科学精准的受灾森林生态系统评估体系,以及建立生态修复模型预测冰雪灾害后的森林恢复过程。 相似文献
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Oliver Bens Niels Arne Wahl Holger Fischer Reinhard F. Hüttl 《European Journal of Forest Research》2007,126(1):101-109
Soil hydrological properties like infiltration capacity and hydraulic conductivity have important consequences for hydrological
properties of soils in river catchments and for flood risk prevention. They are dynamic properties due to varying land use
management practices. The objective of this study was to characterize the variation of infiltration capacity, hydraulic conductivity
and soil organoprofile development on forest sites with comparable geological substrate, soil type and climatic conditions,
but different stand ages and tree species in terms of the effects of forest transformation upon soil hydrological properties.
The Kahlenberg forest area (50 km northeast of Berlin in the German northeastern lowlands) under investigation contains stands
of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) of different age structures forming a transformation chronosequence from pure Scots pine stands towards pure European beech
stands. The water infiltration capacity and hydraulic conductivity (K) of the investigated sandy-textured soils are low and
very few macropores exist. Additionally these pores are marked by poor connectivity and therefore do not have any significant
effect on water infiltration rate. Moreover, water infiltration in these soils is impeded by their hydrophobic properties.
Along the experimental chronosequence of forest transformation, the thickness of the forest floor layer decreases due to enhanced
decomposition and humification intensities. By contrast, the thickness of the humous topsoil increases. Presumably, changes
in soil organic matter storage and quality caused by the management practice of forest transformation affect the persistence
and degree of water repellency in the soil, which in turn influences the hydraulic properties of the experimental soils. The
results indicate clearly that soils play a crucial role for water retention and therefore, in overland flow prevention. There
is a need to have more awareness on the intimate link between the land use and soil properties and their possible effects
on flooding. 相似文献
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Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn. f.) forests cover over 11 millionha in India, Nepal and Bangladesh, and these forests are conventionallymanaged for timber. Recently, interest in producing multipleproducts from sal forests has increased; accordingly, a silviculturalregime for managing sal forest for multiple products is a centralconcern. Forest managers need a comprehensive scientific understandingof natural stand development processes and anthropogenic factorsaffecting sal forest when designing silvicultural regimes formultiple-product management. We review ecology and productivityplus anthropogenic niches of sal forests. Information on edaphicfactors, phenology and stand development processes (regeneration,growth characteristics, soil nutrient requirement, growth allocation,nutrient cycling, stand structure and successional stages) isimportant for designing scientific forest management of salforest; likewise, knowledge of anthropogenic factors associatedwith use of sal forest is also required for effective implementationof the recently paradigmed management efforts. Sal forest silviculturehas been evolving since the beginning of the twentieth centurymainly concentrating on timber production, though the sal forestshave always been used also for grazing and collection of fodder,fuelwood, litter and many other products. Instead of integratingthese products in sal forest management, governments have attemptedto control these additional uses through enforcing forest legislation.These attempts resulted in the persistent conflicts betweenthe interests of local people and the government, and the deterioratingcondition of sal forests. Community-based forestry in this regionemerged in response to the severe degradation of forest resources,and local people initiated protection practices and demonstratedthe success of sal forest from coppice. The coppice systemsallow managing forests with intermittent products (non-timberforest products, including fodder and litter) while producingtimber in the long term. Accordingly, a policy has been developedto manage coppice sal forest for multiple products. Managingthe sal forest for multiple products is, however, a relativelyrecent development and scientific investigations on variousaspects of multiple-product forest management need to be initiated.Ecological processes indicate good prospects of managing salforest for multiple products. The review indicates that theecological processes and anthropogenic factors form sound basisfor developing multiple-product management. 相似文献
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《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(1-2):3-10
This paper presents an overview of the conclusions developed by 35 participating scientists and landmanagers at a scientific workshop held in Sun Valley, Idaho, November 14-20, 1993. The conclusions presented here are those of the authors, but reflect discussions of the entire group, and are based upon conclusions reached by those participants in working groups. The forests of the Inland West are, over wide regions, not healthy. Remedial, restorative, and preventative treatment and management particularly on the federal lands-is urgently needed. A brief window of opportunity, perhaps 15-30 years in length, exists. Without timely management intervention, the region is threatened by major ecological setbacks-pest epidemics and uncontrollable wildfires-that will damage resource values and convert large areas into new even-aged forest systems that set the stage for a repeat of the current problems far into the 21st Century. The scientific tools to understand these problems and mitigate them exist today, but are not being applied on the federal forests rapidly enough to meet the urgency of the situation. The current legal and procedural requirements on federal land management agencies impose time delays which, combined with public opposition to timber harvesting, prevent timely management, doom major forest areas to needless loss and damage, and impose large (and, perhaps, preventable) costs on both local and national economies. 相似文献
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Forest soils and carbon sequestration 总被引：36，自引：0，他引：36
Soils in equilibrium with a natural forest ecosystem have high carbon (C) density. The ratio of soil:vegetation C density increases with latitude. Land use change, particularly conversion to agricultural ecosystems, depletes the soil C stock. Thus, degraded agricultural soils have lower soil organic carbon (SOC) stock than their potential capacity. Consequently, afforestation of agricultural soils and management of forest plantations can enhance SOC stock through C sequestration. The rate of SOC sequestration, and the magnitude and quality of soil C stock depend on the complex interaction between climate, soils, tree species and management, and chemical composition of the litter as determined by the dominant tree species. Increasing production of forest biomass per se may not necessarily increase the SOC stocks. Fire, natural or managed, is an important perturbation that can affect soil C stock for a long period after the event. The soil C stock can be greatly enhanced by a careful site preparation, adequate soil drainage, growing species with a high NPP, applying N and micronutrients (Fe) as fertilizers or biosolids, and conserving soil and water resources. Climate change may also stimulate forest growth by enhancing availability of mineral N and through the CO2 fertilization effect, which may partly compensate release of soil C in response to warming. There are significant advances in measurement of soil C stock and fluxes, and scaling of C stock from pedon/plot scale to regional and national scales. Soil C sequestration in boreal and temperate forests may be an important strategy to ameliorate changes in atmospheric chemistry. 相似文献