共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
J. S. W. DICKENS 《Plant pathology》1990,39(3):434-442
Experiments evaluating the curative and protective effect of sprays of benodanil, bitertanol, oxycarboxin, triadimefon, triforine and propiconazole, and intensive oxycarboxin fog and triforine spray regimes, against chrysanthemum white rust are described. All treatments reduced the disease when applied before symptoms developed but only propiconazole completely prevented disease development. A single spray of propiconazole applied 4–8 days after inoculation was sufficient to eradicate infection. This fungicide was also found to eliminate symptomless infection from cuttings when used as a dip prior to planting, or as two sprays after planting. When sporulation had occurred, three sprays of propiconazole or benodanil killed the telia, but viable telia were still present after three sprays of oxycarboxin, triadimefon or triforine. When applied as single protective sprays none of these fungicides consistently prevented infection, although levels were considerably reduced when application was made 2–3 days before exposure to the disease. Observational trials indicate that although propiconazole has some growth retardant effect it does not appear to present any significant phytotoxicity problems, either as a spray or as soil residue. As a result of this work propiconazole has been successfully used in a statutory eradication campaign against this rust. To avoid the possible development of resistance, it is suggested that its use should be confined to actual outbreaks, or when it is suspected that plants or cuttings may have become infected. 相似文献
2.
The control of the rust fungus, Phragmidium mucronatum by seven fungicides (benodanil, fenpropimorph, oxycarboxin, thiram, triadimefon, triazbutyl and triforine), was examined both in vivo and in vitro. Oxycarboxin applied at monthly intervals to field-grown Rosa laxa gave excellent control. Similar results were obtained on detached leaflets using the fungicide as a protectant or eradicant. A benodanil-resistant isolate was identified in axenic culture. 相似文献
3.
Jean Rouchaud Chantal Moons Jacques R. Decallonne Joseph A. Meyer 《Pest management science》1978,9(6):587-594
Barley was sown and grown normally in an experimental field. At the growth stage J, 1 Growth stage J: during the stem extension stage; second node of stem formed and next-to-last leaf just visible. the aerial part of the plants was sprayed with an aqueous emulsion of a mixture of triforine and [3H]triforine (uniformly labelled in the piperazine ring) using the recommended dose rate of about 240g triforine ha?1. The barley was harvested when ripe and the straw and grain were analysed separately. The total radioactivity concentration was 20 times higher in straw than in grain. In straw and grain, 12 and 25% respectively of the total incorporated radioactivity in each of these tissues was methanol soluble. The composition of the methanol-soluble radioactive residue was investigated and was shown to contain triforine and its metabolites which were free and unbound in barley straw and grain. No radioactive piperazine was observed, in spite of the high detection sensitivity for radioactivity. The concentrations of triforine and its identified metabolites in straw and grain respectively (mg kg?1, relative to the fresh weight of tissue) were: triforine, 0.034 and 0.0018; N-[(2,2,2-trichloro-1-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]formamide), 0.009 and 0.0006; iminodiacetic acid, 0.021 and 0.001; glycine, 0.043 and 0.0033. Other radioactive water-soluble and very polar, unidentified compounds were observed, corresponding to advanced metabolic products of triforine. 相似文献
4.
Rapidly growing mycelia of Aspergillus fumigatus treated with 10 μg/ml triforine (N,N′-bis-(1-formamido-2,2,2-trichloroethyl)-piperazine) showed little or no inhibition in dry weight increase prior to 2 h. By 2.5–3 h, triforine inhibited dry weight increase by 85%. The effects of triforine on protein, DNA, and RNA syntheses corresponded to the effect on dry weight increase both in time of onset and magnitude. Neither glucose nor acetate oxidation were inhibited by triforine.Ergosterol synthesis was almost completely inhibited by triforine even in the first hour after treatment. Inhibition of ergosterol synthesis was accompanied by an accumulation of the ergosterol precursors 24-methylenedihydrolanosterol, obtusifoliol, and 14α-methyl-Δ8, 24 (28)-ergostadienol. Mycelia treated with 5 μg/ml of triarimol (α-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-α-phenyl-5-pyrimidinemethanol) also accumulated the same sterols as well as a fourth sterol believed to be Δ5, 7-ergostadienol.Identification of 4,4-dimethyl-Δ8, 24 (28)-ergostadienol in untreated mycelia indicates that the C-14 methyl group is the first methyl group removed in the biosynthesis of ergosterol by A. fumigatus. The lack of detectable quantities of 4,4-dimethyl-Δ8, 24 (28)-ergostadienol in triforine or triarimol-treated mycelia and the accumulation of C-14 methylated sterols in treated mycelia suggests that both fungicides inhibit sterol C-14 demethylation. The accumulation of Δ5, 7-ergostadienol in triarimol-treated mycelia further implies that triarimol also inhibits the introduction of the sterol C-22(23) double bond.Two strains of Cladosporium cucumerinum tolerant to triforine and triarimol were also tolerant to the fungicide S-1358 (N-3-pyridyl-S-n-butyl-S′-p-t-butylbenzyl imidodithiocarbonate). 相似文献
5.
Heinrich Buchenauer 《Pest management science》1975,6(6):553-559
Triforine is sensitive to u.v. and sunlight. The photochemical inactivation rate was higher in aqueous solution than in the solid state. In aqueous solution 50% of triforine was inactivated after 3 h irradiation with u.v. light and after 30 h exposure to sunlight. Eighty hours were necessary to decompose 25% of triforine in the solid state with sunlight on glass. The half life of triforine residues on the leaves of bean plants was about 60 h when exposed to solar irradiation. The inactivation of triforine by u.v. light and sunlight was accelerated in the presence of the sensitising chemicals riboflavin and xanthene; however, rhodamine B (C.I. 45170) showed only a small photosensitising activity. 相似文献
6.
Barley was grown in an experimental field and, at the growth stage J (during the stem extension stage when the second node of the stem was formed and the next-to-last leaf just visible), the aerial part of the plants was sprayed with an aqueous emulsion of a mixture of triforine and [3H]triforine (uniformly labelled in the piperazine ring) at the recommended rate of 250 g triforine ha?1. Barley was harvested when ripe, and the straw was analysed separately. Extraction of the straw with methanol left methanol-insoluble solids containing an amount of radioactivity (the bound residue) which represented 88 % of the tritium (as with all the subsequently quoted percentages, relative to the total tritium incorporated into the straw). Methanol acidified with hydrochloric acid extracted a further 8% of the triforine-derived bound residues as radioactive iminodiacetic acid (0.4%). glycine (3.2%), serine (2.0%), ethanolamine (0.2%) and unidentified compounds (2.2%); a neutral detergent solution extracted a further 3% of the radioactive triforine-derived bound residues as unidentified compounds; these radioactive compounds, which were dissolved by the acidified methanol and by the neutral detergent solution, were thus complexed in the straw to straw constituents. An acid detergent solution extracted a further 58% of the total tritium, which was incorporated by means of σ chemical bonds into the hemicelluloses fraction. Acid hydrolysis of the hemicelluloses yielded a mixture of mono-saccharides; these were converted into a mixture of osazones (50%), recrystallised several times, and had a constant specific radioactivity, indicating that the mono-saccharides were tritiated. The plant solids (which contained 19% of the total tritium), left by the acid-detergent extraction, were processed and separated into the tritium-containing cellulose (13%) and lignin (6%) fractions. No piperazine was observed in the bound residue of straw. Biochemical pathways are suggested for the radioactive metabolites of [3H]triforine. 相似文献
7.
A. Fuchs S. P. de Ruig J. M. van Tuyl F. W. de Vries 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1977,83(1):189
Permanent resistance to triforine in Cladosporium cucumerinum was obtained after UV irradiation of spore suspensions and selection of resistant strains in the presence of triarimol or triforine. About 50 strains were examined for mycelial growth on malt agar, viability upon routine subculturing, growth and inhibition by triforine in thin-layer chromatographic bioassays, and virulence towards cucumber seedlings. In addition, sporulation and spore germination, as well as effects of ergosterol were investigated in a restricted number of strains. Although all strains differed considerably from each other in these characteristics, they were quite similar in a reduced overall-fitness. These triforine-resistant mutants of C. cucumerinum might, therefore, have a greatly reduced chance of survival in competition with the wild-type strain, as was actually demonstrated for two strains in greenhouse experiments with mixed-inoculations of cucumber seedlings. Such a reduced chance of survival might also explain why under practical conditions development of resistance to triforine has not been observed yet.The triforine-resistant C. cucumerinum strains showed cross-resistance to a number of systemic fungicides known or supposed to inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis, viz. Denmert, fenarimol, imazalil, triadimefon and triarimol. The practical implications and potential hazards of such cross-resistance for the use of already established fungicides are discussed. 相似文献
8.
Barley was grown in an experimental field and at growth stage J (during the stem extension stage when the second node of the stem was formed and the next-to-last leaf was just visible), the aerial part of the plants was sprayed with an aqueous emulsion of a mixture of triforine and [3H]triforine (uniformly labelled in the piperazine ring) at the normal rate of 250 g triforine ha?1. The barley was harvested when ripe, and the grain was analysed separately. Extraction of the grain with methanol left methanol-insoluble solids containing an amount of radioactivity (the bound residue) which represented 75% of the total radioactivity incorporated into the grain. Methanol acidified with hydrochloric acid extracted a further 7% of the triforine-derived bound residues in the form of radioactive iminodiacetic acid (1.1%), glycine (3.3 %), serine (0.9%), ethanolamine (0.2%) and unidentified compounds (1.5 %); in the grain, these compounds or their precursors had thus been complexed to grain constituents. Aqueous 0.03M sodium hydroxide extracted a further 27% of the total tritium which had been incorporated by means of α chemical bonds into the protein fraction; acid hydrolysis of the proteins yielded radioactive glycine (9.2%), serine (3.9%) and unidentified compounds (13.9%) which could have been a mixture of a large number of other amino-acids. The plant solids (which contained 41% of the total tritium) left after the alkaline aqueous extractions, were processed and separated into tritiated cellulose (4%) and starch (37%) fractions. The starch was hydrolysed and the resulting glucose was converted into the osazone (34%). After being recrystallised several times, the osazone contained a constant specific radioactivity, indicating that [3H]glucose was present. This glucose may be considered as having a carbon skeleton mainly originating biochemically from some metabolites of [3H]triforine; this tritiated glucose may also be considered as indirect evidence of the biochemical oxidation, by transamination, of the metabolites of [3H]triforine; in barley grain, the tritiated glucose (or at least a part of it) was anabolised into proteins. No piperazine was observed in the bound residues in the grain. 相似文献
9.
Control of cucumber powdery mildew by the hyperparasite Ampelomyces quisqualis and fungicides 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
L. SUNDHEIM 《Plant pathology》1982,31(3):209-214
Application of conidial suspensions of the hyperparasite Ampelomyces quisqualis to greenhouse cucumbers inoculated with Sphaerotheca fuliginea increased cucumber yield compared with an untreated control. Similar yield increases were obtained with triforine and also when a reduced rate of triforine and the hyperparasite were combined. A. quisqualis extensively parasitized S. fuliginea and also, in experiments with commercial cucumber crops, Erysiphe cichoracearum. 相似文献
10.
After soil drench application of triforine (5 mg) to 35 barley plants in pots, a maximum of 7.5 μg a.i./g shoots (fresh weight) was found on the second day. The biological (effective) half-life was 9 to 10 days. Doses of 50 mg resulted in impaired absorption rather than increased foliar concentration. On day 8 piperazine comprised 20% of the radioactivity of the four metabolites found in the shoots. An additional metabolite appears solely in the soil. 相似文献
11.
ABSTRACT A leaf rust attacking Aegilops speltoides in its natural habitat is reported for the first time. It was found in two locations in northern and central Israel. The two collections from A. speltoides resemble wheat leaf rust, Puccinia triticina, in most spore dimensions, in the morphology of the substomatal vesicle of the urediniospore, and in DNA content in pycniospore nuclei. Similarly to P. triticina isolates from wheat, isolates taken from A. speltoides are compatible with Thalictrum speciosissimum as an aecial host and they are crossed easily with wheat leaf rust isolates. However, isolates from A. speltoides differ from wheat leaf rust in their telial host range. They are avirulent to cultivated wheat cultivars, but attack hundreds of A. speltoides accessions that were immune to wheat leaf rust. This distinct host preference justifies delineation of the newly found leaf rust as a forma specialis (f. sp. speltoides) within P. triticina. 相似文献
12.
In a 6-year orchard experiment, seven fungicide programmes were assessed for control of powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) and for long-term effects on growth and cropping of the apple cultivar Cox's Orange Pippin. Programmes based on binapacryl, bupirimate, fenarimol, nitrothal-isopropyl and triadimefon gave better control than dinocap or triforine. The heaviest cumulative yields of marketable fruit were obtained with the non-systemic fungicides binapacryl and nitrothal-isopropyl, the former significantly outyielding triadimefon and triforine over 6 years. Tree vigour, as assessed by extension shoot length and internode length, was found to be better after 4-5 years of programmes based on binapacryl than on triadimefon or fenarimol. A relation was demonstrated between cumulative marketable yield and mean annual mid-season incidence of secondary mildew on extension shoot leaves. 相似文献
13.
Siegfried Darda Rolf L. Darskus Dietrich Eichler Walter Ost Manfred Wotschokowsky 《Pest management science》1977,8(3):183-192
The main decomposition products formed from triforine by hydrolysis in solution and by photolysis were isolated and identified. In aqueous solution at 21°, hydrolysis proceeds rapidly by formation of chloride ions and, through several intermediates, 1-(dihydroxyacetyl)piperazine and piperazine. Photolysis by ultraviolet light in the absence of water leads preferentially to the removal of one side chain, the second side chain being attacked more slowly. In aqueous solution, triforine is rapidly destroyed by ultraviolet light. N-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)formamide was isolated as an intermediate photodecomposition product. 相似文献
14.
The fungicides triforine and triarimol, though structurally unrelated have a similar antifungal spectrum. Neither fungicide inhibited germination of conidia of Cladosporium cucumerinum, but both inhibited subsequent mycelial growth. Triforine, like triarimol, proved to be an effective inhibitor of ergosterol biosynthesis. Two mutants of C. cucumerinum selected for resistance to triarimol also exhibited resistance to triforine and to the triarimol analogues ancymidol and bis(4-chlorophenyl)-3-pyrimidinemethanol. Resistance of these mutants, however, did not extend to the sterol inhibitors triparanol and trans-clomiphene or to sodium o-phenylphenate and 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline, two compounds usually tolerated by fungi exhibiting general hydrocarbon resistance. Toxicity of either triforine or triarimol to C. cucumerinum was annuled by β-carotene, vitamin A, progesterone, testosterone and farnesol. The various similarities between triforine and triarimol suggest a common mode of action for the two compounds. 相似文献
15.
The mildew fungicide triforine is incompatible with calcium chloride used to reduce the incidence of bitter pit in apples. Two commercial non-ionic surfactants delayed sedimentation in spray mixtures containing both triforine and calcium chloride. The biological efficiency of triforine, alone or with calcium chloride plus surfactant, was tested in an orchard trial which included binapacryl, alone or with calcium chloride, as ‘standard’ treatment. Triforine (weekly or fortnightly) controlled mildew on Cox's Orange Pippin and Golden Delicious better than binapacryl, and the addition of calcium chloride did not affect adversely the control by either fungicide. The added calcium chloride had little effect on the deposition and persistence of the fungicides. The inclusion of calcium chloride in spray programmes slightly improved the yields (both cultivars) and russet grade (Cox only) associated with each fungicide. Calcium chloride sprays, whether mixed or alternated, increased the calcium levels in postharvest fruit for both varieties, and decreased the incidence of bitter pit for Cox after storage for 5½ months. No adverse effect was associated with the inclusion of the surfactants in tank mixtures containing either fungicide. 相似文献
16.
山西晉中一带麦田边生有大量碱草(Elymus chinense),严重感染条锈病。接种試驗証明小麦条銹菌与碱草条銹菌在致病力方面有显著差异。碱草对14个小麦条銹菌种均抵抗,碱草条銹菌虽能侵染小麦,但13个小麦推广品种对所有5个碱草菌种都表現抵抗。田間調查結果亦示明碱草条銹菌虽能侵染小麦,但麦叶仅产生抗性的枯斑及形成极少量的夏孢子堆,并証实其不能在小麦上继續繁殖。不同小麦的种对碱草条锈菌亦均免疫或高度抵抗。小麦条銹菌能侵染冰草(Agropyron cristatum)等11种禾草,其中旱雀麦(Bromus tectorum)及西伯利亚碱草,(Elymus sibiricus)高度感染。碱草条銹菌較小麦条銹菌能适应更高的气温,在25℃仍能正常侵染碱草且产生大量孢子堆,其夏孢子(28.94μ×22.41μ)亦显著較小麦条銹菌的夏孢子(26.10 μ×19.48μ)为大,因此是条銹菌(Puccinia glumarum)的一个較为特殊的生理小种(YIE)。西伯利亚碱草(Elymus sibiricus)、山大麦及麦穗草(Agropyron spp.)的条銹菌均能正常侵染小麦,但尚未发現其大量感染条銹病的羣落。 相似文献
17.
华中五味子锈病菌及其重寄生菌的鉴定 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
五味子属植物是我国传统的中药材。五味子春孢锈菌(Aecidium schisandrae J. Y. Zhuang)引起华中五味子(Schisandra sphenanthera)锈病为国内外新报道。该病在四川省雅安市喇叭河自然保护区华中五味子生长地造成严重危害,其病株率91%,病叶率36%,造成叶片枯斑、脱落。华中五味子锈病的重寄生菌(Tuberculina sp.)为国内外首次报道。该重寄生菌的自然重寄生率达35.5%,重寄生菌寄生在华中五味子锈菌春孢子器(锈子器)出口处,阻碍春孢子的释放。本文报道了华中五味子锈病的症状特点、病原形态特征及华中五味子锈菌的重寄生现象和重寄生菌的形态特征。 相似文献
18.
19.
我国小麦条锈菌生理专化研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
根据大量的鉴定结果,进一步证明德国的小麦条锈菌鉴别寄主,除个别品种外,不能反映我国条锈菌交异的实际情况;为此,选出了比较适合我国情况的一套鉴别寄主,它们是:Trigo Eureka F.G.S.、Fulhard、Strubes Dickkopf、保加利亚春麦 Lutescens128、碧蚂1号、西北丰收、西北54号、玉皮、甘肃96号。应用所选出的鉴别寄主、四年来共分析了325个标样,它们可划分为10个不同的生理小种,定名为条中1号到10号。条中1号的出现频率最高、分布最广,它能侵染碧蚂1号、西北54号、西北丰收、农大183、石家407等品种及含有3037血统的许多品系。近年来碧蚂1号抗锈性退化即系由于该小种的猖獗。条中8号出现频率仅次于1号,它的特点是对玉皮、甘肃96号有很强致病力。条中2号出现频率虽很低,但它能侵染重要推广品种西农6028。条中3号对碧蚂1号、石家庄407、玉皮、西农6028都没有致病力,这一小种1957年出现频率很高(37.3%),但以后几年未再鉴定到;作者等推测它可能是条中1号取得优势以前的一个主要小种。已经获得的研究结果表明现阶段我国小麦抗条锈病育种工作应以条中1号、2号和8号三个小种作为主要对象。 相似文献
20.
The entomogenous fungus, Lecanicillium lecanii is hyperparasitic on Hemileia vastatrix , the cause of coffee leaf rust in the laboratory, and has frequently been observed attacking it in the field. The existence of a complex ecological web involving the spatially clustered mutualism of an ant ( Azteca instabilis ) with a scale insect ( Coccus viridis ), where the scale insect was infected by L. lecanii , prompted a search for a spatial correlation between the attack of L. lecanii on the scale insect and the incidence of rust in a commercial coffee crop. A weak but statistically significant effect of hyperparasitic control of coffee rust was observed on two distinct scales: in a 45-ha plot and on a scale of approximately 10 m. It was concluded that this effect was linked to an indirect effect of the ant–coccid mutualism, where L. lecanii was a parasite of the coccid. 相似文献