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1.
为了明确苦瓜双色平脐蠕孢叶斑病菌（Bipolaris bicolor）的生物学特性及其对杀菌剂的敏感性,研究了不同培养条件对该病原菌菌丝生长的影响,并测定了10种杀菌剂对该病原菌的抑制作用。结果表明：该病原菌菌丝生长最适温度为25~30 ℃,最适pH范围为6~7,适宜培养基为马铃薯蔗糖培养基（PSA）和玉米粉培养基（CMA）,持续黑暗和光暗交替有利于菌丝生长;不同碳源和氮源对菌丝生长的影响差异显著,其中葡萄糖和蛋白胨分别为最适碳源和氮源,菌丝生长致死温度为45 ℃。250 g/L苯醚甲环唑乳油毒力最强,EC50为0.0233 mg/L,其次为250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂、20%抑霉唑水乳剂和50%嘧菌环胺水分散粒剂。 相似文献
2.
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is a Latin American food staple readily available in large quantities in Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador. The outer husk of the grain is removed prior to consumption to reduce its bitter taste. At present, quinoa husks are considered as a by-product with no commercial value, despite its high content of triterpenoid saponins (20–30%). Due to this, the present work was undertaken to test if quinoa saponins have antifungal properties against Botrytis cinerea and if this activity is enhanced after alkaline treatment, since recent reports indicate that alkaline treatment of quinoa saponins increase their biological activity. Six products were tested against B. cinerea: (1) non-purified quinoa extract, (2) purified quinoa extract, (3) alkali treated non-purified quinoa extract, (4) alkali treated purified quinoa extract, (5) non-purified quinoa extract treated with alkali but without thermal incubation and (6) purified quinoa extract treated with alkali but without thermal incubation.
Untreated quinoa extracts showed minimum activity against mycelial growth of B. cinerea. Also, no effects were observed against conidial germination, even at 7 mg saponins/ml. However, when the saponin extracts were treated with alkali, mycelial growth and conidial germination were significantly inhibited. At doses of 5 mg saponins/ml, 100% of conidial germination inhibition was observed, even after 96 h of incubation. Fungal membrane integrity experiments based on the uptake of the fluorogenic dye SYTOX green showed that alkali treated saponins generate membrane disruption, while non-treated saponins had no effects.
The higher antifungal activity of alkaline treated saponins is probably due to the formation of more hydrophobic saponin derivatives that may have a higher affinity with the sterols present in cell membranes. 相似文献
3.
Field strains of Botryotinia fuckeliana were isolated from diseased grape berries which were collected at the harvest, between 1993 and 1997, from French vineyards located in Alsace, Armagnac, Bordeaux, Champagne and Loire Valley. According to the inhibitory effects of fungicides towards spore germination, germ-tube elongation and mycelial growth, several phenotypes could be characterized. Thus, two types of benzimidazole (e.g. carbendazim, thiabendazole)-resistant strains were detected; negative cross-resistance towards diethofencarb, diphenylamine and dicloran was found only in one type. Most dicarboximide (e.g. iprodione, procymidone, vinclozolin)-resistant strains were also weakly resistant to aromatic hydrocarbon fungicides (e.g. chloroneb, dicloran, tolclofos-methyl) but remained sensitive to phenylpyrroles (e.g. fenpiclonil, fludioxonil). However, in some other dicarboximide-resistant strains, resistance was observed either as being restricted to dicarboximides or as extending weakly to phenylpyrroles. Towards anilinopyrimidines (e.g. cyprodinil, mepanipyrim, pyrimethanil), three resistant phenotypes have been identified. In the most resistant one, resistance was restricted to anilinopyrimidines, whereas in the others, resistance extended to various other groups of fungicides including dicarboximides, phenylpyrroles, sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (e.g. tolfanate, prochloraz, tebuconazole) and the hydroxyanilide derivative, fenhexamid. According to the pattern of cross-resistance, two phenotypes were characterized within these multifungicide-resistant strains. In vitro tests conducted with fenpropimorph, fenpropidin and spiroxamine, revealed the existence of strains highly susceptible to these sterol Δ14- reduction inhibitors. This property was correlated with a decreased sensitivity towards fenhexamid. 相似文献
4.
Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) is an important disease of grapevines (Vitis vinifera) and requires several fungicide treatments to achieve a satisfactory control in Chile. Furthermore, a high resistance risk has developed because of the extensive use of specific fungicides with a single-site mode of action. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of resistance to the multiple fungicides currently used against B. cinerea in Chile. During 2007–2009 and 2011, 214 isolates of B. cinerea from 36 commercial vineyards were examined for sensitivity to anilinopyrimidines (cyprodinil or pyrimethanil), demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) (tebuconazole), hydroxyanilides (fenhexamid) and phenylpyrroles (fludioxonil). Of all of the isolates, 62.7% were resistant to anilinopyrimidines, 7.2% to DMIs, 27.1% to hydoxyanilides and 44.8% to phenylpyrrole derivates. Overall, 16 (12.3%) of the isolates were sensitive; although none was resistant to all four of the fungicide classes, and 50 (38.5%), 51 (39.2%), and 13 (10.0%) isolates were resistant to one, two and three fungicides, respectively. In vitro, resistant isolates were capable of causing fruit rot on wounded apples pretreated with any one of the five fungicides at label concentrations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of isolates having simultaneous resistance to anilinopyrimidines, DMIs, phenylpyrroles and hydroxyanilides in B. cinerea populations from grapevines in Chile. Therefore, fungicide resistance is a serious problem that questions the sustainability of the current gray mold control strategy, which relies almost exclusively on fungicides with single-site modes of action. 相似文献
5.
为探究三角梅属植物不同品种的花粉活力和柱头可授性,从而提高其杂交效率。以‘伊娃夫人’（Bougainvillea glabra ‘Mrs Eva’）、‘小叶紫’（B. glabra ‘Sao paulo’）、‘伊娃白’（B. glabra ‘Mrs Eva White’）、‘加州黄金’（B. × buttiana ‘California Gold’）和‘橙红’（B. × buttiana ‘Afterglow’）等5个三角梅品种为试材,采用FDA、液体培养基萌发法检测5个品种的花粉生活力,探究不同保存方法对其花粉活力的影响;利用联苯胺-过氧化氢法对5个品种的柱头可授性进行比较分析。结果表明：（1）0.01%FDA染色液均能使5个三角梅品种染色,其中,‘伊娃白’花粉活力最高,花粉活力为27.16%;其次是‘伊娃夫人’和‘小叶紫’,分别为13.98%和11.86%;活力最低的是‘橙红’和‘加州黄金’,分别为7.17%和4.01%。（2）不同保存条件下,5个三角梅品种的花粉活力存在显著差异。28℃干燥保存条件下,各品种花粉活力大小顺序为‘小叶紫’>‘伊娃夫人’>‘伊娃白’>‘橙红’>‘加州黄金’;4℃冰箱保存条件下,各品种花粉活力大小顺序为‘伊娃夫人’>‘伊娃白’>‘小叶紫’>‘加州黄金’>‘橙红’。（3）通过液体培养基培养12 h后5个三角梅品种的花粉萌发率均较低,其中‘小叶紫’萌发率相对较高,为4.50%;其次是‘伊娃白’和‘伊娃夫人’,分别为2.78%和2.51%;‘加州黄金’和‘橙红’萌发率最低,分别为0.98%和0.08%。（4）5个三角梅品种的柱头可授性差异明显,其中‘小叶紫’和‘伊娃夫人’柱头可授性较好,其次是‘伊娃白’,而‘加州黄金’和‘橙红’柱头可授性均较低。综上,‘小叶紫’‘伊娃夫人’和‘伊娃白’3个三角梅品种适合作为杂交育种中的亲本材料。 相似文献
6.
为探究枯草芽孢杆菌与化学杀菌剂协同防治橡胶树根病的可行性,为橡胶树根病的可持续防治提供依据。采用抑菌圈法和平板菌落计数法分别测定7种杀菌剂和枯草芽孢杆菌Czk1菌株对橡胶树红根病菌、褐根病菌的毒力以及杀菌剂与Czk1菌的生物相容性,并用Horsfall法确定复配方案。结果表明："根康"对橡胶树红根病菌和褐根病菌的EC50分别为0.6253、0.0522 μg/mL,EC50均最低且与Czk1菌有很好的生物相容性。"根康"（EC50=0.6253 μg/mL）与Czk1(EC50=6.46×10 7 CFU/mL)混配,体积比V(Czk1)∶V("根康")=7∶3时,对红根病菌的增效比率值IR值为1.60;"根康"（EC50=0.0522 μg/mL）与生防菌Czk1（EC50=2.33×10 8 CFU/mL）混配,体积比V(Czk1)∶V("根康")=7∶3时,对褐根病菌IR值为1.51。研究表明,"根康"可与Czk1联用协同防治橡胶树根病,菌药复配剂的防效明显优于单剂"根康"和单剂生防菌Czk1的防效,且混配剂中"根康"使用量只有单剂的1/3,大幅降低了化学药剂的使用量。 相似文献
7.
Responses to a piperidine fungicide, fenpropidin, and to a morpholine, fenpropimorph, of single-colony isolates of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei, collected in eastern Scotland and England in 1988, were strongly correlated. All isolates could be classified as sensitive (S) or resistant (R) to these fungicides. There was comparatively little variation in sensitivity to a second morpholine, tridemorph. Responses to tridemorph were weakly correlated with responses to fenpropidin and fenpropimorph. The levels of resistance detected were low in relation to recommended field application rates of the fungicides. Four R isolates, from north-east Scotland, had lower sensitivities to fenpropimorph and tridemorph than others in the R group, but showed similar sensitivities to fenpropidin. R isolates were frequent in Scotland, from Midlothian north to Moray, where the highly mildew-susceptible variety Golden Promise was widely grown, but were not found in England. The pattern of race-specific virulences of R and S isolates indicates that resistance to fenpropidin and fenpropimorph evolved several times, and therefore suggests that the same gene(s) causes resistance to both chemicals. 相似文献
8.
Antagonistic bacteria were evaluated for their effectiveness in postharvest control of grey mould on fresh-market tomatoes. Grey mould was reduced in fresh-market tomatoes treated with antagonists and artificially inoculated with Botrytis cinerea, and stored at 20 °C for at least 7 days. One strain, 5PVB (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) was particularly effective. This strain apparently did not produce extracellular antibiotic substances, yet was highly active against the pathogen on both mature-green and red tomatoes. Treatment with 5PVB before storage at 10 °C showed only fungistatic activity against grey mould. Chilling-injured mature-green tomatoes were more susceptible to B. cinerea. On chilled fruits the bacterial antagonist completely controlled the pathogen if the treatment was applied immediately after storage at 2 °C. In fermentation tests on four industrial waste materials, B. amyloliquefaciens grew well and maintained its antagonistic activity when grown in two of them. In pilot experiments with wounded fruits dipped in the bacterial cell and pathogen suspension, the development of decay was effectively inhibited. 相似文献
9.
This work determined the sensitivity of field populations of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary before exposure to the fungicide fludioxonil (= baseline sensitivity) and assessed the risk of fludioxonil resistance. The mean EC50 (Effective Concentration) and Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for fludioxonil based on inhibition of mycelial growth of 120 wild-type isolates were 0.015 ± 0.005 μg/ml and <0.05 μg/ml, respectively. Positive cross-resistance was not detected between fludioxonil and benzimidazole fungicides but was detected between fludioxonil and dicarboximide fungicides which are considered as high resistance risk fungicides by FRAC, even though these fungicides have different molecular structures. By growing wild-type isolates on potato dextrose agar (PDA) containing sublethal concentrations of the fungicide, we obtained four fludioxonil-resistant mutants with resistance factors (EC50 resistant/EC50 sensitive phenotypes) >2000. The laboratory fludioxonil mutants were less fitter than their parental isolates in terms of mycelial radial growth, pathogenicity and sclerotial production. Moreover, on PDA amended with NaCl, the laboratory fludioxonil mutants grew more slowly than their fludioxonil-sensitive parents, especially at lower concentrations of NaCl. According to the fitness of mutants and the cross-resistance between fludioxonil and dicarboximide fungicides, phenylpyrroles can be considered to pose a moderate resistance risk. In a field trial, fludioxonil provided greater control (over 90% disease control) of S. sclerotiorum than iprodione. 相似文献
10.
Alternaria alternata is the predominant fungal pathogen responsible for moldy-core in red delicious strains of apple. In this study, we report on the effects of the polyoxin B compound Polar, the strobilurin fungicides, azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin, and the sterol inhibitor difenoconazole on spore germination, mycelial growth and fruit decay on detached fruits caused by A. alternata. Germination was most sensitive to polyoxin B and trifloxystrobin among the tested compounds. The 50% and 95% effective concentration (EC50, and EC95), values for in vitro inhibition of conidial germination of the fungus were lowest for polyoxin B and trifloxystrobin, ranging from <0.01 to 0.15 μg/ml and 180 μg/ml, respectively. Germination was least sensitive to difenoconazole and azoxystrobin (EC50 and EC95 values ranging from 25 to 72 μg/ml and 720 μg/ml, respectively). Mycelial growth in vitro of A. alternata was most sensitive to difenoconazole (EC50 and EC95 values of 0.8 and 12 μg/ml, respectively) and least sensitive to both strobilurin fungicides (EC95>1000 μg/ml). Decay formation by A. alternata on mature detached fruits was most affected by trifloxystrobin and azoxystrobin (EC50 and EC95 values of 0.015–0.087 μg/ml and 8 μg/ml, respectively), intermidiate in sensitivity to Polyoxin B (EC50 and EC95 from 1 to 33 μg/ml, respectively), and difenoconazole was the least effective (EC50 and EC95 from 20 to 490 μg/ml, respectively). Polyoxin B applied at 24 or 48 h post-inoculation inhibited fruit decay development. Difenoconazole and trifloxystrobin were less effective and azoxystrobin was ineffective when applied at 48 h post inoculation. The activity of azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, Polyoxin B and trifloxystrobin on one or more stages of the life cycle of A. alternata and on decay development in fruits suggests that these compounds potentially could provide control of moldy-core disease in apple. 相似文献
11.
Y. Elad 《Crop Protection》2000,19(8-10):709-714
Biocontrol of foliar diseases is an alternative means of management of foliar pathogens. One of the most studied commercial biocontrol agents is isolate T39 of Trichoderma harzianum which can be regarded as a model to demonstrate biocontrol under commercial conditions and the mechanisms involved. This biocontrol agent (BCA) controls the foliar pathogens, Botrytis cinerea, Pseuperonospora cubensis, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Sphaerotheca fusca (syn. S. fuliginea) in cucumber under commercial greenhouse conditions. Control efficacy was similar for three different rates (covering a fourfold range). Involvement of locally and systemically induced resistance has been demonstrated. Cells of the BCA applied to the roots, and dead cells applied to the leaves of cucumber plants induced control of powdery mildew. The BCA suppressed enzymes of B. cinerea, such as pectinases, cutinase, glucanase and chitinase, through the action of protease secreted on plant surfaces. A combination of several modes of action is responsible for biocontrol. However, biocontrol is not achieved by means of antibiotics or by mycoparasitism, in spite of the fact that BCA has the potential to degrade cell-wall polymers, such as chitin. 相似文献
12.
A total of 134 Czech Pseudoperonospora cubensis isolates originating from Cucumis sativus were used for fungicide resistance screening. Efficacy of six commonly used and registered fungicides was screened in Czech P. cubensis populations. The investigations covered the frequency and occurrence of sensitive, moderately resistant and resistant isolates to the individual fungicides during the period 2005–2010. Fosetyl-Al (Aliette 80 W) and propamocarb (Previcur 607 SL) were the most effective fungicides. All tested isolates were sensitive on all tested fosetyl-Al concentrations. However, some isolates expressed resistance (profuse sporulation) or moderate resistance (limited sporulation) to lower and/or even to recommended concentrations of propamocarb in the years 2006 and 2008–2010. Metalaxyl (Ridomil PLUS 48 WP) and metalaxyl-M (Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WP) were ineffective. Isolates collected in 2008 and 2009 showed large variation in moderate resistance or resistance even at high fungicide dosages. However, this result was not confirmed in 2010, when efficacy of these fungicides increased slightly, and 69% and 43% of isolates were controlled at the recommended concentration of metalaxyl-M and metalaxyl, respectively. Limited or profuse sporulation was observed only sporadically at high concentrations. Sensitivity of isolates to cymoxanil (Curzate K) differed among the studied years. While cymoxanil was ineffective in the years 2005–2008 and in 2010, 68% of isolates were controlled at the recommended concentration in 2009. During the years 2005 through 2010, a shift towards higher sensitivity to dimethomorph was observed at all screened concentrations. 相似文献
13.
Cercospora beticola, causal agent of Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) of sugar beet, is primarily controlled by fungicides. Benzimidazole and demethylation inhibiting fungicides, including carbendazim and flutriafol, have been widely used in Serbia. Since these fungicide groups have a site-specific mode of action, there is a high risk for developing resistance in target organisms, which is the most important limiting factor in Cercospora leaf spot chemical control. A rapid identification of flutriafol and carbendazim resistance can help researchers in examining the potential of different fungicide resistance management practices, as well as in selection of fungicides for use in the areas where resistance has occurred. One hundred single-conidia isolates were collected from 70 representative locations of the sugar beet production region in Serbia. Evaluation of the isolates' sensitivity was based on the reduction of mycelial growth on medium amended with 1.25 μg mL−1 flutriafol and 5 μg mL−1 carbendazim. Resistance to flutriafol and carbendazim was detected in 16% and 96% of the tested isolates, respectively. All isolates resistant to flutriafol were resistant to carbendazim as well, which is the first report of a double resistance to fungicides in C. beticola. Detection of the isolates resistant to flutriafol and carbendazim using Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence (CAPS) markers confirmed the results of the in vitro tests. The efficacy of carbendazim, flutriafol, azoxystrobin, and tetraconazole at commercially recommended doses was evaluated in field trials where sugar beet plants in plots were inoculated with a mixture of isolates either sensitive and/or resistant to flutriafol and carbendazim. Carbendazim and flutriafol efficacy was very low in plots inoculated with isolates resistant to these fungicides. Presented results will contribute to development of a pathogen population sensitivity monitoring strategy that could be used for an effective CLS management in the region. 相似文献
14.
由核盘菌（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum）引起的菌核病是油菜等十字花科作物的重要病害,对油菜的产量品质造成严重影响。本研究基于转录组数据筛选到一个核盘菌基因Ss160 (Sscle04g035160),发现Ss160在接种油菜的核盘菌中高度表达。生物信息分析表明该基因具有信号肽,且序列在真菌界高度保守。亚细胞定位显示Ss160无特异性的定位,烟草叶片瞬时表达Ss160在核盘菌离体叶接种实验中病斑扩展显著小于表达空载体的和野生型烟草叶片,暗示异源表达Ss160能够提高植物的菌核病抗性。基于酵母系统的体外实验证明Ss160具有转录激活能力。该研究结果为后续Ss160在核盘菌-植物互作中功能机制的研究提供基础,也为油菜菌核病的研究提供借鉴和参考。 相似文献
15.
为探究北方强冬性甘蓝型冬油菜（Brassica napus L.）生长锥低温响应特性及其与抗寒性的关系,以冬性不同的甘蓝型冬油菜为试验材料,通过体式显微镜解剖、石蜡切片、扫描电镜等方法观察生长锥形态,通过测定半致死温度（LT50）鉴定不同品种的抗寒性,并对STM等生长锥调控关键基因进行克隆和表达分析。结果表明,冬前低温处理后,强冬性抗寒品种VHTSG10与VHTS309-4苗期的生长锥表面光滑,相对高度较低,弱冬性材料VH天油2288和VH新油23号苗期的生长锥表面有小突起组织,相对高度较高;不同品种间LT50与生长锥相对高度极显著正相关;调控苗期生长锥分化的关键基因BnSTM,其相对表达量与生长锥相对高度显著正相关,而BnCUC2基因相对表达量与生长锥相对高度极显著负相关;BnSTM基因存在1149 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码382个氨基酸,包含KNOX1、KNOX2、ELK和Homeobox＿KN 4个保守结构域,与白菜型油菜（Brassica rapa L.）的亲缘关系较近,蛋白序列相似性为98.69%,亚细胞定位分析表明BnSTM蛋白在细胞核表达,参与茎尖分生组织的生长发育,与... 相似文献
16.
Leen C. Davidse Oda C. M. Gerritsma Joy Ideler Klaas Pie Grardy C. M. Velthuis 《Crop Protection》1988,7(6):347-355
The activity of the phenylamide fungicides metalaxyl, cyprofuram, benalaxyl and oxadixyl against phenylamide-sensitive and phenylamide-resistant strains of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. medicaginis and Phytophthora infestans has been compared in several tests. Metalaxyl showed the highest activity amongst the four fungicides against mycelial growth of sensitive strains on agar media. Benalaxyl and cyprofuram showed the highest activity against resistant strains. RNA synthesis of sensitive strains, measured as [3H]uridine incorporation, was inhibited by about 80% (P. megasperma) and by about 40% (P. infestans) by all phenylamides at concentrations of 1 μg/ml. At higher concentrations inhibition remained at this level, indicating that only part of the RNA synthesis was inhibited. RNA synthesis of resistant strains was completely insensitive to metalaxyl and oxadixyl at concentrations as high as 200 μg/ml. Cyprofuram, however, at concentrations above 1 μg/ml (P. megasperma) and 10 μg/ml (P. infestans) was inhibitory and at 200 μg/ml this compound almost completely inhibited the phenylamide-sensitive part of the RNA synthesis of both strains. In contrast to the other phenylamides, benalaxyl affected [3H]uridine uptake into mycelium at concentrations higher than 10 μg/ml, and at 100 μg/ml inhibition of uptake was almost total with both sensitive and resistant strains of both Phytophthora species. Inhibition of [3H]uridine uptake obviously is a feature of a second mechanism of action of benalaxyl. Endogenous RNA polymerase activity of isolated nuclei from sensitive strains of P. megasperma was inhibited at phenylamide concentrations as low as 0·1 μg/ml whereas that from resistant strains was not affected at concentrations as high as 100 μg/ml. Similarly, endogenous nuclear RNA polymerase activity of sensitive P. infestans strains appeared to be more sensitive to the phenylamides than that of resistant P. infestans strains. This suggests that resistance that developed in field strains of P. infestans has a basis similar to that of mutagen-induced resistance in laboratory strains of P. megasperma. Tests of the fungicidal activity of the phenylamides determined in a lucerne seedling assay (P. megasperma) and a detached potato leaf assay (P. infestans) clearly differentiated between sensitive and resistant strains. Resistance levels to cyprofuram and benalaxyl were as high as those to metalaxyl and oxadixyl, indicating that the additional effect of a second mechanism of action of benalaxyl and the property of cyprofuram to inhibit RNA synthesis of resistant strains at higher concentrations are of limited practical importance for counteracting phenylamide resistance. 相似文献
17.
为探究不同柱花草的抗旱性强弱,构建柱花草资源抗旱评价体系,以85份引进柱花草为试验材料,分别测定0（CK）、10%和20%质量浓度的PEG-6000渗透液胁迫下萌发期的相对发芽势、相对发芽率、相对胚根长、相对胚轴长、萌发抗旱指数共5项指标,分析不同干旱胁迫对柱花草种子萌发的影响,并结合隶属函数法综合评价柱花草抗旱性能。结果表明：低浓度的PEG对柱花草种子的萌发有一定促进作用,高浓度PEG降低了柱花草种子的相对发芽势和相对发芽率,阻碍了胚芽和胚根的生长,种间表现出较大差异。其中抗旱型材料为头状柱花草CIAT 2250、大头柱花草CIAT 2113和CIAT 1942、蔓性柱花草CIAT 10182,不耐旱材料有墨西哥柱花草CIAT 1590、卡尔奇柱花草CIAT 1616和CIAT 1624。本研究结果为引进柱花草资源抗旱性评价、抗旱品种选育及其机理研究提供了理论依据。 相似文献
18.
Baseline sensitivity to fungicides was determined in 105 Plasmopara viticola isolates using the floating leaf disk test. The mean EC50 values were 0.372 ± 0.104, 0.604 ± 0.215, 0.306 ± 0.101, and 0.922 ± 0.209 μg mL−1 for fluxapyroxad, benthiavalicarb-isopropyl, ametoctradin, and famoxadone, respectively, which we regarded as the baseline sensitivity to the four fungicides. Resistant mutants can be generated using a median effective concentration or a minimum inhibitory concentration to fluxapyroxad, benthiavalicarb-isopropyl, ametoctradin, and famoxadone respectively, but the resistance stability of resistant mutants from the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was significantly lower than that from the median effective concentration (EC50). In brief, high resistant mutants obtained was at the higher concentration, the resistance stability of the mutants recovered was more quickly. But lower resistant mutants obtained was at the lower concentration, the resistance stability of the mutants recovered was slower. Even if the resistance level of the mutants is low, it is more capable of stably heritable. These data indicate that the highest dosage is not used, resistance will still develop. In a correlation analysis, no cross-resistance to each other of these four fungicides was observed. 相似文献
19.
南亚实蝇Bactrocera tau (Walker),是葫芦科、茄科蔬菜和多种热带、亚热带果树上的主要害虫,抗逆性强,繁殖速度快,防治难度大。为挖掘可用于生物防治的分子靶标和探讨副信息素类引诱剂对其作用的分子基础,本研究采用Illumina HiSeq2500 PE125 bp测序技术对其混合样进行转录组测序和生物信息学分析。经序列拼接获得36 109条Unigenes,进一步与七大公共数据库进行同源比对,注释了21 127条Unigenes,其中在Nr数据库中注释成功的Unigenes数目最多,20 948条。Nr数据库注释的南亚实蝇B. tau Unigenes与地中海实蝇Ceratitis capitata同源性最高,达59.80%;与模式昆虫黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster的同源性次之,达14.86%。将Unigenes与GO数据库比对发现,14 029条Unigenes根据功能分为了3个大类57个亚类;而与KOG数据库比对结果为,13 479个Unigenes基因其功能属于25个类别;进一步KEGG数据库代谢分析表明,6442条Unigenes参与了5大类共152个代谢通路。基因注释进一步筛选鉴定获得了嗅觉相关基因528个,对其中气味结合蛋白基因氨基酸序列的分析表明,其大多为具有6个保守的半胱氨酸位点的典型气味结合蛋白,且与黑腹果蝇D. melanogaster、地中海实蝇C. Capicata、瓜实蝇B. cucuribitae、橘小实蝇B. dorsalis的气味结合蛋白基因具有很高的同源性。这为南亚实蝇对副信息素类引诱剂反应的相关功能基因的挖掘及从嗅觉上寻求科学的防治措施提供了基础数据。 相似文献
20.
Frogeye leaf spot, caused by Cercospora sojina, causes yield reductions to soybean (Glycine max) grown worldwide. Quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides have been effective in managing frogeye leaf spot, but the risk of selecting C. sojina strains with resistance to this class of fungicides is considered high. A QoI fungicide resistance monitoring program was initiated, in which sensitivities to azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, and trifloxystrobin were determined in C. sojina isolates collected prior to QoI fungicide use on soybean (baseline group) and C. sojina isolates collected from soybean fields in 2007, 2008 and 2009. For the baseline group, the mean effective fungicide concentration at which 50% of the conidial germination was inhibited (EC50) was determined to be 0.01287, 0.00028 and 0.00116 μg ml−1 for azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin, respectively. When mean EC50 values of 2007, 2008 and 2009 C. sojina isolates were compared to baseline C. sojina EC50 values, a small but statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) shift towards less sensitivity was observed for trifloxystrobin in 2009. Although small (<1.5-fold), this shift in sensitivity indicates a risk of selecting for C. sojina strains with reduced sensitivity to QoI fungicides, and fungicide sensitivities should continue to be monitored in the future. 相似文献