共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 78 毫秒
1.
2.
小麦赤霉病的抗性遗传分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
为给小麦抗赤霉病遗传改良提供参考,利用苏麦3号及5个当地推广小麦品种为亲本,按Griffing双列杂交法Ⅱ配制15个杂交组合,以赤霉病病小穗率为抗性指标,研究了小麦赤霉病抗性的遗传。结果表明,在6个小麦品种中,苏麦3号和扬麦9号赤霉病抗性的一般配合力最好,能极显著地提高杂种后代的赤霉病抗性。小麦赤霉病抗性的遗传符合加性显性模型,同时受加性和显性效应的作用,且加性效应更重要,显性程度为部分显性。控制赤霉病遗传的增效等位基因为显性,增减效等位基因频率在亲本中的分配存在显著差异。苏麦3号具有最多的控制赤霉病抗性遗传的显性基因,而宁麦8号则具有控制赤霉病抗性遗传最多的隐性基因。小麦赤霉病抗性可能受2~3对主效基因的控制,狭义遗传力较高,早代选择有效。论文最后还就小麦抗赤霉病育种进行了探讨。 相似文献
3.
对冬小麦品种穗发芽抗性的初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
１９９２－１９９５年用室内保湿法对１５００份小麦材料进行穗发芽抗性鉴定，从小麦穗长发芽与收获后的种子发芽的比较把小麦收获前穗发芽分为低，中，高３种敏感型，白粒品种穗发芽抗性低于红粒品种；数量遗传分析表明，小麦穗发芽率的广义遗传力高于６０％。 相似文献
4.
选用10个优质的或抗稻瘟病的品种,通过双列分析研究了稻瘟病抗性、有效穗、直链淀粉含量和胶稠度的遗传和配合力进行了分析。结果表明,稻瘟病抗性、直链淀粉含量和胶稠度主要受加性基因效应控制。每株分蘖数、穗数、穗长和株高既受加性效应也受非加性效应控制。外选35是具有抗稻瘟病、粒形美观和高配合力和抗性遗传力强的品种,但在胶稠度和直链淀粉上不佳。试验还发现,二八占抗性和米质性状结合较好,其抗性和米质的一般配合力效应均较显著,可以作为新的抗性材料。 相似文献
5.
母体对小麦胚的ABA敏感性和种子休眠性的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
种子休眠是品种穗发芽抗性的主导因素,休眠特性与母体效应和胚对ABA的敏感性均有密切关系。为了了解母体对小麦胚的ABA敏感性和种子休眠的影响,为抗穗发芽育种提供科学依据,对穗发芽抗性不同的小麦品种及它们正反交F1后代授粉后不同发育阶段的胚进行了ABA敏感性鉴定,并对收获前的籽粒发芽能力进行了测定。结果表明,在种子发育过程中,不同基因型的离体胚萌发能力存在差异,抗穗发芽品种的胚对ABA敏感性明显高于易穗发芽品种,胚对ABA的敏感性与其萌发能力关系密切,随着萌发能力的升高,胚对ABA的敏感性降低。在成熟种子中,F1的休眠性偏向于抗性亲本。尽管成熟种子和胚的休眠表现出一定的母体效应,但母体对发育至成熟过程中胚的ABA敏感性并没有影响。因而,母体对种子休眠的影响可能与胚的ABA敏感性无关。 相似文献
6.
白皮小麦皮薄且胚乳相对含量及出粉率高,较红皮小麦更受农户和企业青睐,但也更易发生穗发芽。为了给抗穗发芽机理研究及抗性育种提供参考,本研究首先在7个不同环境条件下对来自世界主要小麦产区的502个白皮小麦材料进行穗发芽抗性鉴定和评价,然后对白皮小麦穗发芽抗性进行位点关联分析。穗发芽抗性鉴定结果表明,502个白皮小麦材料中,仅1.39%的材料平均发芽率小于40%,其中Osiris（埃及）、Vilmorin 29（法国）、Miana（法国）、Kanto 107（日本）、Darwin（德国）、Magnif MG（阿根廷）和Benefactress（英国）具有在多个环境下稳定的穗发芽抗性。利用与小麦穗发芽抗性紧密连锁的236对标记筛选到202个多样性位点,依据遗传结构将白皮小麦群体分为3类（K=3）时,分别有40.92%、30.03%和29.04%的材料分在三个亚群中,当K=6时群体结构趋于稳定,同时发现,非洲的材料群体结构单一,而来自其他地区的材料遗传结构更复杂。结合穗发芽表型与K=3~6时的遗传结构数据对具有代表性的303个白皮小麦材料进行关联分析,通过平均值与各环境值分别关联到4个与15个在白皮小麦群体中与穗发芽抗性相关的等位变异位点。其中, Xwmc24.2-1A、 Xcfd44.1-2D、 Xbarc321.2-3A、 Xgwm397.1-4A和 Xwmc75.1-5B能够在不同环境中关联到,为较稳定的白皮小麦抗穗发芽位点。 相似文献
7.
杂交水稻种子穗萌遗传效应的研究 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
以穗萌抗性水平不一的6个不育系和7个恢复系为亲本材料，采用不完全双列杂交的试验设计，并运用包括胚乳、细胞质和母体植株三套遗传体系的种子遗传模型及估算遗传方差分量和预测遗传效应值的统计分析方法，对杂交水稻种子穗萌特性的遗传效应进行了研究。结果表明，杂交水稻种子的穗发芽率同时受种子直接加性、种子直接显性和母体加性效应的影响，且以种子直接效应为主，不受细胞质和母体显性效应的影响。在选择育种中，田间穗上发芽率以单粒选为好。而穗萌指数同时受制于种子直接遗传效应、母体效应和细胞质效应，但母体植株中只测到显著的母体加性效应。 相似文献
8.
对２３５个品种（系）进行了小麦成熟期的穗发芽抗性鉴定研究，结果表明，红粒品种普遍抗穗发芽，但不少白粒品种抗性亦较强，颖壳颜色与抗性无关，山西省育成品种（系）的抗性比国外品种较差。从山西省的１５２份白粒品种中鉴定出８份较抗穗发芽的品种，以供育种及专题研究利用。 相似文献
9.
为探究不同麦区小麦品种的穗发芽抗性及其与穗部性状的相关性,以黄淮冬麦区(南片和北片)、北部冬麦区及长江中下游麦区的235份小麦品种为试验材料,选用2个能够有效用于穗发芽抗性筛选的分子标记Vp1B3和WMC104,结合整穗发芽试验,对各麦区小麦品种穗发芽抗性进行鉴定,并分析穗发芽抗性与穗部及籽粒性状间的相关性。结果表明,长江中下游麦区小麦穗发芽抗性显著高于其他三个麦区,其供试小麦品种60%以上达到抗性等级,其余三个麦区中达到抗性等级的品种均不超过30%;供试品种中,扬麦10号、荆麦103、川农16等15个品种为高抗穗发芽品种,发芽率均值为4.85%,是穗发芽抗性育种中的重要抗性资源。整穗发芽率与穗部及籽粒性状相关性分析表明,穗发芽率与籽粒颜色极显著正相关,与小穗密度、千粒重、籽粒宽度等显著正相关。在育种过程中,可将籽粒颜色、小穗密度、千粒重及籽粒宽度等作为抗穗发芽小麦品种的重要参考指标。 相似文献
10.
节节麦(Aegilops tauschii,DD)是六倍体普通小麦D基因组的祖先,其自然类群中含有丰富的抗逆、高产基因,利用其与四倍体硬粒小麦合成的六倍体小麦在现代小麦育种中得到了愈来愈多的应用。本课题在野生节节麦类群中发现了大穗、大粒材料AT462,利用其作母本与节节麦材料AT18(强分蘖)杂交;构建了F2、F3群体,通过调查亲本和群体单株的穗长、小穗数、粒长、粒宽和粒重等表型,对这些穗部性状进行了相关性分析和遗传分析。结果表明:(1)在F2和F3群体中,粒重、粒长与穗长之间不存在显著相关性,而且穗长与粒宽之间在两个群体中的平均相关系数绝对值小于0.1,粒重与小穗数之间的相关系数绝对值小于0.2,表明节节麦大粒相关性状不受穗长的影响,受小穗数影响也较小;(2)采用F2单世代分离分析的方法对节节麦AT462×AT18的F2群体大穗、大粒相关性状进行遗传分析,其中穗长受2对具有加性效应的主效基因控制;粒重和小穗数均同时受2对基因的加性效应、显性效应以及互作效应控制,其中加性效应占主导地位;粒长、粒宽均受2对基因的加性效应、显性效应以及互作效应控制,且三种效应较为均衡。这说明控制节节麦粒重、穗长、小穗数等产量性状相关基因的加性效应在遗传中占主导地位,在育种中较易利用,且其主效基因的遗传力达0.9。 相似文献
11.
Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
12.
13.
Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
15.
16.
Tatiana G. Polotow Sandra C. Poppe Cristina V. Vardaris Douglas Ganini Maísa Guariroba Rita Mattei Elaine Hatanaka Maria F. Martins Eduardo F. Bondan Marcelo P. Barros 《Marine drugs》2015,13(10):6117-6137
Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions. 相似文献
17.
Youna Hemery Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Tanja Nurmi Vieno Piironen Minnamari Edelmann Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased. 相似文献
18.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
19.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
20.
Tovar LR Olivos M Gutierrez ME 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2008,63(4):189-194
Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate
present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides
most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but
poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in
central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn. 相似文献