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1.
Filtration rates of hatchery-reared king scallop (Pecten maximus L.) juveniles, fed a single species alga diet (Pavlova lutheri (Droop) Green), were measured at a range of temperatures (6–21 °C). Weight specific filtration rate (ml min−1 g−1 (live weight)) of juveniles of a selected size range of 17–19 mm shell height (0.26–0.36 g live weight) increased with temperature above 16 °C and decreased below 11 °C, but was not significantly different between these two temperatures. Measurements at 16 °C using juveniles with a wider size range of 10–25 mm shell height (0.05–0.8 g live weight) gave the allometric equation: filtration rate (ml min−1)=12.19×weight (g)0.887. Filtration rate decreased significantly when the cell concentration was greater than 200 cells μl−1 (4.25 mg (organic weight) l−1). With six other algae food species, filtration rates similar to those with P. lutheri were only achieved with Chaetoceros calcitrans (Paulsen) Takano. All other algae species tested were cleared from suspension at significantly lower rates. Experiments with diet mixtures of P. lutheri and these other algae suggested that this was usually a reflection of lowered filtration activity, rather than pre-ingestive rejection of cells. In experimental outdoor nursery rearing systems, the filtration rate was inversely proportional to the concentration of cells in the inflow, in the range 5–210 cells μl−1. It was not affected by flow rate (2–130 l h−1, equivalent to 0.12–28.38 l h−1 g−1 (live weight)) with scallop juveniles stocked from 2 to 62 g l−1. The results are discussed in relation to on-growing scallops at field sites.  相似文献   

2.
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) of cultured salmonids in Tasmania is caused by the amphizoic parasitic amoeba Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis. The freshwater tolerance of amoebae isolated from the gills of AGD-affected salmon (predominantly N. pemaquidensis) was tested in vitro using a trypan blue exclusion assay. Amoebae exposed to water containing high concentrations of Ca2+ or Mg2+ (200 mg l−1) showed high levels of survival up to 3 h of exposure. Exposure to water containing elevated Na+, choline chloride or water at different pH all had no significant survival of amoebae. Exposure of amoebae to different concentrations of chlorine dioxide, chloramine-T or hydrogen peroxide in artificially hard water demonstrated that chloramine-T and hydrogen peroxide were the most efficacious at killing amoebae in vitro. This work suggests that the hardness of freshwater may be an important factor for the survival of marine amoebae (predominantly N. pemaquidensis) on the gills of AGD-affected salmon and have significant implications with regard to the efficacy of freshwater bathing practices for the control of AGD on farms. Additionally, chloramine-T and hydrogen peroxide appear to be efficacious at killing marine gill amoebae in vitro and may be useful for the control of AGD in farmed Atlantic salmon.  相似文献   

3.
Juvenile greenlip abalone, Haliotis laevigata, (mean whole weight 4.48±1.9 g, mean±s.d., n=953) were highly sensitive to ammonia as indicated by depressed growth rate and food consumption measured over 2–3 months in bioassay tanks. For growth rate expressed on a whole weight basis, the EC5 and EC50 values (5 and 50% growth reductions) were 0.041 mg FAN l−1 (Free Ammonia–Nitrogen) and 0.158 mg FAN l−1, respectively. Shell growth rates declined over the entire experimental range (0.006–0.188 mg FAN l−1). At the end of the bioassay, groups of abalone were transferred to respiratory chambers. Oxygen consumption rate increased to a maximum of 188% of control values at 0.235 mg FAN l−1 and decreased slightly at the highest concentration of 0.418 mg FAN l−1.  相似文献   

4.
A hydraulically integrated serial turbidostat algal reactor (HISTAR) for the mass production of microalgae was designed, constructed and preliminarily evaluated. The 9266-l experimental system consists of two enclosed turbidostats hydraulically linked to a series of six open continuous-flow, stirred-tank reactors (CFSTRs). The system was monitored and controlled using GENESIS process control software. A production study was preformed using Isochrysis sp. (C-iso) to assess system stability and production potential under commercial-like conditions. The study was performed at the following target system parameters: system dilution rate of 0.49 per day, pH 7.6, NITROGEN=10 mg l−1, PHOSPHORUS=2 mg l−1, and artificial illumination (photosynthetic photon flux density) from 1000 W metal halide LAMPS=800 μmol s−1 m−2. At steady state conditions, daily harvested algal paste was 1454 g (wet), mean areal system PRODUCTIVITY=47.8±3.04 g m−2 per day (17.1±1.09 g C m−2 per day) and mean CFSTR6 DENSITY=105.5±6.71 mg l−1.  相似文献   

5.
Growth performance and food conversion efficiency (FCE) were investigated in juvenile spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor Olafsen), mean (S.D.) initial weight 15.7 (4.8) g, reared at four levels of carbon dioxide (CO2(aq)) for 10 weeks at 6 °C and 33‰. CO2 levels averaged 1.1 (control), 18.1 (low), 33.5 (medium) and 59.4 (high) mg l−1, with corresponding pH values of 8.10, 6.98, 6.71 and 6.45, respectively. In addition, kidneys from sampled fish were examined macroscopically for gross signs of calcareous deposits, i.e. nephrocalcinosis, at the start and end of the experiment. Growth was significantly reduced at the highest concentration (P<0.0001), as compared to all other groups, while no overall differences in growth rate or mean weight were seen in the range of 1.1–33.5 mg CO2 l−1 at the end of the experiment. Daily feeding rates and total food consumption were reduced at the highest concentration (P<0.001), whereas food conversion efficiency did not vary significantly between groups. Plasma chloride levels displayed a significant decrease with increasing CO2 levels, from 151.3 mmol l−1 (1.1 mg CO2 l−1) to 128.3 mmol l−1 (59.4 mg CO2 l−1) at the end of the experiment, whereas plasma osmolality in the high CO2 group was significantly higher compared to the control group at the end of the experiment (371.4 and 350.8 mOsmol kg−1, respectively). Nephrocalcinosis was observed in all groups at the end of the experiment, but was most pronounced in the medium and high CO2 group.  相似文献   

6.
Hizikia fusiforme (Harv.) Okamura (brown seaweed) was cultured using aeration with two CO2 conditions: outdoor air (actual atmospheric CO2 concentration, averaging 360 μl l− 1) and CO2-enriched air (averaging 700 μl l− 1), to investigate the possible adjustments of elevated atmospheric CO2 to the growth, photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism in this mariculture species. Aeration with CO2-enriched air reduced the pH in the culture medium in comparison with aeration with air. The mean relative growth rate was enhanced when H. fusiforme was grown at high CO2 with respect to normal CO2. There was little change in the rate of light-saturated photosynthesis, dark respiratory rate and apparent photosynthetic efficiency, measured in natural seawater, between thalli grown in high and normal CO2 contents. However, both the mean nitrate uptake rate and the activity of nitrate reductase at light period were increased following culture at high CO2, indicating an enhanced nitrogen assimilation of H. fusiforme thalli with the CO2 enrichment in culture. It was proposed that the intensive cultivation of H. fusiforme would remove nutrients more efficiently with the future elevation of CO2 levels in seawater, which could be a possible solution to the problem of ongoing coastal eutrophication.  相似文献   

7.
The 96-h LC50 of ammonia-N and the effects of dietary vitamin C on oxygen consumption, ammonia-N excretion and Na+/K+ ATPase activity of Macrobrachium nipponense exposed to ambient ammonia were investigated. The results showed that the 96-h LC50 of ammonia-N was 36.6 mg l−1 for the freshwater prawn, M. nipponense, at pH 8.0. When prawns were exposed to high ambient ammonia-N concentrations, the oxygen consumption rate increased and ammonia excretion decreased. Dietary vitamin C supplementation led to higher oxygen consumption and lower ammonia excretion. Na+/K+ ATPase activity increased with increased ambient ammonia-N exposure in the range of 0–18.3 mg l−1, and then was reduced at ambient ammonia-N 36.6 mg l−1. Na+/K+ ATPase activities of prawns fed a vitamin C-supplemented diet were significantly lower than those of prawns fed a diet which was not supplemented with vitamin C.  相似文献   

8.
The effects of stocking density, light and shelter on the growth and survival of Clarias gariepinus fingerings was evaluated. In this experiment African catfish with initial individual mean weight 0.79±0.1 g were reared at two different stocking densities—5 fish l−1 and 10 fish l−1 in either sheltered or unsheltered tanks with reduced and normal light condition. In all conditions growth rate was significantly affected by stocking density. The growth rate was significantly higher at low densities and in reduced light conditions where shelter was provided. Survival rate was in excess of 79% in all treatments and was not affected by treatment.  相似文献   

9.
In order to develop a simple and accurate index of the salinity resistance of tilapia, batches of 10 juveniles (5 to 20 g) of two different species Oreochromis niloticus and Sarotherodon melanotheron reared in freshwater were subjected to gradual increases in salinity until 100% mortality. Seven daily increments of salinity were tested with 4 replicates: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 g l−1 day−1, while control batches were kept in fresh water. The temperature was maintained at 27 °C. The concentration of oxygen, ammonia and the pH were not limiting factors. The mortality, monitored on a daily basis, appeared after 2–51 days and was spread out over 1–20 days, depending on the increment of salinity. The higher the daily rate in salinity increase, then the shorter the time lapse before total mortality occurred. The cumulative mortality as a function of salinity fit well with simple linear regressions. The criterion of the resistance to salinity was the index MLS (median lethal salinity) defined at each daily rate as the salinity at which 50% of fish died. For S. melanotheron, the mean MLS was 123.7±3.5 g l−1 whatever the daily rate in salinity. For O. niloticus, the MLS was 46.3±3.4 g l−1 for daily increases in salinity ranging from 2 to 8 g l−1 day−1 and decreased significantly (P<0.05) above this level. The MLS-8 g l−1 day−1 ,which takes into account the full capacity of the fish to adapt to the increasing salinity, appeared to be a simple, optimized and efficient criterion for assessing the resistance to salinity for O. niloticus and S. melanotheron. This criterion can be a useful tool for ranking the different parental strains and hybrids of different genus and species of tilapia used in programmes of genetic selection for growth and salinity tolerance.  相似文献   

10.
A cyanobacterium (Spirulina platensis) was co-cultured with black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) for water quality control. We evaluated the effects of: (1) three S. platensis trial conditions on inorganic nitrogen concentrations at one shrimp density (S. platensis trial conditions included: absent, nonharvested and semicontinuous harvesting) and (2) two shrimp densities on inorganic nitrogen concentrations, with and without S. platensis. Semicontinuous harvesting of S. platensis at one shrimp density resulted in significantly reduced (P<0.05) inorganic nitrogen concentrations (NH4, NO2 and NO3). With S. platensis absent, ammonium and nitrite concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 0.6 mg l−1, while nitrate concentrations ranged from 16 to 18 mg l−1 by day 44. With nonharvested S. platensis, considerable variability occurred with nitrogen concentrations. Semicontinuous harvest of S. platensis reduced nitrate to 4 mg l−1, while ammonium and nitrite ranged from 0.0 to 0.15 mg l−1, respectively. The factorial evaluation of shrimp density versus presence and absence of S. platensis resulted in greatly reduced nitrogenous compounds with S. platensis present regardless of shrimp density, and only moderately increased nitrogen with greater shrimp density. Without S. platensis, all nitrogen compounds were substantially elevated and shrimp survived was significantly reduced at high shrimp density.  相似文献   

11.
不同消毒剂对三种鲑科鱼受精卵成活率的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
在水温4.5±1.3℃下和桶式流水孵化器中,研究了不同浓度过氧化氢水溶液、聚维酮碘、甲醛溶液和二氧化氯对虹鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）、金鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）和白斑红点鲑（Salvelinus leucomaenis）受精卵至发眼期胚胎的成活率和防治水霉菌等感染的效果。结果表明：二氧化氯处理组与对照组鱼胚胎的发眼率与畸形率差异显著;聚维酮碘处理组鱼胚胎的发眼率虽与对照组无显著差异,但畸形率明显高于甲醛对照组。因此,聚维酮碘和二氧化氯不适于这三种鱼受精卵的消毒。1000 mg.L-1的过氧化氢饱和水溶液（双氧水）与1500 mg.L-1甲醛处理组鱼胚胎的在发眼率无显著差异,但随着药物浓度的增加,其畸形率显著高于对照组。因此,建议鲑鳟鱼受精卵孵化过程中可用1000 mg.L-1双氧水防止水霉菌滋生,提高受精卵的成活率。  相似文献   

12.
The effect of lipid supplementation and algal ration on growth and fatty acid composition of juvenile clams, Tapes philippinarum was investigated. A diet of Tetraselmis suecica was supplemented with a lipid emulsion and fed at a daily ration of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% WW DW−1 day−1. A mixed algal diet of Isochrysis galbana (clone T-Iso) and T. suecica (1:1 on DW basis) and starvation functioned as positive and negative control treatments, respectively. T. suecica, which contains eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n−3) but no docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n−3), was supplemented with 50% (% of algal dry weight) of a 22:6n−3-rich emulsion. Higher growth rates of T. philippinarum were associated with higher T. suecica feeding rations. Lipid supplementation resulted in significantly better growth rates of T. philippinarum at a T. suecica ration of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% WW DW−1 day−1. The growth promoting effect of lipid supplementation was significantly reduced during 4 consecutive weeks or by increasing the algal feeding ration. Increasing T. suecica rations were associated with a decrease in the % composition of 22:6n−3 while the 20:5n−3% composition was hardly affected in the total lipids of T. philippinarum. On the contrary, the absolute concentration of 22:6n−3 (μg per gram dry weight, μg g DW−1) in the total lipids of T. philippinarum was similar at all T. suecica rations while the 20:5n−3 concentration significantly increased. The major effect of lipid supplementation on the fatty acid composition of the clams, was a significant increase of the 22:6n−3% composition in the total lipids, polar lipids and triglycerides. In contrast with 20:5n−3, the effect of lipid supplementation on the absolute 22:6n−3 content (μg g DW−1) was more pronounced at a higher T. suecica ration. After a starvation period of 4 weeks, the concentration (μg g DW−1) of all fatty acids was significantly reduced, except the n−7 monoenoic fatty acids (MUFA) and the non-methylene interrupted dienoic fatty acids (NMID). The concentration (μg g DW−1) of the NMID in starved clams and clams fed different diets was similar to the concentration in the initial sample. This indicated that growing spat was actively synthesising NMID and they were selectively retained in unfed animals. The results indicated that either dietary lipid or 22:6n−3 was a growth-limiting factor when T. suecica was fed at a ration of 0.5, 1 and 1.5% WW DW−1 day−1. A selective retention in starved clams and a preferential accumulation in fed clams was observed for 22:6n−3 but not for 20:5n−3 which indicated a greater importance of 22:6n−3 compared to 20:5n−3.  相似文献   

13.
Profiles of changes in physiological parameters of freshwater giant prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, exposed to various dissolved oxygen (DO) levels of 7.75, 4.75, 2.75, and 1.75 mg l−1 are reported. The parameters involved in osmoregulation and oxygen transport were monitored for a 6-day period. Notable depressions in hemolymph osmolality, Na+, K+, and Cl− contents were observed within 24 h after exposure to hypoxia at 2.75 and 1.75 mg O2 l−1, and thereafter remained at rather steady levels, which were significantly lower than those under normoxic conditions (4.75–7.75 mg O2 l−1). The extent of depression of osmotic-related constituents, hemolymph osmolality and Cl− in particular, increased with decreased DO.

Oxyhemocyanin constituted 65.46–65.84% of total hemolymph proteins under the various DO levels examined; both hemolymph oxyhemocyanin and proteins showed notable elevations 24 h after exposure to hypoxic conditions, and reached the highest and constant level by 48 h after exposure. The compensatory responses of prawns to reduced O2 were manifested by increased O2 uptake through augmentation of hemocyanin, which results in enhancement of oxygen binding capacity of the hemolymph. In the same period, a significant surge of the respiratory products, PCO2 and HCO3−, was also demonstrated 6 h after exposure to hypoxic conditions which resulted in hemolymph alkalosis. These processes likely resulted in an increase in water influx and consequent declines in hemolymph osmolality and ion composition. Furthermore, hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis, indicated by increased oxyhemocyanin and pH, respectively, were found to be predominant responses of M. rosenbergii to hypoxic stress.  相似文献   


14.
Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L., eat larger satiation meals (mean 11.7% body weight) than lemon sole, Microstomus kitt (Walbaum), (2.6% body weight). Total gut clearance time was about 120 h for halibut and 72 h for lemon sole. There are marked differences in feeding behaviour between the two species; halibut feed in midwater and require several body lengths of approach swimming before taking large items of food, while lemon sole eat only off the bottom. In shared tanks, no aggressive interaction was observed. A duoculture system holding small numbers of lemon sole with the more valuable halibut is recommended as a means of minimizing food waste and tank fouling. Oxygen uptakes of 0.07-0.11 ml O2 g fish wt−1 h−1 (depending on nutritional state) were recorded for the two species. Ammonia nitrogen outputs were also similar. Starved halibut excreted 2.32 μg N g−1 h−1, fed animals 5.08 μg N g−1 h−1. The corresponding values for lemon sole were 3.26 μg N g−1 h−1 and 6.37 μg N g−1 h−1, respectively.  相似文献   

15.
In a commercial scallop hatchery spat production depends on a culture system which ensures high survival and good growth. Reuse of water with algae may increase the food exploitation and hence reduce the costs. Post-larvae of great scallop (Pecten maximus) were studied in a commercial hatchery using a partial open and continuous feeding tank system. Three different water recirculation rates (67, 83 and 92%) were tried out in two experiments with post-larvae originating from three spawning groups of ages between 43 and 57 days post-spawn, 316–886 μm shell-height and 1.1–9.6 μg ash-free dry weight. The post-larvae were held in sieves in tanks of 2500 l where a downwelling flow was maintained by airlifts. New water with a mix of monocultured algae was continuously added to the tanks at algal concentrations of 10 and 15 cells μl−1 in experiment 1 (groups 1 and 2) and 2 (group 3), respectively. The algal supply to each sieve was reduced along with increased recirculation rate, but was kept between 6 and 13 cells μl−1. Generally no significant differences in survival, growth or chemical content were found between the three recirculation rates, while few differences were found between and within groups. Large variation in survival was found between and within groups (1–81%). Highest survival was found in experiment 1, and where post-larvae from two settlements were used, the first settlement survived better than the second. The daily growth ranged from 15 to 62 μm shell-height and from 0.3 to 2.6 μg ash-free dry weight. The scallop post-larvae could well be reared at all three recirculation rates studied as an increase from 67 to 92% did not seem to affect the post-larval performance seriously. The algal supply, however, had to be compensated by an increasing number of cells (>10 cells μl−1) when increasing the recirculation rate.  相似文献   

16.
The potential of bacteriophage therapy to control bacterial disease in farmed fish was tested using, as an example, furunculosis of Atlantic salmon, caused by Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.

In vivo testing with Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) showed no adverse effects, with bacteriophage generally cleared within 96 h of administration by either intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection or oral in-feed.

Juvenile Atlantic salmon were administered a combination of bacteriophage O, R and B (1.9 × 108 pfu fish− 1) by i.p. injection, after they had been challenged with A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida 78027, also by i.p. injection. The fish that were injected with bacteriophage immediately after challenge died at a significantly slower rate then those that were either not treated with bacteriophage, or treated 24 h post-challenge. However, the end result (100% mortality) was not affected.

In further experiments the effects of oral (1.88 × 105 pfu g− 1 fish− 1 daily for 30 days), bath (1.04 × 105 ml− 1 daily for 30 days) and i.p. (6.25 × 107 pfu fish− 1) phage treatment to control furunculosis in experimentally infected Atlantic salmon were compared with antibiotherapy (treatment with 10 mg kg− 1 bw− 1 day− 1 oxolinic acid for 10 days), using an indirect cohabitation challenge. No protection was offered by any of the bacteriophage treatments, compared to the positive challenge group, although significant protection was offered by the oxolinic acid treatment. Analysis of samples taken from the trials demonstrated that bacteriophage were correctly administered to the fish and, on occasion, were isolated from fish that had succumbed to furunculosis. It was also shown that bacteriophage resistant A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida isolates could be recovered from mortalities in all the treatment groups.

The results suggest that, although there were no safety problems associated with the approach, furunculosis in Atlantic salmon is not readily controllable by application of bacteriophage.  相似文献   


17.
Settling velocity characterization of aquacultural solids   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
A top-loading settling column is described and used to characterize the settling properties of the solids in the discharge water from a commercial rainbow trout production facility. Mass-based and phosphorus-based settling curves are presented. The median settling velocity on a mass-basis for the settleable solids was 1.7 cm s−1. The median settling velocity for the settleable phosphorus was 1.15 cm s−1. Manually stripping fecal material from rainbow trout resulted in settleable solids with a median settling velocity of 0.7 cm s−1. Examination of the settling velocity curves show that halving the overflow rate (OFR) from 2 to 1 cm s−1 changes the removal efficiency from 0.61 to 0.73, an increase of about 20%. Halving the OFR again to 0.5 cm s−1 increases the removal efficiency to 0.81, an improvement of about 11%. Settling characteristics of aquacultural solids will vary from facility to facility. The methods described in this paper can be used to perform a similar type of analysis at other aquacultural sites, which may be growing other species under different management regimes.  相似文献   

18.
Comparison of nutrients release among some maricultured animals   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
Integrated mariculture is a feasible method to maintain sustainable and high productivity of aquaculture. The choice of cultured animals and biofilters in the integrated system has to be made on the basis of their nutrient release rates and the clearance rate of each component of the system. We are examining the nutrient release rates among fish (mangrove snapper, Lutjanus russeli, and sea perch, Abudefduf septemfasciatus), abalone (Haliotis diversicolor), scallops (Chlamys noblis), and green mussels (Perna viridis) in the laboratory. Fish feed is the major sources of inorganic nutrient input in fish farms. The orthophosphate and ammonia release rates of minced trash fish (1593 μg P g−1 day−1 and 150 μg N g−1 day−1) were respectively 6–12 times and 4–88 times higher than those of cultivated fish. Mangrove snapper had the overall highest nutrient release rate, followed by sea perch, abalone, scallops, and mussels for nitrite and nitrate; and followed by abalone, sea perch, mussels, and scallops for orthophosphate and ammonium. Among mollusks, abalone had the highest orthophosphate (162 μg P g−1 day−1), nitrate (1.4 μg N g−1 day−1), nitrite (1.6 μg N g−1 day−1) and ammonium (25.0 μg N g−1 day−1) release rates per gram wet weight per day. Abalone released large amounts of orthophosphate, nitrite and nitrate in the experiment. Scallops and green mussels had low nutrient release rates.  相似文献   

19.
An experiment was conducted for 8 weeks at the Cantho University, Vietnam, to determine the acceptable level of mangrove leaf litter load and its effect on water quality, growth and survival rate of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Shrimps were cultured in plastic tanks containing 50 L of brackish water (salinity of 15‰). Leaf litter of Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia officinalis, Excoecaria agallocha and Acacia auriculiformis were loaded to tanks at rates of 0.0 (control), 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g L− 1 with and without aeration. Tiger shrimp post-larvae (PL; 0.05 ± 0.01 g) obtained from the shrimp hatchery of Cantho University were stocked at a density of 20 PL per tank and fed with pelleted feed containing 38% protein at a rate of 10% body weight (BW) day− 1.

The high leaf-loading rates significantly reduced dissolved oxygen (DO) and survival rates of shrimp in the non-aerated treatments, and all shrimps died after 2 days in the treatments with loading rates above 0.5 g L− 1. Leaf litter loads significantly increased tannin content, chemical oxygen demand (COD), H2S and pH in the aerated treatments. Stepwise regression analysis showed COD, tannin and H2S concentrations had negative effects on shrimp growth in the aerated treatments. Tannin concentration was found to be highest in the treatments with Excoecaria (32 mg L− 1) and Avicennia (24 mg L− 1) leaves. However, there were no significant differences in growth and survival rates of shrimp among the aerobic treatments loaded with different leaf types. The results of this study showed that moderate load of mangrove leaves could play an important role in promoting shrimp growth and survival in aerobic condition. Mangrove leaves at a loading rate of 1 g L− 1 positively influenced both the survival and growth rate of shrimps.  相似文献   


20.
Two trials were conducted to assess the effects of repeated prophylactic formalin treatments on the gill structure of salmonids. In trial 1, which involved Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., approaching smoltification in a commercial facility, fish were treated with either 167 or 250 mg l-1 formalin for 90 min every 2 weeks for 12 weeks. Formalin-treated salmon had slight, but not significant, increases in the frequency of lamellar fusion, numbers of lamellar mucous cells, and numbers of an endemic gill ciliate, Trichophyra piscium, after 6 and 12 weeks of treatment. In trial 2, which involved juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), fish were treated with 200 mg l-1 formalin for 60 min twice weekly for 12 weeks. Significant effects were limited to an increase in the numbers of mucous cells present on gill lamellae. In both trials, there was no evidence of lamellar oedema or necrosis of lamellar epithelial cells.  相似文献   

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