共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 279 毫秒
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《中国生物防治学报》2015,(2)
生物防治在害虫治理过程中愈来愈重要,作为害虫生物防治的重要组成部分,害虫控制效果评价不可或缺。昆虫生命表作为研究昆虫种群动态的重要科学方法之一,在昆虫生物学和生态学研究上发挥了重要作用。通过不断发展、延伸,昆虫生命表的制作和分析方法逐渐完善,生命表评价技术在天敌昆虫控制害虫效能评价、植物抗虫性效能评价和生物农药控制害虫效能评价中得到广泛应用。该方法虽存在一些尚待完善之处,但多数情况下可以为天敌对害虫的控制效果进行归纳和定量评价,同时增加了估计害虫种群数量发展趋势的途径,对选择最佳的害虫管理方案有重要帮助。 相似文献
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洞庭湖区获芦害虫发生严重,使用生物防治方法防治获芦害虫,是害虫生物防治中最成功的事例之一。本文对利用赤眼蜂防治棘术草螟等蛀茎害虫,利用苏云金杆菌（B．t．）防治芦毒蛾等食叶害虫,以及对这两种害虫实行生物防治的方法作了评价。 相似文献
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一种天敌能够成为有效的生物防治作用物,必须具有优良的品质;对一种天敌控制害虫的效能评价,应采用科学的方法。 1 天敌的品质 在研究“害虫—天敌系统”时,发现天敌对害虫种群调节效能,关键在于天敌的品质。过去,生物防治工作者往往将天敌的优势种(Predominant)误为有效种(effective species)。其实,害虫的天敌 相似文献
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植物病害的生物防治,对保证充分利用各种防治方法具有广泛的意义。生物防治策略包括三项关键措施,即控制害虫种群数量、排除害虫及作物的自身防御。这些措施为植保工作者进行生物防治研究提供了重要的理论依据。植物、昆虫与微生物之间相互联系的生态学,是生物防治的一个重要领域,更深刻地理解这些生物的生态学有助于发现更实际的生物控制因子。 相似文献
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在害虫防治上尽管我们作了许多工作,但是害虫危害似乎仍然有增无减。杀虫剂价格昂贵,并且常常给操作者、环境和消费者带来危险。使用化学农药不仅因害虫抗药性增强而发生更增猖獗,而且一些次要害虫还上升为主要害虫。防治害虫的另一种手段是生物防治,即利用天敌防治害虫。采用生物防治比较经济、安全和方便。生物防治在欧 相似文献
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缨翅目Thysanoptera昆虫,俗称蓟马,其种类繁多、数量庞大,主要通过取食和传播植物病毒病进行为害.蓟马害虫已经发展成为我国热带地区最重要的农业害虫类群之一,对农作物和园艺植物造成了巨大的经济损失.天敌作为其重要的生物防治资源,在蓟马害虫防治中尤为关键.据此,本文结合国内外研究对西花蓟马和我国热带地区主要蓟马害虫... 相似文献
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分析物种的数量和分布是生态学的重要课题,也与害虫生物抑制的各个程序有关。因为通过引进外来天敌(传统的生物防治)或利用本地天敌来抑制有害生物种群的生物防治实践都关系到改变所选用物种的数量和分布。(Batra 1981)传统的生物防治和增强自然发生的生物防治实践,在生态学上和经济学上曾经获得成功(Huffaker 和 Messenger 1976),而全世界在制定对输出—输入选择外来天敌的标准却引起了争论,这些争论涉及到确定“ 相似文献
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Management of stored-grain insect pests by farmers or elevator managers should be based upon a knowledge of the grain storage environment and the ecology of insect pests. Grain storage facilities and practices, geographical location, government policies, and marketing demands for grain quality are discussed as factors influencing stored-grain insect pest management decisions in the United States. Typical practices include a small number of grain samples designed to provide grain quality information for segregation, blending and marketing. This low sampling rate results in subjective evaluation and inconsistent penalties for insect-related quality factors. Information on the efficacy of insect pest management practices in the United States, mainly for farm-stored wheat, is discussed, and stored-grain integrated pest management (IPM) is compared to field-crop IPM. The transition from traditional stored-grain insect pest control to IPM will require greater emphasis on sampling to estimate insect densities, the development of sound economic thresholds and decision-making strategies, more selective use of pesticides, and greater use of nonchemical methods such as aeration. New developments in insect monitoring, predictive computer models, grain cooling by aeration, biological control, and fumigation are reviewed, their potential for improving insect pest management is discussed, and future research needs are examined. 相似文献
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Hopper KR 《Pest management science》2003,59(6-7):643-653
During 1999-2001, ARS scientists published over 100 papers on more than 30 species of insect pest and 60 species of predator and parasitoid. These papers address issues crucial to the three strategies of biological control: conservation, augmentation and introduction. Conservation biological control includes both conserving extant populations of natural enemies by using relatively non-toxic pesticides and increasing the abundance of natural enemies in crops by providing or improving refuges for population growth and dispersal into crops. ARS scientists have been very active in determining the effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods and in studying movement of natural enemies from refuges into crops. Augmentation involves repeated releases of natural enemies in the field, which can be inoculative or inundative. Inoculative releases are used to initiate self-propagating populations at times or in places where they would be slow to colonize. ARS scientists have studied augmentative biological control of a variety of pest insects. The targets are mostly pests in annual crops or other ephemeral habitats, where self-reproducing populations of natural enemies are not sufficiently abundant early enough to keep pest populations in check. ARS research in augmentative biological control centers on methods for rearing large numbers of healthy, effective natural enemies and for releasing them where and when they are needed at a cost less than the value of the reduction in damage to the crop. ARS scientists have researched various aspects of introductions of exotic biological control agents against a diversity of pest insects. The major issues in biological control introductions are accurate identification and adequate systematics of both natural enemies and target pests, exploration for natural enemies, predicting the success of candidates for introduction and the likelihood of non-target impacts, quarantine and rearing methods, and post-introduction evaluation of establishment, control and non-target impacts. ARS scientists have published research on several general issues in biological control. Among the most important are the mechanisms affecting mate- and host-finding and host specificity. 相似文献
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我国植物害虫生物防治的研究现状及发展策略 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
植物害虫生物防治是指利用生物或生物代谢产物来控制农业害虫的一种害虫防治方法,具有安全、环境友好和可持续等优点。本文基于我国近年在天敌资源挖掘、天敌控害机制、天敌产业化应用和新方法探索等方面研究现状与存在问题的分析,探讨了我国植物害虫生物防治学科的体系建设及促进学科发展的主要策略。 相似文献
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鞘翅目昆虫是我国最常见的农林业有害生物,给农林生产造成了巨大损失。基于昆虫趋光性、趋色性和趋化性所研发的昆虫诱捕器作为一种绿色防控手段,目前已广泛应用于农林虫害的监测、预防和控制中,成为了害虫综合防控体系的重要组成部分。明确害虫诱捕装置的设计原理及各因子对诱捕效率的影响是有效实施虫害绿色生物防控的前提,本文陈述了国内外害虫诱捕器的应用进展及设计原理,进而探讨不同因子（如形状、颜色、材质、引诱剂和高度等）对鞘翅目害虫野外诱捕装置诱捕效果的影响,旨在为提高装置诱捕效果提供借鉴和参考,加快新型诱捕技术的研究及应用进程。 相似文献
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Bark beetles, especially Dendroctonus species, are considered to be serious pests of the coniferous forests in North America. Bark beetle forest pests undergo population eruptions, causing region wide economic losses. In order to save forests, finding new and innovative environmentally friendly approaches in wood-boring insect pest management is more important than ever. Several biological control methods have been attempted over time to limit the damage and spreading of bark beetle epidemics. The use of entomopathogenic microorganisms against bark beetle populations is an attractive alternative tool for many biological control programmes in forestry. However, the effectiveness of these biological control agents is strongly affected by environmental factors, as well as by the susceptibility of the insect host. Bark beetle susceptibility to entomopathogens varies greatly between species. According to recent literature, bark beetles are engaged in symbiotic relationships with fungi and bacteria. These types of relationship are very complex and apparently involved in bark beetle defensive mechanisms against pathogens. The latest scientific discoveries in multipartite symbiosis have unravelled unexpected opportunities in bark beetle pest management, which are discussed in this article. 相似文献
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生物防治——害虫综合防治的重要内容 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文阐述了生物防治在综合防治中的重要性和如何全面正确认识生物防治技术。指出生物防治技术在生产上的成功应用,必须要注意与其他植保技术协调。文章还介绍了国内外成功的生防实例和生防必须遵循的基本原则。 相似文献
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害虫遗传学控制策略与进展 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
随着分子生物学和基因工程技术的发展,利用遗传学方法控制害虫种群成为人们研究的热点之一。研究者已经尝试利用基因突变、转基因和雄性不育等遗传学技术,培育遗传改造的害虫品系,释放后来控制自然界害虫的种群密度。但由于这些遗传学方法本身存在局限性,研究者开始探索利用低毒高效的荧光纳米材料基因载体携带外源核酸或农药分子进入昆虫或植物细胞从而干扰害虫的发育或行为的新策略。本文综述了害虫遗传学控制的2大策略种群替代和种群抑制的实现方法及其研究进展,并提出了利用新型荧光纳米粒子传送基因或药物的害虫遗传学控制新策略。 相似文献
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豇豆Vigna unguiculata 喜温喜光,是一种适合在我国南方种植的豆科蔬菜。长期以来,豇豆病虫害多发重发,其中,蓟马是豇豆上最主要和最顽固的害虫之一。传统的化学防治方法对蓟马的防治效果常常不理想,并易造成农药残留问题。本文概述了我国豇豆产业的种植情况和以蓟马为主的病虫害问题及豇豆蓟马研究现状,并从农艺措施、理化诱控、生物防治、化学防治和抗性治理角度总结了豇豆蓟马的综合防治技术。最后,从构建豇豆蓟马的有害生物综合治理(integrated pest management, IPM)技术体系、加强基础研究和防控技术产品开发、建立科学用药和农药监管制度3个方面提出建议,以期为我国豇豆产业的绿色可持续发展提供参考。 相似文献