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宋燕波 《绿色中国(综合版)》2005,(9):67-67
古老的本土森林记录着当地水文、地理和植被的历史变迁，有着重要的科研价值。同时，森林群落内的乡土物种资源，是生物资源开发利用不可或缺的基因库，具有极大潜在利用价值。相比起外来树种，本土树木具有更高的生态价值，在本地生态系统中担当重要角色。更重要的是，它们蕴涵着当地民族的历史幽思和对自然的感恩。正因为如此，英格兰视之为皇冠上的珍宝。 相似文献
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由于物种灭绝过程加快,引起了人们对生物多样性的关注,森林遗传资源工作也受到了重视.遗传资源与育种资源的涵义既相关,又有区别.森林遗传育种资源不仅对保存物种和种内生物多样性,对持续利用有重要意义,又与当前的育种活动和林业生产密切相关.20世纪60年代已有一些国际机构开展了森林遗传资源工作.近20年来我国加强了遗传资源的保护.自然选择与人工选择是生物进化与创造新种质的基本作用因素,遗传育种资源离不开选择.考虑林木遗传资源的特点、技术可行性、投入与产出等因素,原地保存是森林遗传资源保存的主要方法.结合已营建的及正在建设中的试验林、良种基地、自然保护区、天然林保护工程和森林公园等工作,分别讨论了外来树种、主要乡土造林树种、珍稀濒危树种以及尚待开发的乡土树种等资源的收集和保存策略. 相似文献
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宋燕波 《绿色中国(A版)》2005,(17):67
古老的本土森林记录着当地水文、地理和植被的历史变迁,有着重要的科研价值。同时,森林群落内的乡土物种资源,是生物资源开发利用不可或缺的基因库,具有极大潜在利用价值。相比起外来树种,本土树木具有更高的生态价值,在本地生态系统中担当重要角色。更重要的是,它们蕴涵着当地 相似文献
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分析了淮安城市森林建设的必要性,提出了生态功能优先、追求自然协调、注重生物多样性、体现整体性和系统性、强调乡土树种等城市森林建设原则。探讨了通过在城市森林建设中选择和应用好乡土树种,恢复和重建城市湿地系统,以增加城市生物多样性,发展具有地方特色的淮安城市森林。 相似文献
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分析了淮安城市森林建设的必要性,提出了生态功能优先、追求自然协调、注重生物多样性、体现整体性和系统性、强调乡土树种等城市森林建设原则。探讨了通过在城市森林建设中选择和应用好乡土树种,恢复和重建城市湿地系统,以增加城市生物多样性,发展具有地方特色的淮安城市森林。 相似文献
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关于发展人工林与建立人工林业问题探讨 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12
全世界森林面积为 34 5 4× 1 0 8hm2 ,其中 3%是人工林。人工林是重要的森林生态系统 ,在木材生产、环境保护和景观建设中具有重要功能和作用。人工林在生产功能方面的补偿作用 ,使天然林可以更好地发挥生态环境价值、森林娱乐和生物多样性保护功能。人工林可持续经营的前提是遗传材料的正确选择与营林实践艺术的结合以及保证这种结合的林业政策。愈来愈多地使用外来树种营建人工林是全球趋势。人工林对于环境和生物多样性的影响 ,可以通过合理的规划和经营措施得到解决。林木育种与遗传改良和经营制度的技术创新是不断提高人工林生态系统生产力的动力。人工林的可持续经营是一个十分复杂的问题 ,中国人工林实现可持续经营面临技术和体制两方面的挑战 ,但是 ,根本出路在于林业经济体制的改革 ,象农业那样 ,在市场经济环境中实行人工林产业化经营 ,建立人工林业 (Forestplantationindustry)。 相似文献
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Worldwide, the land area devoted to timber plantations is expanding rapidly, especially in the tropics, where reptile diversity is high. The impacts of plantation forestry and its management on native species are poorly known, but are important, because plantation management goals often include protecting biodiversity. We examined the impact of pine (Pinus caribaea) plantations, and their management by fire, on the abundance and richness of reptiles, a significant proportion of the native biodiversity in tropical northern Australia, by (i) comparing abundance and diversity of reptiles among pine plantations (on land cleared specifically for plantation establishment), and two adjacent native forest types, eucalypt and Melaleuca woodlands, and (ii) comparing reptile abundance and richness in pine forest burnt one year prior to the study to remove understorey vegetation with pine forest burnt two years prior to the study. We also examined the influence of fire on reptile assemblages in native vegetation, by comparing eucalypt woodland burnt two years prior to the study and unburnt for eight years. To quantify mechanisms driving differences in reptile richness and abundance among forest types and management regimes, we measured forest structure, the temperatures used by reptiles (operative temperature) and solar radiation, at replicate sites in all forest types and management regimes. Compared to native forests, pine forests had taller trees, lower shrub cover in the understorey, more and deeper exotic litter (other than pine), and were cooler and shadier. Reptile assemblages in pine forests were as rich as those in native forests, but pine assemblages were composed mainly of species that typically use closed-canopy rainforest and prefer cooler, shadier habitats. Burning did not appear to influence the assemblage structure of reptiles in native forest, but burning under pine was associated with increased skink abundance and species richness. Burned pine was not warmer or sunnier than unburned pine, a common driver of reptile abundance, so the shift in lizard use after burning may have been driven by structural differences in understorey vegetation, especially amounts of non-native litter, which were reduced by burning. Thus, burning for management under pine increased the abundance and richness of lizard assemblages using pine. Pine plantations do not support the snake diversity common to sclerophyllous native forests, but pine may have the potential to complement rainforest lizard diversity if appropriately managed. 相似文献
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为了保持我国人工林的长期生产力和提高森林质量,达到可持续经营的目的。作者在以往研究工作的基础上,广泛收集了国内外有关成果与资料,概括论述了我国人工林森林生产力的现状、不能保持生产力的原因与机理以及长期保持人工林生产力的技术对策。按第八次清查的全国森林资源数据,每公顷蓄积量为89.79 m^3,其中天然林为104.6 m^3,人工林为52.76 m^3,人工林森林生产力明显低于天然林;我国优势树种人工林每公顷蓄积量也不高,如杉木为69.8 m^3,马尾松为56.2 m^3,落叶松为58.6 m^3,这些数据比日本2002年3月公布的人工林相似树种的数据低很多,如日本针叶树蓄积量为227.97 m^3·hm-2,柳杉为295.83 m^3·hm-2,落叶松为189.88 m^3·hm-2。关于年生长量,按全国第七次资源清查的中龄林与近熟林的数据做统计:杉木人工林5.2~4.2 m^3·hm-2,马尾松为3.2~1.8 m^3·hm-2,柏木为3.4~3.2 m^3·hm-2;但按作者掌握的我国重点或示范性、试验性小面积人工林生长量看,却很高,按我国编制的速生丰产林标准的生长量数据看比较高。我国大面积人工林生产力不高,短周期经营的杨树、桉树人工林也不高,主要原因是:(1)纯林化与针叶化严重。按第八次全国森林资源统计,纯林占人工林的85%,而且针叶化明显,人工乔木林10个优势树种中针叶林比例高达56.9%。人工纯林结构简单,生物多样性低,生物学上缺乏稳定性。人工纯林特别是针叶纯林,抗性低,抗自然灾害和大气污染能力均差,人工纯林维护地力的能力也弱。(2)集约育林的技术措施:立地控制技术未得到推广,适地适树适品种原则在育林中未能认真贯彻;密度、植被、地力控制技术也执行不力,大面积上的人工林仍属于粗放经营;连作引起林地土壤理、化、生物特性恶化,土壤质量衰退,导致林木生长不良,林分生产力逐代下降;造林作业造成水土流失,如杉木造林,传统的育林技术未得到明显改进,福建尤溪炼山后进行的3年观测结果表明,炼山和水土流失损失的有机质高达989.35 kg·hm-2,养分586.26 kg·hm-2。桉树在砖红壤进行的机耕整地,水土流失也很严重,不合理的造林作业,最终导致土壤质量与森林生产力下降。短周期培育人工林带来了2个重要问题,一是对林地肥力要求高,二是如何利用无性系才能保持长期生产力。短周期经营采用的无性系,生长速度快,生长量大,轮伐期短,养分需求量大,如刚果12号W5无性系,通常利用地上部分,以5~7 a的轮伐期计,消耗的养分达571.75 kg·hm-2,我国培养短周期人工林的土壤质量本底原本普遍不高,如果采取连作,土壤有机质养分会明显下降,土壤质量衰退,并对其功能产生危害。我国杨树、桉树等人工林要达到短周期持续经营,还需要实行多无性系造林。我国人工林长期生产力保持的技术对策,应采取先进的集约育林措施,包括遗传控制、立地控制、密度控制、植被控制与地力控制。 相似文献
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分类经营:新西兰林业的实践与借鉴 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
新西兰70年一贯制的多效林业经营模式, 在创造了人工林奇迹的同时亦带来了林业持续发展的政策危机和效益危机。新西兰林业分类经营近10年的实践初步成功, 是建立在人工林集约经营和政府扶持基础上的, 是以新西兰林产工业的市场培育和出口导向为动力的。比较借鉴:建议从集约经营工业人工林入手, 为我国林业的分类经营奠定坚实的基础;建议从提高林产工业产业素质入手, 为分类经营的实现培育市场。 相似文献
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Yuichi Yamaura Hitoshi Tojo Yasumasa Hirata Kenichi Ozaki 《Journal of Forest Research》2007,12(4):298-305
It is important to conserve forest-dependent organisms not only in broadleaved forests but also in plantation forests. We
examined how surrounding forest areas affect forest bird assemblages inhabiting conifer plantations and broadleaved forests
in a rural landscape in central Japan. Surrounding forest areas were measured separately as plantation area and broadleaved
forest area within 200 m of each sampling site. We used hierarchical partitioning to analyze the effects of surrounding forest
areas and stand structures (stand height and understory coverage) on the occurrence of four species groups. We especially
focused on mature forest users that are most sensitive to loss of broadleaved forests. Occurrence of mature forest users inhabiting
plantation sites was positively affected both by plantation area and broadleaved forest area whereas the occurrence of mature
forest users inhabiting broadleaved forests was affected by stand height only. These results suggest that surrounding forest
areas were more important to mature forest users in plantations than in broadleaved forests. To conserve mature forest users,
increasing surrounding forest areas are important in plantations whereas increasing stand heights would be effective in broadleaved
forests. 相似文献
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国外针叶树种间杂交研究进展 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
杂种在工业用材林中的作用越来越受到世界各国重视。数十年来不少国家都开展过广泛的针叶树种间杂交研究,为选出各自适用的种间杂种,在理论、方法和实用性方面取得重大进展。通过种间杂交创造新的、对特殊生境更有适应力的杂种对引入树种更有效果。若干外域树种引入我国后表现良好,并成为主要造林树种,探索它们的杂种利用,对开展边沿低质土地的造林有重大实用性。通过推行“杂种林业”,提高我国工业人工林的经营效益,今后将成为遗传改良的一个重要领域。本文概述世界一些国家在这一领域的经验,供实施中借鉴。 相似文献
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The emphasis of plantation management changes as the resource and the market develop. This is especially the case when a plantation
program is developing a new timber resource, is not the case with many of the Pinus radiata (D. Don) plantings in the southern hemisphere. Australia establishes and manages plantations of both exotic conifer and native
hardwood (Eucalyptus spp.) plantations, and these vary in their stage of development. The tenure and objectives in establishment have varied,
but some key aspects of the resources may be analyzed. Optimization of production per unit area was not a prime objective
during the developmental stages of many exotic pine plantations. Currently, with increased commercial emphasis, this has changed
to a greater focus on increased value through Site Specific Management and tree improvement through which gains of at least
20 percent are expected during the first stages. With a key objective of sustainability, questions regarding impacts of soils,
water, and biological changes need consideration and are being addressed.
The eucalypt plantation resource in Australia is smaller in extent than is the pine resource, but of increasing importance,
especially as the plantations are perceived to be more environmentally and ecologically acceptable than exotic conifers. In
the past, questions of productivity, especially in relation to impacts of natural pests and diseases, have been raised. Sustainability
of all plantations is a critical aspect, however, for specific issues there are different emphases with different species.
For example, the relatively, high removal of calcium in smooth barked Eucalyptus plantations is seen as important in long
term forest management.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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培育优质阔叶材混交林与森林可持续经营 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
分析了人工针叶纯林生产力下降的原因。通过对人工针叶纯林与天然的或人工的针阔、阔叶混交林在物种间相互作用、资源利用、营养元素循环规律和生产力方面的比较分析,探讨了优质阔叶材混交林可持续经营的理论基础。认为培育优质阔叶材混交林是实现森林可持续经营的有效途径。 相似文献
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Following the introduction of planned forestry and the regular high forest system more than 250 years ago, forests in Central Europe became increasingly shaped by plantation silviculture. Many natural woodlands were replaced by planted forests, and forest plantations are still being established through afforestation of extensive land areas. Nowadays, forests are managed for many different purposes, including wood production, recreation, ecological, cultural, and amenity values, biodiversity, and soil and groundwater protection. This brings new challenges to forest management and silviculture. To reach a sustainable forestry, in the sense of Brundtland (WCED 1987), we are now reshaping European forestry toward a more nature oriented silviculture. Maybe forestry in the United States and elsewhere can benefit from the mistakes made in Europe during the last two centuries and take a shortcut toward sustainable forestry. 相似文献
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Tree plantations have developed a reputation for excessive water use, with age commonly used as an explanatory variable to predict water loss – but many factors have the potential to affect plantation water use, and few of these alternatives have been considered. Changes in forest cover may be correlated with other environmental changes that may affect precipitation, transpiration, and runoff, indicating that more thorough investigation is required in both field and simulation studies. Several factors influencing water use by plantations are amenable to management control, so there is scope to design and manage forest plantations deliberately for water use efficiency. Research is needed to elucidate the relative contributions of forests and grasslands to atmospheric moisture; the influence of vegetation on the distribution of rainfall; the effect of air turbulence from plantation edges, firebreaks and streamlines; the potential to modify atmospheric coupling of forest plantations through plantation design, including the use of mixed species plantations, and by softening hard edges by thinning and pruning plantation edges. 相似文献