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1.
Seedlings were grown in 3.28-liter containers under greenhouse conditions and were inoculated with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus fasciculatus (Thaxter) Gerdemann and Trappe. Inoculated and non-inoculated seedlings were treated with 0, 2 or 4 g l?1 nitrogen (N) as 19-6-12 controlled-release fertilizer. Mycorrhizal development increased growth of seedlings infected by G. fasciculatus at both 2 and 4 g l?1 N. Without supplemental fertilizer, there was no growth increase of mycorrhizally infected seedlings.  相似文献   

2.
将红檬实生苗培养于改良无土基质中，接种泡囊－丛枝菌根Ｇｌｏｍｕｓｃｉｔｒｏｃｏｌｕｍ，以不接种菌根为对照，并分别施用含氮量相等的３种氮肥，即硝酸按（ＮＯ３－Ｎ）、尿素（ＮＨ２－Ｎ）和硫酸铵（ＮＨ４－Ｎ）。接种菌根１６周后，施不同氮肥的红檬实生苗均有效地感染了菌根，并促进了植株的生长。试验证明，红实生苗施硝态氮（ＮＯ３－Ｎ）使植株的菌根依赖性有明显提高。  相似文献   

3.
We aimed to investigate the effects of inoculating Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer seedlings with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) by examining the root colonization, plant nutrition uptake, growth characteristics, and soil aggregation of P. ginseng seedlings inoculated at the time of transplantation. At 16 weeks, the AMF spore density per 30 g of fresh mycorrhizosphere in seedlings inoculated with AMF (AMF+ seedlings) was 256.8 and that in seedlings not inoculated with AMF (AMF− seedlings) was 186.3, respectively. The colonization rate of AMF in the lateral roots of AMF+ seedlings was approximately 19% higher than that in the lateral roots of AMF− seedlings. The patterns of AMF colonization in ginseng roots were similar to those of the Paris-type mycorrhizal association. Plant growth characteristics, such as plant height, root length, leaf area, number of lateral roots, fresh weight of shoots and roots, and chlorophyll content, were significantly enhanced in AMF+ seedlings compared to AMF− seedlings. The macronutrient content (P, K, and Ca) and micronutrient content (Cu, Fe, and Zn) of both shoots and roots were also significantly higher in AMF+ seedlings compared to AMF− seedlings. Furthermore, glomalin content and soil aggregation were significantly enhanced in AMF inoculated areas. Our results indicate that AMF inoculation may enhance the growth of ginseng seedlings by improving the uptake of mineral nutrients and the soil structure in mycorrhizosphere.  相似文献   

4.
Differences of hyphal and soil phosphatase activities between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants were less studied under drought-stressed (DS) conditions. In a pot experiment, fungal alkaline phosphatase (FALP), and succinate dehydrogenase (FSDH), soil phosphatase activity, both soil and plant P contents were compared in 6.5-month-old trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings under 80 days of DS with or without inoculations by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, Glomus diaphanum, Glomus mosseae or Glomus versiforme). Plant growth and biomass production under DS were significantly higher in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal seedlings. Both the FALP and the FSDH activities under DS were significantly reduced in these three Glomus inoculated seedlings. In general, similar soil neutral and alkaline phosphatase activities, but significantly higher soil acid and total phosphatase activities, were exhibited in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal seedlings under both the well-watered (WW) and the DS. Both leaf and root P contents were significantly higher in the AM colonized seedlings, but soil available P contents were lower in the growth media with AM seedlings. Our results showed that higher hyphal enzymes’ activities, soil acid and total phosphatase activities, and plant P contents in AM colonized seedlings, particularly in Glomus mosseae-colonized seedlings and/or under DS, would result in a better growth of the host plants, which might be the basis for enhancing drought tolerance in plants.  相似文献   

5.
Citrus, a cold-sensitive plant, often suffers from low temperature, which seriously affects citrus productivity. The objective of the study was to elevate the roles of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus mosseae, in growth, photosynthesis, root morphology and nutrient uptake of citrus (Citrus tangerine) seedlings under temperature stress conditions. Three-month-old seedlings with or without G. mosseae were grown for 55 days at moderate temperature (25 °C) and low temperature (15 °C). Low temperature severely restrained symbiotic development including mycorrhizal colonization, entry point, vesicle and arbuscule relative to moderate temperature. Mycorrhizal seedlings grown at 25 °C maintained better stem diameter, plant height, leaf area, root and total dry weights, higher photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance, higher root volume, and more uptake of P, Ca and Mg relative to corresponding non-mycorrhizal control. However, mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased only the root length and the Ca content of the seedlings grown at 15 °C. The results indicated that mycorrhizal formation had the beneficial effects on growth, photosynthesis, root morphology and part nutrient uptake of citrus seedlings grown at moderate temperature, but the beneficial roles of arbuscular mycorrhizas were almost lost at low temperature.  相似文献   

6.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been widely used in agriculture to improve the cultivation of many crops. One of the aims of this study was the isolation and molecular identification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolated from mountain areas of Northern Greece (Ritini Pieria, Elatochori Pieria, Ambelakia Ossa). Only three isolates were obtained; two of Glomus etunicatum and one of G. lamellosum. The second objective of this study was to investigate the effect of these arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the concentration of macro- and micronutrients in tissues, the quantity and quality of essential oils and the growth of oregano and mint plants (two widely used aromatic plants in Greece). It was found that mycorrhizal oregano and mint plants had a higher content of essential oils and nutrient elements, and grew better than non-mycorrhizal plants. In addition, the composition of the essential oil in mycorrhizal plants differed from the oil of non-mycorrhizal plants. These results suggest that the use of mycorrhizal fungi may allow plant growth in low fertility soils, reduce fertilizer inputs and increase aromatic plant production of essential oils, They also indicate that it may be possible to use mycorrhizae to affect the quality of the essential oil produced.  相似文献   

7.
Lebanon's native flora is threatened by loss of natural habitat to rural and urban development and the increased demand of plant materials for landscaping. Despite Lebanon's floristic richness, most taxa used for landscaping are non-native. This study was done to determine if Cercis siliquastrum (L.) is amenable to container production. Therefore, six open pollinated seeds sources native to Lebanon were grown under two fertilizer rates to study growth, N, P, K uptake efficiency, and partitioning. Two-year-old seedlings were planted in 11 L containers in a 3:1 pine bark:compost substrate. Seedlings within each seed source or mother tree were grown at either 25 or 100 mg N L−1 from 21N–3.1P–5.9K water-soluble fertilizer. Seedlings of all sources grown under 25 mg N L−1 had greater dry weight than those grown at 100 mg. Nutrient loading occurred in plants under the high fertilizer rate, although total plant N, P, and K content were not affected by fertilizer rate. There were significant differences in mineral nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiencies among the seed sources. The results show that C. siliquastrum is amenable to container production. The great variation in growth rate and nutrient use efficiency among the limited number of seed sources studied suggest that significant improvement can be made through mother tree selection and/or clonal propagation of superior individual plants within a source.  相似文献   

8.
This study investigated the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonisation by Glomus clarum on growth and fruit yield of pepper (Capsicum annum cv. 11B 14) grown at high salinity. The experiment was conducted in pots containing a mixture of perlite and sand (1:1, v/v) under glasshouse conditions. Treatments were: (1) no added NaCl without arbuscular mycorrhizae (NS-AM), (2) no added NaCl with arbuscular mycorrhizae (NS + AM), (3) added 50 mM NaCl without arbuscular mycorrhizae (S1-AM) and (4) added 100 mM NaCl without arbuscular mycorrhizae (S2-AM), (5) added 50 mM NaCl with arbuscular mycorrhizae (S1 + AM) and (4) added 100 mM NaCl with arbuscular mycorrhizae (S2 + AM). The NaCl treatments reduced pepper shoot and root dry matter, and fruit yield compared with the non-saline treatments. The concentrations of N, P and K, in the leaves were significantly reduced by salinity stress, however, mycorrhizal colonisation of the salt-stressed plants restored leaf nutrient concentrations to the levels in non-stressed plants in most cases. AM inoculation improved pepper growth under salt or saltless conditions and reduced cell membrane leakage.  相似文献   

9.
Plant root system architecture is essential characteristics in relation to nutrient acquisition by root system from soil volume. Many environmental factors can affect the establishment of root system architecture, e.g. arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. We inoculated the trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) seedlings with four AM fungal species in rhizoboxes, with non-inoculated seedlings as control. Using the WinRHIZO® image analysis system, the root system architecture of seedlings was characterized. Results indicated that AM colonization did not affect the tap root length, the average root diameter, the basal root growth angle in spite that four AM fungal species exerted differential influence on the plant growth. Contrastingly, AM colonization significantly reduced the total root length, the root volume, the root surface area, but promoted the formation of lateral roots of high order. In addition, AM colonization induced more fine roots and less coarse roots. To our knowledge, it is the first report on the influence of AM fungi on the distribution of root diameter size classes. The mechanisms and implication of AM fungi on root system architecture is discussed.  相似文献   

10.
Summary

Overhead irrigation is a common irrigation practice in nurseries, yet it can be wasteful of water and nutrients. We compared the water use, fertilizer use and growth of ‘Top Gun’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and ‘Grosse Lisse’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings in sub and overhead irrigation systems. Five rates of controlled release fertilizer were used – 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 kg m–3. Sub-irrigation used 86% less water than overhead irrigation. Irrigation type had a significant effect on some growth measurements by final harvest, 43 d after sowing. The sub-irrigated lettuce seedlings were significantly taller. The overhead irrigated lettuce seedlings had a higher dry weight and more leaves. The sub-irrigated tomato seedlings were taller, had longer leaves, a larger leaf area and more leaves. Increasing levels of controlled release fertilizer produced quadratic type responses over time for shoot dry weight, with 10 kg m–3 producing tomato and lettuce transplants with a higher biomass in a shorter time than lower levels of fertilizer.  相似文献   

11.
《Scientia Horticulturae》2005,106(3):318-329
Mycorrhizal fungi serve as biofertilizers, reduce plant stress, and can increase plant productivity. Since the potato originated from the highlands of Peru and Bolivia, a goal of this research was to utilize indigenous Peruvian mycorrhizal populations to enhance crop productivity in a subsistence production site. The field study was also conducted to test the effectiveness of the flavonoid, formononetin, to stimulate native mycorrhizal activity and subsequent yield of six Andean potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars. The subsistence site was located at an altitude of 3900 m (61 kPa) in San Jose de Aymara (Department of Huancavelica), in the central highlands of Peru. This is approaching the highest altitude in the world that potatoes are grown. The site had a sandy–loam soil with pH 3.6, low phosphorus (P) availability and high aluminum (Al). Tubers were planted in November 1999, and grown during the rainy season. Minimal organic fertilizer was applied and the potato crop received no supplementary irrigation. Formononetin was applied as a soil drench when shoots from tubers began to emerge. At the end of the 6.5 month study, formononetin increased either potato tuber dry mass and/or Nos. 1 and 2 grade tubers in three of the six cultivars. Soil sporulation of indigenous mycorrhizae was increased more than three-fold by formononetin. There were differences in total mycorrhizal colonization among the six cultivars. The predominant arbuscular mycorrhiza genera at the site were Gigaspora, Glomus and Scutellosporas.  相似文献   

12.
Urban soils are frequently characterized by a strong heterogeneity caused by intense anthropogenic activity and land use changes. Soil heterogeneity is commonly known to affect tree root development, but little has been detected concerning root foraging by ornamental trees in heterogeneous urban soils at micro-scale. In this study, Buddhist pine [Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) D. Don] and Northeast yew (Taxus cuspidata S. et Z.) were selected as ornamental tree species for a two-year study. In the first-year, seedlings were cultured under contrasting photoperiods to generate different morphologies. In the second year, seedlings were transplanted to pots filled with soils collected from an urban forest. Controlled-release fertilizers (N-P2O5-K2O, 14-13-13) were evenly broadcasted to a half patch of the pot (heterogeneity) or to both halves (homogeneity) on the surface 5 cm beneath the pot-top at the rate of 0.135 g N seedling−1. In the fertilized heterogeneous patch, larger Buddhist pine seedlings had greater dry weight, length, surface area, volume, number of tips, and morphological foraging-precision in fine roots. Compared to Northeast yew seedlings under natural photoperiod in the first year, those under the extended photoperiod had larger size, greater fine root biomass, and length but lower foraging-precision in the second year. N and P concentrations in second-year fine roots mainly increased with the availability of patches generated by fertilization for both species. In conclusion, the ability to forage for nutrients by ornamental tree seedlings in heterogeneous urban forest soils was species-specific. Buddhist pine seedlings had higher foraging precision in heterogeneous urban soils than Northeast yew seedlings due to their response to the extended photoperiod during culture.  相似文献   

13.
《Scientia Horticulturae》2005,105(1):145-151
Seedlings of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) were inoculated with two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal species, Glomus intraradices and Gigaspora margarita. Plant growth response and morphological changes induced by AM inoculation were investigated. Plant endogenous indoleacetic acid (IAA) and isopentenyl adenosines (iPAs) concentrations were determined. With mycorrhizal infection rate of 9.0–18.8%, plant biomasses increased by 13.5–30.1%. Leaf number, leaflet number, total leaf area and first order lateral root number were significantly increased by AM inoculation. Although G. margarita significantly increased plant P content and uptake, no significant difference in N nutrition was observed between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) indicated the changes in IAA and iPAs induced by AM inoculation. IAA concentrations in shoots and in roots were 5–7 times and 2–5 times higher in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal plants, respectively. The iPAs concentrations increased by 1.7 times in shoots and by 1.9–2.5 times in roots, due to mycorrhizal inoculation. We suggest that the changes in endogenous phytohormone level may be responsible for morphological alteration induced by AM inoculation.  相似文献   

14.
Wastewater sludge can be vermicomposted to increase its nutrient content and reduce pathogens. The effect of vermicompost wastewater sludge on soil characteristics and growth of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was compared with that of inorganic fertilizer, untreated sludge or sludge treated with lime to pH 12. Plants cultivated in vermicompost amended soil developed best while those amended with inorganic fertilizer least. Bean plants grown in the unlimed amended soil had the highest total N content of 3.97 g kg−1, but only 6 active and 8 total nodules. Plants cultivated in unamended soil and added with inorganic fertilizer had >20 active and total nodules, but ≤2.12 g N kg−1 dry plant. It was found that limed and unlimed sludge stimulated development of bean plants to a larger extent than those cultivated in inorganic fertilized soil or unamended soil in the greenhouse, but less than those cultivated in vermicompost amended soil.  相似文献   

15.
在温室穴盘栽培条件下,对番茄幼苗接种2种商品用丛枝菌根菌剂BF(mycorrhizaforplants)和VT(mycorrhizaforvegetables),测定幼苗生长发育及光合生理等指标。结果表明:VT和BF均能不同程度地侵染番茄根系,接种35d后侵染率分别为78.3%、66.4%。接种AMF后幼苗的株高、茎粗、干质量、鲜质量、根系活力、叶绿素含量、净光合速率均大于未接菌对照,且接种VT菌剂的幼苗与未接菌对照相比差异显著。综合分析表明,VT对番茄穴盘幼苗的促生效果较好。  相似文献   

16.
There has been an increased demand for landscaping plants in Lebanon as a result of numerous reconstruction projects. Sustainable landscape regulations have created a need for regionally adapted taxa, especially those with low water requirements. Therefore, water use of container-grown plants and the impact of fertilization on water use were studied in the following native species: Cercis siliquastrum L. (six mother trees), Malus trilobata Schneid (two mother trees) and Acer syriacum Boin and Gaill (one tree). Two-year-old containerized seedlings were grown at The Ohio State University (Columbus, USA) under two fertilizer rates: 25 or 100 mg N L−1 of 21 N–3.1 P–5.9 K water soluble fertilizer. Water use estimates were made by saturating the containers early in the morning, allowing them to drain for 1 h, weighing them and re-weighing approximately 5 h later. Although there were differences in seedling heights, those grown at 25 mg N L−1 were taller than those at 100, there were few differences in water use per seedling. In August, Cercis seedlings grown under 100 mg N L−1 had higher height adjusted water use (g water cm−1 height h−1, a method for standardizing water use among different sized plants) than those grown under 25 mg L−1. However, there were no differences in height adjusted water use in September attributed to fertilizer rates. In September, Acer seedlings had higher water use cm−2 leaf surface area under 25 than 100 mg N L−1. There were no differences in water use among the progeny from the six Cercis mother trees. However, the seedlings from one Malus tree had higher water use cm−2 leaf surface area than those from the other tree, even though the extant trees were separated by less than 20 m.  相似文献   

17.
混合接种菌根真菌对喜树幼苗生长及喜树碱含量的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
通过温室盆栽接种试验,研究了蜜色无梗囊霉(Acaulospora mellea)、弯丝硬囊霉(Sclerocystic sinosa)及二者混合接种(分别记为Am、Ss和Am-Ss)对喜树幼苗生长及喜树碱含量的影响.结果表明:丛枝菌根的形成促进了喜树幼苗的生长,菌根幼苗的生物量优于无菌根幼苗,混合接种Am-Ss的菌根幼苗显著高于无菌根幼苗和单接种的菌根幼苗.丛枝菌根形成影响了喜树幼苗的喜树碱代谢,菌根幼苗根、叶片和全株的喜树碱含量均显著高于无菌根幼苗,并且混合接种处理的喜树幼苗喜树碱含量最高.  相似文献   

18.
The effects of P, fumigation and mycorrhizal inoculation on the growth and nutrient content of pear cv. Bartlett (Pyrus communis L.) seedlings were evaluated on the P-sorbing, Parkdale soil (Vitrandepts). The P treatment levels were 0.03, 0.04, 0.06, 0.09, 0.15, 0.25, and 0.40 mg P I-1 of soil solution, based on a P-sorption isotherm. At age 145 d, dry weight, plant height, and stem diameter responses to P and to biological treatments were highly significant as were all interactions. At P levels between 0.03 and 0.25 mg I'1 the greatest growth was observed in either the unfumigated control seedlings or those given the Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith treatment. At the highest P level thegreatest growth was observed in the plants treated with Glomus deserticola Trappe, Bloss & Menge. At the highest P level, mycorrhizal colonization and concentration of Zn and Cu declined in control plants, but not in inoculated plants.  相似文献   

19.
Benefits of inoculation with the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatus (Thaxter) Gerd. Trappe, on growth of Chrysanthemum morifolium ‘Circus’ were determined for varied conditions of N fertilization (375, 1500 or 3000 kg N/ha/year) and irradiance (6 or 800 μE m?2s?1) during lighting long-day treatments. High N fertilization combined with high level of irradiance produced the most mycorrhizal infection. Mycorrhizal infection generally increased C. morifolium height, especially with continuation of long-day lighting to 8 weeks. Mycorrhizae also improved flower, stem and root dry weight for most treatments, particularly the 1500 or 3000 kg N/ha/year fertilization rate and 4- or 8-week long-day light treatments. Although mycorrhizal inoculation increased C. morifolium growth most under extended long-day treatments, only the 2-week duration night lighting resulted in commercially acceptable plant size.  相似文献   

20.
Micropropagated plantlets of OH x F 51 and GF 677, respectively pear (Pyrus communis L.) and peach (Prunus persica x Prunus amygdalus) clonal rootstocks were inoculated during an early weaning stage of acclimatization with Glomus sp. Both rootstocks were well colonized, although the infection of OH x F 51 spread more slowly. At the end of initial vegetative growth, mycorrhizal plants of both rootstocks showed a three-fold increase in shoot length over control plants. Mycorrhizal plants also had longer internode and greater fresh mass. The root/shoot ratio was especially altered by arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation in OH x F 51 plants, which showed a greater increase in shoot rather than in root biomass. The growth-promoting ability of endomycorrhizal fungus persisted throughout the experimental period: Glomus sp. induced a greater development of both rootstocks in the second growing year, after overwintering. Colonization of micropropagated plants by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus appears to alter the carbohydrate status in stems and roots. Mycorrhizal plants always had a higher content of total soluble sugar, although there were no differences in soluble carbohydrate concentration between inoculated and uninoculated plants. Starch accumulation was found only in mycorrhizal plants of the peach rootstock.  相似文献   

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