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1.
Thinning-experiments were carried out with carbaryl, ethephon (CEPA) and the amide of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAAm) in the apple cultivars ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘King of the Pippins’. In order to get more information on the possible hormonal modes of action of these substances, fruit treated with thinning-agents were analysed for ethylene (C2H4), diffusable and extractable indoleacetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin-like substances (GAs), and compared with water-treated controls.It is thought that the observed reduction in IAA transport is a major factor in the mode of action of all 3 thinning-agents investigated. Auxin transport may be affected directly by the chemicals or via a shift in the mobilizing ability of the treated fruits. The role of other hormones investigated is briefly discussed.  相似文献   

2.
Fruit-set of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees was found to be largely independent of seasonal differences and much more closely related to the initial number of blossom clusters, when compared with many other apple cultivars under English conditions. In one young orchard, yield became increasingly a function of trunk girth during the first 3 cropping-years, but the trees then abruptly developed a biennial rhythm. Thereafter, blossom production was negatively correlated with the number of clusters in the previous year rather than with the number of fruits.Applications of daminozide or GA3 appeared to increase or decrease, respectively, the amount of return bloom without altering the negative correlation with the number of clusters in the previous year. Chemical fruit-thinning with a mixture of carbaryl and NAA also appeared to be effective in increasing return bloom.  相似文献   

3.
Exogenous growth substances (GA4+7, IAA, PBA, and ABA) alone and in combination were applied as leaf dips to young ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees in a growth room at 21 °C. All treatments containing GA4+7 accelerated the incidence of physiological leaf spot over treatments without GA4+7, ABA alone delayed the appearance of leaf spot. PBA, PBA + GA4+7, and PBA + GA4+7 + IAA retarded the abscission of spotted leaves.GA4+7 and GA4+7 + PBA also accelerated leaf spot development in bearing ‘Golden Delicious’ trees in the orchard.Fumigation of apple trees with ethylene at 2, 10, and 20 ppm had no influence on the occurrence of leaf spot or premature abscission.  相似文献   

4.
Under controlled conditions, 3-year old ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ trees were exposed to 2 temperatures (high: 24° and low: 17° or 19° C) in various treatments in a 4-month period starting at full bloom. In general, shoot growth was reduced at the low temperature. For ‘Golden Delicious’ flowering did not respond to the various treatments; in ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ it was stimulated at the low temperature.A rise in temperature from 17° to 24° C seven weeks before harvest, given to ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ trees kept at 17° C from full bloom, reduced flower-bud formation and stimulated growth. A similar temperature increase applied to trees maintained at 24° C for 4–5 weeks after full bloom favoured flower-bud formation, but did not affect growth.The inhibitory effect of the high temperature on flowering is discussed in terms of an increase of the plastochron under the influence of gibberellins produced by the growing shoot tips.  相似文献   

5.
GA4+7 concentrations, treatment date, number and frequency of treatments were factorially combined to determine their effects in preventing russeting of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples.The greatest reduction of russet was obtained by treating fruitlets 8 or 15 days after full bloom.Optimum timing and number of treatments provided better control of russet than high concentrations of gibberellins, although in some cases, higher doses improved russet control.Length of pedicel and ratio of longitudinal to transversal diameter were greater where russeting was reduced, and significant correlations were observed between fruit and pedicel length, and russeting. GA4+7 treatments also affected setting, and in many cases caused parthenocarpy.  相似文献   

6.
《Scientia Horticulturae》1986,28(4):355-368
Foliar sprays of Promalin (gibberellins A4 + 7 + 6-benzylamino purine) applied to 1-year-old apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees at the 3–5-cm growth stage significantly increased lateral branching in 5 of 9 cultivars tested. Branching response ranged from 0% (‘Winter Banana’) to 131% (‘Starkrimson Delicious’) of the untreated controls. Total shoot growth was not consistently increased by 6-benzylamino purine or Promalin in tests over 3 years on spur and non-spur 1- and 2-year-old apple trees. Sprays of 50–300 mg l−1 Promalin were ineffective for increased branch development. Sprays of 300–500 mg l−1 increased total shoot numbers and reduced average shoot length. Sprays applied prior to new terminal growth in spring were ineffective. Treatment during periods of active shoot growth were generally effective, but periods of stress may have reduced response. Sprays were more effective for inducing lateral shoot formation than dormant heading or delayed dormant heading (pruning) (10 days after full bloom) in ‘Criterion Golden Delicious’. No difference in branching response was observed between BA and Promalin. Addition of a spray adjuvant (Buffer-X) did not affect branching response. Repeat annual single sprays of Promalin applied to dormant pruned trees were generally less effective for stimulating lateral branching than a single application in a given year. Phytotoxicity was associated with Promalin sprays at 300–500 mg l−1 on ‘Delicious’.  相似文献   

7.
The influence of harvest date and storage method on bruises sensitivity of apples was investigated. The cultivars ‘Braeburn’, ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ were harvested at three times in an interval of 10 days. Fruits have been stored at 2°C in normal atmosphere (cold storage) or in film bags (CA-/ULO-storage; CA?=?Controlled Atmosphere, ULO?=?Ultra Low Oxygen) for three months. Monthly fruits were bruised by a penetrometer applying a range of pressures. One day later the appearance of bruises were evaluated. Increasing pressures resulted in bruises of increasing severity. Early harvest led to less severe bruises. No differences were observed in storage conditions, but duration of storage increased bruise sensitivity of ‘Braeburn’. In comparison of the three cultivars ‘Braeburn’ was less sensitive than ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Golden Delicious’.  相似文献   

8.
Plant growth regulators play a vital role in fruit growth and development. However, effects of compounds belonging to the group of brassinosteroids have not been fully investigated in sweet cherries. One relatively new and one commonly applied growth regulator, 22S, 23S-Homobrassinolide and GA3, respectively, were tested on ‘Summit’ and ‘Regina’ sweet cherries to determine the effects on fruit quality and physiological disorders. The substances were applied with a handgun sprayer at full bloom and at the beginning of fruit development (shuck split) for a 2-year period. GA3 was applied at the concentrations of 25, 50, 100 mgL?1 and 22S, 23S-Homobrassinolide at 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 mgL?1. A combined application of 100 mgL?1 GA3 + 0.1 mgL?1 22S, 23S-Homobrassinolide was also applied. Effects of GA3 and 22S, 23S-Homobrassinolide on fruit weight and size were evident for the concentrations applied and between the seasons for both of the cultivars. Combination of the both growth regulators and 100 mgL?1 GA3 alone produced longer fruits compared to the control trees in ‘Regina’. The 22S, 23S-Homobrassinolide applications increased the firmness of the flesh slightly, but not to a great degree, compared to the GA3 applications alone. The brightness of the red color was better with GA3 applications in ‘Summit’ and ‘Regina’. Brassinosteroid caused the fruits to have comparably dull red color. Total soluble solid contents of the cultivars were influenced by the substances and the year of the application. Stem resistance to separation from the fruit was under the influence of both treatments and seasons. In general, 22S, 23S-Homobrassinolide provided better stem resistance than the GA3 applications. There were no effects of the substances on the development of physiological disorders.  相似文献   

9.
Starting at full bloom, 4 temperature treatments were applied to 3-year-old ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ trees. Either 17 or 24° C were applied in 3 successive periods of 5–6 weeks each.In ‘Golden Delicious’, exposure to 24° C during the first 5 weeks after full bloom enhanced shoot growth and reduced flower-bud formation in spur buds. The difference in temperature-regime during the third period did not affect either growth or flowering. Almost all apical shoot buds became floral, irrespective of treatment.‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ trees maintained at 24° C throughout grew more vigorously than did those kept at 17° C continuously, but flowering-abundancy was the same. Lowering of the temperature in the last period before harvest did not influence shoot growth, but markedly reduced flowering of both spur buds and apical shoot buds.In a second experiment, a night temperature of either 20 or 10° C was applied in 2 successive periods to 3-year-old ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ trees kept at a day temperature of 20° C throughout. Lowering of the night temperature in the middle of the season reduced flower-bud production, but there was no difference in growth vigour compared with 20° C continuously.It is postulated that temperature affects flowering in two opposite ways, whose relative importance determines the net result.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

This research was conducted in 1997 and 1998 to investigate the effects of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (5, 10, and 15 ppm), Carbaryl (1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate) (750, 1000, and 1250 ppm), and NAA + Carbaryl (5 + 750, 7.5 + 750, and 10 + 750 ppm) applications on the return bloom of some standard apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars grafted on MM106 rootstock. Of these applications, 750 ppm Carbaryl for ‘Starkspur Golden Delicious’, 1250 ppm Carbaryl for ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Starkrimson Delicious’, and 5 ppm NAA for ‘Jonagold’ increased the mean number of flower buds significantly, compared with the control treatments. The other treatments of Carbaryl, NAA, and NAA + Carbaryl also increased the mean number of flower buds in a nonsignificant sense with a few exception. A negative correlation between the final fruit set and the mean number of next year's flower buds was found for three cultivars. The correlation coefficients were r = ?0.5150 (P< 0.05), r = ? 0.6999 (P< 0.05), r = ?0.0335 for ‘Starkspur Golden Delicious’, ‘Granny Smith’, and ‘Jonagold’ cultivars, respectively. However, this relationship was positive and nonsignificant for ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ (r = 0.1980).  相似文献   

11.
In order to characterize pollen viability and germinability by biochemical parameters, an introductory investigation was made of the germinability in vitro of pollen of 2 apple cultivars, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Starkrimson’, partially self-incompatible and totally self-incompatible, respectively. Best results of percent germination were obtained for both cultivars after 120 min incubation in Petri dishes at 30°C in a medium containing 0.2 M sucrose, 20 μg/ml H3BO3, 300 μg/ml Ca(NO3)2 · 4H2O. Optimum pH was 6.0 for ‘Starkrimson’ and 7.0 for ‘Golden Delicious’.  相似文献   

12.
Summary

Ten apple cultivars (Malus domestica Bork) Ein Shemer, Anna, Rome Beauty, Tropical Beauty, Alexander, Orleans, Winter Banana, Black John, Starking Delicious and Red Delicious were evaluated for their suitability for tropical Zambian conditions. Winter Banana, Black John, Starking Delicious and Red Delicious, which were mostly high-chill cultivars, showed poor vegetative development: delayed budbreak, shoot growth and progressive loss of vigour and most of the trees died before maturity. Of the remaining low-chill cultivars, ‘Ein Shemer’ had the highest fruit yield at 49 6 2.3 kg tree21 and ‘Alexander’ the lowest (5.3 6 1.0 kg tree21). This response was due to the high number of fruits per tree, ‘Ein Shemer’ had up to 907 6 83.7 per tree whereas low yielding cultivars like ‘Rome Beauty’ and ‘Tropical Beauty’ had fewer than 106 6 25.3 fruits per tree. The individual fruit weight was inversely related to the total number of fruits per tree. It ranged from 58 6 5.1 g in Ein Shemer to 191 6 24.8 g in ‘Rome Beauty’.  相似文献   

13.
The influence of 9 rootstocks (M2, M7, M25, M26, MM104, MM106, MM109, MM111 and seedling) on fruit quality at harvest and after storage of ‘Wellspur Delicious’ (WS) and ‘Goldspur’ (GS), and of 3 rootstocks (M7, M26 and MM106) on fruit quality of ‘Red King Delicious’ (RK) and ‘Golden Delicious’ (GD) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) was evaluated during a 4-year period. Fruits from trees on M26 were larger, developed earlier color and soluble solids (SS), and maintained higher levels of acidity (at harvest and during storage) in comparison with other rootstocks. Fruit from trees on M2 tended to have high SS. Fruit color from trees on MM104, MM106 and MM109 tended to be comparatively poor. There were significant rootstock effects on SS, starch, acidity, color, circumference, weight and box size.  相似文献   

14.
Fruit set was increased by removing all shoots 5 days after full bloom and at weekly intervals thereafter from trees of Sunset and Laxton’s Fortune, but removing shoots from Fortune trees 25 days after full bloom produced no beneficial effect on fruit retention. All treatments resulted in a heavier rate of fruit shedding during the ‘June drop’ period than occurred from control trees, and at harvest the trees without shoots had fewer fruits, and lower yields, than the controls. In a comparison of shoot removal and shoot tip removal starting 15 days after full bloom on Fortune trees, both treatments improved set, but whereas shoot removal caused a heavier ‘June drop’ compared with untreated trees, shoot tip removal increased the number of fruits retained to harvest and produced a yield increase. The difference between the two treatments in their influence on fruit retention, during and after the ‘June drop’, is accounted for by the beneficial effect of a relatively small number of leaves on each tipped shoot. Studies on the pattern of distribution of photosynthates, using 14CO2 and autoradiography, produced results supporting the concept of competition between fruits and shoots and also showed changes in the pattern of assimilate movement brought about by shoot tip removal. It is concluded that competition between fruits and shoots, occurring during blossoming and the following 2–3 weeks, may limit fruit set, but the presence of shoot leaves is beneficial to fruit retention in the later part of the season, particularly during the ‘June drop’ period.  相似文献   

15.
Foliar applications of 30, 60 or 120 mg I-1 uniconazole were made to ‘Delicious’ apple trees at full bloom or one, two or three weeks after full bloom. Application at full bloom reduced fruit weight and length/diameter ratio more than when applied two or more weeks after full bloom. In another experiment, a single application of uniconazole was applied to ‘Delicious’ trees three weeks after full bloom at 15, 30, 60, 120, 240 or 480 mg I-1. Posages of 240 or 480 mg I-1 controlled vegetative growth to about 50% of the control values at ten weeks after treatment. Thereafter, the rate of shoot elongation was similar to that of the controls. The lowest dosage to reduce vegetative growth was 15 mgl-1. In a third experiment, uniconazole was compared with BAS111 for controlling vegetative growth of ‘Delicious’ trees. Uniconazole or BAS111 applied six times at 350 mgl'1 reduced growth to 46% and 81% of that of the controls, respectively. Increasing the rate of surfactant from 0.1% to 1.0% reduced growth by an additional 8%. Growth reduction in the year of treatment was similar following uniconazole treatments of 350 mg l_l applied three times or 35 mg I-' applied six times.  相似文献   

16.
A study was made of the influences of gibberellic acid (GA3), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) on leafy inflorescences — and of GA3 on entire trees — on fruit-set and fruit-weight of Clementine mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco).Applying GA3 to inflorescences of cultivar ‘Fino’ (seedless Clementine) between anthesis and 14 days after anthesis increased fruit-set and weight of the fruits at harvest. No significant differences in effects were observed between the application to leaves, to flowers or to leaves and flowers simultaneously. GA3 induced the development of parthenocarpic fruits of cultivar ‘Monreal’ (Clementine with seeds) and a fruit-set similar to that obtained with self-pollination. Spraying GA3 (5–200 mg/l) to entire trees of cultivar ‘Fino’ increased the number of fruits per tree and decreased the average weight of the fruits. However, the commercial yield per tree increased with the concentration of GA3 employed.The application of 2,4-D and BA to inflorescences of cultivar ‘Fino’ increased fruit-setting and weight of the fruits, although not as efficiently as GA3, both the concentration and the time of application being more critical.  相似文献   

17.
The efficacy of different methods of applying cv. ‘Golden Delicious‘ pollen to ‘Cox Orange‘ apple trees inside insect-proof cages was investigated: (1) spraying pollen suspended in water directly into the trees while they were in bloom (treatment A); (2) pollen transfer by honeybees (treatment B) or by bumblebees (treatment C), both of which had to pass through a dispenser loaded with cv. ‘Golden Delicious‘ pollen; (3) transfer by honeybees of pollen from cv ‘Golden Delicious‘ trees bearing compatible pollen and maintained in pots within the same cages (treatment D). Naturally pollinated cv. ‘Cox Orange‘ apple trees outside the cages in the orchard served as controls. For methods A–C normal commercially available ‘Golden Delicious‘ pollen was used for hand pollination, and its efficacy was assessed with reference to the amount of fruit that set. The fruit-set at the time of harvesting differed significantly (Nemenyi test) with the different methods of pollination: 1.0% (±2.0) of the blossoms ripened to yield marketable apples after treatment A, 6.1% (±5.2) after treatment B, 4.9% (±4.6) after treatment C, and 20.4% (±11.5) after treatment D, while the corresponding figure for the control trees was 7.3% (±2.8) and that for hand pollination, 41,9%. The low fruit-set after an aqueous suspension of cv. ‘Golden Delicious‘ pollen was sprayed on the test trees shows that this procedure did not result in adequate pollination. The density of pollen grains was determined on filter papers during spraying and was an average of 3 (±2.6, range 0.0–8.6) pollen grains/cm2. When the pollen dispensers were used, the fruit-set was lower than on the hand-pollinated control trees. Despite the success of manual pollination with exogenous cv. ‘Golden Delicious‘ pollen, pollen spraying to enhance pollination, as specified in current instructions, cannot be recommended for commercial apple growing in Germany.  相似文献   

18.
Plant growth regulators such as α?naphthylacetic acid (NAA) or 6?benzyladenine (BA) are commonly used for thinning apple fruits. NAs exhibits an auxin- and gibberellin-type biological activity, stimulate the uptake and translocation of auxins in plant tissue, as well as IAA synthesis and act as surfactants. It was assumed that NAs applied at the stadium of early fruit growth might cause fruit abscission in apple, similarly to NAA. The goal of the research was to test the presumed thinning effect of naphthenic acids on apple cultivars ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Red Delicious’. Three treatments were applied on both apple cultivars including 16.5?μL L?1 NAA, 200?μL L?1?BA and 2.63?mg L?1?potassium salts of NAs. Cortical cell size and the number of cell layers were measured in order to determine the contribution of cell size and cell division in early fruit growth, as affected by chemical thinning treatments. The effects of plant growth regulators NAA, BA and NAs on fruit set, fruit size and the anatomy of the fruit cortex highly depend on varietal differences. In ‘Golden Delicious’ fruit set reduction by chemical thinning increases both the number of cell layers and cell size of apple fruit, while in ‘Red Delicious’ NAA inhibits fruit growth, while BA is ineffective. Cell growth promoting activity of NAA and NAs, accompanied by the decrease in fruit set and reduced competition among fruits within the canopy, results in a significant fruit weight increase at harvest. The research confirms the auxinic properties of NAs, and their assumed thinning activity.  相似文献   

19.
苹果果实β-Gal和LOX活性变化特性及其与果实软化的关系   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
魏建梅  马锋旺 《园艺学报》2009,36(5):631-638
 以‘富士’和‘金冠’苹果果实为试材, 研究了β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal) 和脂氧合酶(LOX) 在果实发育、成熟和软化过程中的变化规律及采后乙烯调控对其活性的影响。结果表明: 在果实发育后熟过程中, 金冠果实β-Gal活性显著高于富士, 在果实后熟软化期间这种差异尤为突出; 而富士和金冠果实LOX活性呈相似的变化规律, 虽然花后富士的活性高峰显著高于金冠, 但之后其活性下降迅速,并一直低于金冠。采后苹果果实β-Gal和LOX均受乙烯调控, 乙烯抑制剂1-MCP极显著地抑制β-Gal和LOX的活性, 而乙烯利对二者活性起促进作用, 但因品种耐藏性不同其促进效应不同。综合来看, 苹果果实β-Gal和LOX活性表现相似的变化规律, 并且β-Gal在果实贮藏初期受乙烯的调控作用较LOX显著, 因此认为在苹果果实软化早期β-Gal的作用可能大于LOX。  相似文献   

20.
Control of regular cropping in apple is considered critical for fruit growers to ensure their economical sustainability. Irregular flowering can be mitigated by plant growth regulators thanks to their promotion or inhibition effects. In this study, responses of GA4+7 and ethephon on alternate bearing in ‘Golden Delicious’/M9 were examined. GA4+7 and ethephon were applied on the same trees during three consecutive years (2010–12). Flowering, yield, shoot growth, and also some fruit quality parameters were assessed. GA4+7 appeared to be more effectual to regulate alternate bearing. The alternate bearing index calculated with yield in successive years was high in control (0.91), moderate in ethephon (0.71), and low in GA4+7 treated trees (0.41). Modified alternate bearing index, based on cluster number, indicated moderate intensity in GA4+7 (0.53) and high intensity in the others. Although GA4+7 reduced crop density at about 50%, there was little variation in yield per tree and crop efficiency due to increasing of fruit size. GA4+7 did not increase shot length after establishment of equilibrium between vegetative and generative growth in 2012. Ethephon slightly reduced vegetative growth and relatively increased fruit size due to the decrease of fruit set.  相似文献   

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