共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 265 毫秒
1.
水及溶质在大孔隙土壤中运移的实验研究进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
详细介绍了有关水及溶质在有大孔隙的土壤中运移确定土壤大孔隙大小分布的实验及含有大孔隙土壤的水流实验。指出今后应进行大量的室内外实验和改进观测方法来获得大量的数据资料，从定性和定量二方面来研究大孔隙流。最后介绍了分形几体在土壤大孔隙流研究中所取得的成果，指出应用分形几何确定土壤大孔隙流性质是一种省时、省力和代表性的好的方法。 相似文献
2.
水及溶质在大孔隙土壤中运移的实验研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
详细介绍了有关水及溶质在有大孔隙的土壤中运移确定土壤大孔隙大小分布的实验及含有大孔隙土壤的水流实验。指出今后应进行大量的室内外实验和改进观测方法来获得大量的数据资料 ,从定性和定量二方面来研究大孔隙流。最后介绍了分形几何在土壤大孔隙流研究中所取得的成果 ,指出应用分形几何确定土壤大孔隙流性质是一种省时、省力和代表性的好的方法 相似文献
3.
4.
大孔隙对土壤水分特征曲线的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
土壤大孔隙是普遍存在的现象，并非例外，它对水及溶质在土壤中的运移有着深刻影响。分别从原状土区和回填土区随机取若干土样，采用离心机法测得了原状土和回填土的水分特征曲线，比较原状土和回填土土壤水分特征曲线的参数，分析了土壤中大孔隙的存在对土壤水分曲线中各参数的影响。指出在进行土壤中水及溶质运移研究中，必须考虑大孔隙的影响。 相似文献
5.
6.
不同土地利用方式下土壤水力性质对比研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
针对草地、保护地、菜地和茶园4种不同土地利用方式的土壤进行了4个压力水头(-9、-6、-3和0 cm)、2个不同盘径的圆盘入渗试验。结果表明,在本试验条件下,不同盘径的圆盘入渗仪测定结果差异不显著,小盘径圆盘更适合用于野外测定土壤水力特征参数。随着水头的减小,4种土地利用方式的土壤稳定入渗率和土壤非饱和导水率呈不同程度的减小。4种土地利用方式土壤的水力学性质差异显著,根据实测资料确定了不同负水头下的土壤饱和导水率和Gardner指数模型参数α,土地利用方式对土壤导水率和Gardner指数模型参数α均有显著影响。不同土地利用方式下土壤大、小孔隙对水流的贡献率影响显著,中等孔隙1、中等孔隙2对水流贡献率影响不显著。茶园和草地各级土壤孔隙对水流的贡献率随孔隙尺寸减小而降低,而菜地和保护地小孔隙(孔隙半径0~0.1 mm)对水流的贡献率为最高。 相似文献
7.
农机压实土壤的问题很难避免，而农田压实土壤的结构恢复至关重要，冻融循环是恢复压实土壤的有效方法。为了研究冻融循环+大孔隙对恢复压实土壤的作用，通过室内试验重塑压实土壤及人工孔隙措施模拟大孔隙，在不同土壤含水率条件下设计不同的冻融循环次数，利用温度传感器监测土壤温度波动，同时对比冻融循环前后压实土壤孔隙与团聚体参数的变化。结果表明，冻融循环过程中，有人工孔隙压实土壤在高、低两种含水率条件下，分别在第3次和第2次冻融循环时开始大幅温度波动，相同含水率条件下无人工孔隙的压实土壤温度大幅波动则出现在第7次和第4次冻融循环，经历多次冻融循环后，有人工孔隙压实土壤的团聚体平均尺度、结构系数等参数均优于无人工孔隙的压实土壤。人工孔隙可通过调节土壤温度波动改变冻融循环在土壤中的作用强度，加速压实土壤结构恢复进程，冻融循环+大孔隙策略是改善土壤孔隙及团聚体结构的有效措施。 相似文献
8.
以江苏省沿海地区不同围垦区剖面土层原状土样为研究对象,基于CT扫描技术,通过构建孔隙网络模型,对土壤孔隙分布及其拓扑关系进行定量表征,统计分析了土壤孔喉参数,包括孔径分布、配位数、喉道半径及喉道长度;运用提取的孔隙网络实现土壤中单相水的渗流模拟,分析土壤的绝对渗透系数（饱和导水率）及其主要影响因素。结果表明,围垦活动对改良土壤孔隙活动起到积极作用,随围垦年限的增加,连通孔隙的半径范围、平均配位数、喉道半径趋于增大,喉道长度趋于减小;浅层土壤的孔隙结构较为良好。单相水模拟中,模拟计算的土壤绝对渗透系数和试验测定的饱和导水率结果吻合度较好,呈现出一致的变化规律。灰色关联度显示喉道半径对土壤渗透性能的影响最大。 相似文献
9.
基于林分空间结构分析方法的土壤大孔隙空间结构研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
土壤大孔隙的形成和分布具有重要的生态学意义,但尚未有研究者利用生态学方法研究其空间结构。以三峡库区紫色砂岩区的3种典型土地利用类型下的土壤大孔隙为研究对象,将图像处理技术与林分空间结构分析方法相结合,从形态学和生态学角度量化分析土壤大孔隙的空间结构。结果表明:3种土地利用类型的土壤大孔隙形状、空间结构复杂程度高,空间分布格局随土壤深度的增加均呈聚集分布趋势,且深层土壤的大孔隙组成较表层单一,其中草地最明显,大孔隙发育程度均随土壤深度的增加而降低;3种土地利用类型的土壤优先流发育程度由大到小为:草地、果园、农地,同一土地利用类型不同孔径范围的大孔隙所形成的优先路径的连通性、导水性和发育程度由大到小依次为:草地孔径范围[5.0 mm,∞)、[2.5 mm,5.0 mm)、[1.0 mm,2.5 mm)、(0,1.0 mm),农地和果园孔径范围[1.0 mm,2.5 mm)、[2.5 mm,5.0 mm)、(0,1.0 mm)、[5.0 mm,∞);将林分空间结构分析方法与土壤大孔隙位置密度分布、大孔隙变异度和复杂度指标进行对比,并与以往研究土壤大孔隙空间结构的方法进行比较,所得结果相同,证明该方法可以用于土壤大孔隙空间结构的分析和研究。林分空间结构分析方法简单易行,从生态学的角度完善了大孔隙空间结构的分析,弥补了目前基于物理化学方法在大孔隙结构理论分析的不足,进一步揭示了土壤大孔隙空间结构形成和分布的原因。 相似文献
10.
基于CT图像的土壤孔隙结构重构 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤孔隙的几何结构和空间特征决定了土壤的透气性和保水性,对土壤功能多样性和生态修复具有重要影响,但现有对土壤孔隙的研究中,缺乏可直观性和定量性对孔隙特征进行描述的工具和方法。针对这一问题,本文采用基于面绘制的移动立方体法(Marching cubes, MC)和基于体绘制的光线投射法(Ray casting, RC)还原土壤孔隙的几何形态和空间分布。以单个孔隙和不同孔隙密集程度的土壤孔隙CT图像为应用对象进行实验,结果表明,2种算法的重构效果均不受土壤样本孔隙密集程度的影响。其中,MC算法重构出的孔隙结构存在边界锯齿化和缺失的现象,且其孔隙体积也小于实际情况;而RC算法重构的孔隙轮廓清晰,结构真实,可完整地呈现出孔隙结构的细节信息。为进一步评价2种算法的重构性能,采用模型品质、绘制速度和内存消耗3个指标进行实验结果的比较分析。结果表明,MC算法存在二义性的不足,使得孔隙结构存在一定程度的失真,重构的孔隙模型质量一般,但由于其只针对表面体素进行重构,因而具有较快的绘制速度和较小的内存消耗;而RC算法采用为每个体素分配不透明度和光强的方法来合成模型,避免了MC算法的缺点,能够保持孔隙模型的细节信息,但由于其重构过程中所有体素点都参与运算,使得其绘制速度较慢,内存占用较大。通过对模型品质、绘制速度和内存消耗3个指标的综合分析,RC算法更加适用于土壤孔隙的三维重构,不仅为土壤孔隙的可视化分析提供了一种较为先进的方法,也为研究土壤水分和养分的运移以及空气的交换奠定了技术基础。 相似文献
11.
Summary Knowledge of the flux of water flowing through macropores in soils is required to devise management strategies for efficient fertiliser use and to prevent fast movement of solutes and pollutants to groundwaters. Water and solute balances in soil profiles were used to develop a simple model for assessing the magnitude of macropore flow. Fluxes of water bypassing the soil matrix were calculated at 35 sites to be between 0 and 415 mm y–1, with the flux being < 200 mm y–1 at most sites. The maximum flux was three times the flux flowing through the soil matrix but only one third of that infiltrating the soil. The flux of macropore flow was not simply related to soil types or soil properties, although the highest fluxes did occur in cracking soils. A qualitative method of using soil chloride profiles to indicate the occurrence (but not magnitude) of bypass flux was also demonstrated. Both these quantitative and qualitative assessments of bypass flow should assist in interpreting root-zone hydrology in soils. 相似文献
12.
大孔隙对土壤比水容重及非饱和导水率影响的实验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以南京市栖霞区东阳镇的粉砂壤土为例,用土壤水分特征曲线(van Genuchten模型)拟合包含大孔隙原状土、不包含大孔隙扰动土的实测数据,得到了模型参数,进而得到比水容重和非饱和导水率与土壤含水量之间关系的表达式,在此基础上对比分析了原状土与扰动土水分运动参数之间的异同,并着重分析了土壤大孔隙对其影响。结果表明,受土壤大孔隙的影响,在同一含水量的情况下,扰动土的比水容重比原状土大1～2个数量级,并且随着吸力的增大,二者的差值逐渐减小;扰动土的非饱和导水率小于原状土,最大可相差2～3个数量级。 相似文献
13.
14.
Implications of precipitation patterns and antecedent soil water content for leaching of pesticides from arable land 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
An improved understanding of how precipitation patterns control pesticide leaching from structured soils prone to macropore flow could lead to practical mitigation strategies that would help farmers minimize losses by optimizing application timings. A sensitivity analysis of the macropore flow model MACRO was therefore carried out to examine the influence of antecedent soil water content and precipitation patterns on pesticide leaching to drainage systems and groundwater. One thousand model runs were executed (20 four-year weather data series, 50 application dates per season) for both autumn and spring applications of a hypothetical moderately sorbed and quickly degraded herbicide for one of three national scenarios for pesticide risk assessment in Sweden (Näsbygård, a loamy moraine soil in Scania, southern Sweden). Rapid and direct transport of pesticides in macropores to drainage systems and shallow groundwater was predicted to occur rather infrequently in spring (in 4 of the 20 years) and even more rarely in autumn. For autumn applications, the soil water deficit at application (SWDtot) and medium-term precipitation (30–90 days after application) were the two most sensitive variables controlling pesticide leaching. For spring applications, total leaching was most closely linked to rainfall the following winter, while short-term precipitation (5 days after application) and the antecedent soil water deficit were the two most important predictors for maximum pesticide concentrations in drainflow. The potential for reducing leaching by restricting applications to periods of low risk was investigated. The results showed that avoiding applications on wet soil in autumn could potentially reduce total pesticide losses by a factor of two to three. Similarly, the risk of acute toxicological effects in surface waters following pesticide applications in spring could be reduced by a factor of 2–3 by avoiding application when 5-day weather forecasts predict precipitation >10 mm. 相似文献
15.
《Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research》1999,72(3):275-290
The Swedish soil water model SOIL has been calibrated for several drained fields in Scotland and Ireland. Drainage efficiency in these fields varies, with inefficient drainage systems leading to saturated profiles and large surface runoff flows. The model has been modified to represent drainflow in typical Scottish and Irish fields in which permeable backfill extending to the surface is present directly above plot drains. When the conductivity of the backfill material is low, surface runoff is shown to be enhanced in specific soil types. Overall, the predictions of the modified model are in reasonably good agreement (as shown by the efficiency factor values) with measured water table levels, drain and surface runoff flows in these fields. These calibrated fields are to be used in subsequent work on pollution from surface runoff following slurry spreading. A useful indicator of potential runoff risk in such systems is the total saturated hydraulic conductivity of the profile, defined here as arising from the combination of the saturated soil and drain conductivities. Fields are classified into high risk if the conductivity of the profile is lower than 6 mm/d, low risk if the conductivity is greater than 18 mm/d, and moderate risk for intermediate conductivities. A sensitivity analysis of the model with regard to drain and surface runoff flows, varying the drain spacing, a backfill resistance term, the soil matrix and macropore saturated hydraulic conductivities, soil porosity and the pore size distribution index, is also presented. This analysis shows that in order of increasing importance, backfill resistance, macropore saturated hydraulic conductivity and drain spacing, have the largest effect on the generation of surface runoff. 相似文献
16.
为揭示秸秆粉碎还田后,不同腐解进程下土壤孔隙演化及其对水分和溶质穿透特征的影响机理,设置不同秸秆还田量（0、5、10、15t/hm2）和还田时间（0、30、60d）处理,采用CT断层扫描技术,视觉量化了土壤孔隙结构特征演变,并基于溶质穿透试验,分析了水分-溶质迁移优先流规律。结果表明,秸秆还田引起土壤孔隙/喉道特征变化,抑制水分-溶质迁移过程,田间持水率和土壤含水率上升,溶质穿透变慢,优先流现象减少,土壤水肥有效持留;随秸秆腐解至60d,孔隙/喉道特征改变,优先流开始发育,但土壤水肥持留能力增强。秸秆还田5、10、15t/hm2初期,和CK组相比大孔隙体积占比分别减少7%、14%、50%,连通孔隙减少11%、39%、66%,表层含水率增加1%、3%、6%。腐解60d后,和0d相比大孔隙体积占比分别增加331%、200%、357%,连通孔隙增加33%、84%、195%,表层含水率增加6%、5%、5%,完全穿透试样所需溶质减少55%、76%、67%。基于Green-Ampt模型和指数衰减模型估算了不同秸秆初始投入量在不同腐解时间下的导水特征,发现饱和导水率在秸秆还田后减小,且随秸秆腐解增大。研究可为控制大孔隙流和无效灌溉提供依据,进一步为秸秆科学还田提供实践指导。 相似文献
17.
明沟排水条件下盐碱地改良优化配水模式 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
分析了盐碱地改良传统冲洗模式的弊端,对土壤水的盐分运动进行了活塞流简化。取对称半田面,建立了基于淡化时间的分区灌水数学模型,通过室内试验对冲洗条件下的土壤水盐运动进行了模拟分析,最后利用试验数据求解分区灌水模型得到了盐碱地改良优化配水方案。结果表明,较之传统模式,分区灌水模式下水资源用量明显减少,二分区和三分区模式比较合理,并分别确定了这二种方案最佳的分区位置。 相似文献
18.
《Agricultural Water Management》1996,29(3):255-265
The nature of water movement through freely draining saturated and field moist aggregates of saline sodic clay topsoil was studied using 200 mm long columns filled with soil aggregates. Water containing tritium as a tracer was supplied either by means of rainfall simulator or directly to the surface of the soil under a negative pressure head of 500 Pa.The proportion of macropore and micropore flow was elucidated. The micropores of the aggregates were shown to convey very little water (0.013 mm h−) and hence, even at low rainfall intensities water was expected to move down through the macropores. In practice, at a low water application rate of 0.6 mm h− drainage did not begin from the base of the column until the aggregates had become fully saturated due to mobile water in the macropores being continuously absorbed into the micropores. The results, however, indicated that extensive rapid bypassing does occur at medium and high rainfall intensities ( > 2.3 mm −) , with the result that a large proportion of the water falling on the unsaturated plough layers of clay soils is drained before the topsoil becomes saturated.The soil absorbed water continuously during the application of the equivalent of a wetter than average winter's rain (400 mm), the rate of absorption being directly proportional to the amount of salt leached.Tritium, used as a tracer, was found to be preferentially absorbed by the clay during the leaching process, the concentration in the soil water rising to 1.8 times that of the applied tritiated water. 相似文献