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1.
Fossil fishes from the Miocene La Venta fauna of the Magdalena River Valley, Colombia, are identified as Colossoma macropomum (Characidae), a living species from the Orinoco and Amazon basins. The fossils document a long and conservative history for a species that is highly specialized for feeding on streamside plants. The phylogenetically advanced position of Colossoma in the subfamily Serrasalminae implies that six related genera and other higher characid taxa originated well before 15 million years ago. This discovery also corroborates neontological evidence for a vicariance event that contributed species from Miocene Orinoco-Amazon faunas to the original Magdalena region fauna. The fossils suggest a formerly diverse Magdalena fauna that has suffered local extinction, perhaps associated with late Cenozoic tectonism. This new evidence may help explain the depauperate nature of the modern Magdalena River.  相似文献   

2.
汀江中上游鱼类多样性及其影响因子   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
基于2012-2013年的2、5、7、10对汀江中上游河流水域的6个江段的调查数据,探讨鱼类多样性的时空差异以及鱼类组成与环境因子间的关联。共采集鱼类71种,隶属4目15科54属,其中福建省保护动物1种、福建省特有种4种;优势种有宽鳍鱲Zacco platypus、黄颡鱼Pseudobagrus fulvidraco、银鮈Gnathopogon argentatus 3种;常见种有马口鱼Opsariichthys bidens等12种。鱼类多样性指数(香农指数)在站位间和季节间差异均显著。根据典范对应分析(CCA)对鱼类群落与环境因子间关联进行了分析,结果显示:水温和人类活动是决定鱼类群落分布的主导因子,总氮、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、底质、堤岸稳定性、植被多样性和河道变化在决定鱼类群落分布上也有一定作用。人类活动的加剧不仅改变了汀江中上游物种组成(即洄游性、敏感性地方物种减少,而外来物种、广布耐受性鱼类增多),也降低了该河流鱼类的物种多样性。  相似文献   

3.
群落食物网常用的向图直观表示,食物网链映射矩阵的引入给出了食物网的一种代数表示,本文通过食物网映射矩阵的乘法运算给出了食物网中,物种i到物种j的k级食物链个数的简单计数法,它尤其适合复杂食物网中食物链的计数,是用矩阵方法进行食物链研究的一个先例,具有重要的方法论意义。  相似文献   

4.
辽东半岛及其沿海岛屿的淡水鱼类区系   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
  相似文献   

5.
整理了长江三角洲地区淡水鱼类名录,并对该地区淡水鱼类的区系组成进行了分析。结果表明,长三角地区共有淡水鱼类220种,隶属14目35科109属。该地区淡水鱼类可分为6个区系复合体:中国江河平原鱼类区系复合体,98种;南方热带平原鱼类区系复合体,65种;中印山区鱼类区系复合体,5种;北方平原鱼类区系复合体,5种;北方山区区系复合体,5种;上第三纪鱼类区系复合体,7种。其他种类为河口及洄游性鱼类。长三角地区鱼类区系以东亚特有的江河平原鱼类为主。  相似文献   

6.
湖南鱼类新纪录及鱼类区系特征   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
报道了湖南省鱼类新纪录13种及其地理分布。迄今为止,湖南共有鱼类179种和亚种,隶属于11目26科101属。鲤科鱼类最为丰富,有93种和亚种,占该地区鱼类总数的51.9%。湖南鱼类区系以东亚特有的江河平原鱼类为主,另有老第三纪原始类群的后裔种类,还有南亚暖水性类群鱼类,而且青藏高原性类鱼类也有分布。  相似文献   

7.
太湖银鱼和主要鱼类渔获量间的相关分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
根据太湖1973-2002年连续30年的鱼类渔获量统计资料,研究了太湖银鱼和主要鱼类渔获量间的相关关系.并根据2004-2005年的食性调查初步结果对相互关系的机制进行了分析.简单相关分析表明,太湖银鱼和鲌鱼、鲢鳙鱼渔获量间的正相关关系均达到极显著水平;偏相关分析表明,太湖银鱼和鲌鱼渔获量间的正相关关系达到极显著水平,和其它鱼类渔获量间的正相关关系达到显著水平,和鲢鳙鱼渔获量间的正相关关系虽然没有达到显著水平,但有一致趋势;简单相关和偏相关分析均表明,太湖银鱼和和鲚鱼渔获量间的相关关系均没有达到显著水平.分析认为:太湖银鱼渔获量的变化除受捕捞强度及环境理化等因素影响外,鲌鱼通过捕食调节,可能降低了鲚鱼和银鱼的食物竞争强度,从而有利银鱼增加;鲢、鳙鱼通过和鲚鱼的食物竞争,从而间接促进了银鱼种群数量发展.  相似文献   

8.
武陵山区位于长江三峡南侧,是长江上中游支流的分水岭。区内分布有鱼类175种,其中特有种和稀有种分别有7种和6种,经济种50余种。文中结合地史演变和古生物资料对本区鱼类物种多样性的形成及其在动物地理区划中的地位作了讨论,认为沿武陵山脉存在一条动物地理区界线,该线南抵苗岭,北经鄂西山地伸达秦岭东麓。该线界分开了东洋区东亚亚区的华东小区和华西小区,即洞庭湖水系属于华东小区,清江和乌江应归为华西小区。  相似文献   

9.
武陵山区位于长江三峡南侧,是长江上中游支流的分水岭。区内分布有鱼类175种,其中特有种和稀有种分别有7种和6种,经济种50余种。文中结合地史演变和古生物资料对本区鱼类物种多样性的形成及其在动物地理区划中的地位作了讨论,认为沿武陵山脉存在一条动物地理区界线,该线南抵苗岭,北经鄂西山地伸达秦岭东麓。该线界分开了东洋区东亚亚区的华东小区和华西小区,即洞庭湖水系属于华东小区,清江和乌江应归为华西小区。  相似文献   

10.
根据太湖1983~2002年连续20年鱼类渔获量统计资料,应用偏相关分析及逐步回归分析等方法,研究了太湖鱼类组成、数量变化的连续变化规律,并结合鱼类食物组成调查对主要鱼类间的相互影响进行了分析。结果表明:除青、草鱼和其余主要鱼类间不存在线性关系外,建立的6个多元线性最优回归模型其复相关系数均达到极显著水平,说明统计学意义上的可靠性很高,较好地反映了近20年太湖主要鱼类组成和数量变化的比例关系。分析认为,其中鲚鱼模型W1=12803-5.5246W3+2.3736W4-3.8909W5、银鱼模型(W2=186.7576+1.5174W3+0.0919W7)、鲢、鳙鱼模型(W5=1633.5789-0.0837W1+0.2553W4)和其他鱼类模型(W7=7652.7351-0.4232W1-5.3439W3+2.2624W4)可能还反映了太湖主要鱼类间相互影响的关系。  相似文献   

11.
Detritivorous fishes form an important part of the ichthyomass in the Amazon basin. Most of these fishes are contained in the orders Characiformes and Siluriformes (catfishes). The Characiformes constitute more than 30% of the total fish yield in the Amazon basin, whereas the catfishes are of minor importance. Stable isotope data indicate that Characiformes species receive most of their carbon through food chains originating with phytoplankton, while the Siluriformes receive a significant part of their energy from other plant sources.  相似文献   

12.
Scale invariance in food web properties   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
The robustness of five common food web properties is examined by varying the resolution of the data through aggregation of trophic groupings. A surprising constancy in each of these properties is revealed as webs are collapsed down to approximately half their original size. This analysis of 60 invertebrate-dominated community food webs confirms the existence of all but one of these properties in such webs and addresses a common concern held by critics of food web theory that observed food web properties may be sensitive to trophic aggregation. The food web statistics (chain length; predator/prey ratio; fraction of top, intermediate, and bottom species; and rigid circuits) are scaling in the sense that they remain roughly invariant over a wide range of data resolution. As such, within present standards of reporting food web data, these statistics may be used to compare systems whose trophic data are resolved differently within a factor of 2.  相似文献   

13.
Probably in early 1967, a piscivore from South America, Cichla ocellaris, was introduced to Gatun Lake in the Panama Canal Zone. As this predator population spread through the lake, the initial effect was dramatic reductions in almost all secondary consumers. These species reductions produced, in turn, second- and third-order changes at other trophic levels of the ecosystem. The resulting changes in the lake community can be seen best by examining the general Gatun Lake food web. The decrease in numbers of the important planktivore Melaniris has resulted in changes within the zooplankton community, as illustrated by the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia. The tertiary-consumer populations, such as tarpon, black terns, kingfishers, and herons, formerly dependent on small fishes for food, appear less frequently in the Cichla areas of the lake. There has also been, possibly, a resurgence of the local mosquito populations (which are malaria vectors), caused by the reduction in the populations of insect-eating fishes. Even the primary producers may be affected by this introduction. Although at present the Gatun Lake ecosystem is undergoing rapid changes, we anticipate an eventual return to some form of equilibrium. However, it will be some time before we can evaluate the permanence or transience of the many changes produced in the trophic levels by the introduction of a single, top-level predator to this lake system.  相似文献   

14.
五里湖生态系统能量流动模型初探   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
根据2009年五里湖的渔业资源和生态环境调查数据,利用EwE 6.0构建五里湖生态系统的生态通道模型。该模型包括大型鲌、其他食鱼性鱼类、湖鲚、鲤、鲫、野杂鱼、鲢、草食性鱼类、大型虾蟹类、软体动物、其他底栖动物、浮游动物、沉水植物、其他维管束植物、浮游植物和碎屑等17个功能组,基本覆盖了五里湖生态系统能量流动的主要过程。模型分析表明:2009年五里湖生态系统处在趋于成熟时期。生态网络分析表明,生态系统各功能组的营养级范围为1~3.958,能量流动主要有6级,来自初级生产者的能量效率为4.4%,来自碎屑的传递效率为5.1%,平均能量传递效率为4.9%。生态系统功能组直接来源于碎屑的比例占总流量的60%,来源于初级生产者的比例为44%。生态系统的总初级生产计算量/总呼吸量(TPP/TR)、连接指数(CI)、系统聚合度(A)、Finn′s循环指数(FCI)、Finn′s平均能流路径长度(FCL )和系统杂合度(SOI)分别为1.339、0.277、0.267、0.155、3.393、0.119。  相似文献   

15.
太湖沿岸区几种肉食性鱼类蛋白酶活性的研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
本文对太湖沿岸区几种常见肉食性鱼类的胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶活性进行了比较研究,发现它们的胃蛋白酶比活力有显著差异(P〈0.01),其中,尤以底栖无脊椎动物食性的黄颡鱼最高,沙塘鳢次之,而以鱼、虾为食的乌鳢、鳜鱼的较低。但它们的胰蛋白酶比活力并无显著性差异(P〉0.10)。作者认为,肉食性鱼类9特别是胃发达的)食物的消化主要集中在胃中,胃蛋白酶活性的高低与食物的硬度(钙质的含量)成正相关,而在小肠中,只  相似文献   

16.
Fish faunas across the continental United States have become more similar through time because of widespread introductions of a group of cosmopolitan species intended to enhance food and sport fisheries. On average, pairs of states have 15.4 more species in common now than before European settlement of North America. The 89 pairs of states that formerly had no species in common now share an average of 25.2 species. Introductions have played a larger role than extirpations in homogenizing fish faunas. Western and New England states have received the most introductions, which is a reflection of the small number of native fishes in these areas considered desirable gamefish by settlers.  相似文献   

17.
池养鲢.鳙鱼摄食习性的研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
研究池养鲢、鳙鱼的食物组成,消化利用和摄食强度。结果表明:鲢、鱅鱼食物种类多数相同,但鲢滤食小型浮游生物较多,鳙滤食大型浮游生物较多。鲢食物中浮游植物与浮游动物的数量比为552:1,是鳙的3.6倍;生物量比值为1.17:1,是鳙的7.3倍。故鲢以浮游植物为主要食物,鳙以浮游动物为主要食物;但宜通称为食浮游生物的鱼类。鲢、鳙对硅藻、金藻、隐藻、裸藻中大部分种类消化良好,对甲藻、蓝藻和绿藻中部分种类可以消化,大部分难以消化。鲢、鳙摄食强度具明显昼夜节律性变化。摄食低谷在清晨2—6时,高峰在14时左右。摄食强度随溶氧、水温升降和食物丰歉波动。  相似文献   

18.
钱塘江西湖段鱼类群落结构特征   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
2016—2018年对钱塘江西湖段鱼类进行分季节采样调查,共采集到鱼类31种,隶属7目9科27属,其中鲤科(Cyprinidae)鱼类最多,有21种,占总物种数的67.74%;按生态类群划分则以淡水定居性、中下层、杂食性鱼类为主;优势种为鲫(Carassius auratus)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、刀鲚(Coilia nasus)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)、窄体舌鳎(Cynoglossus gracilis)。与历史记录相比,鱼类资源衰退较为明显,仅江海洄游性鱼类及河口性鱼类就减少了16种,且存在资源小型化、物种单一化的问题。Jaccard相似性系数显示任意两年之间的鱼类物种组成均处于中等不相似水平,ABC曲线也显示2016和2018年鱼类群落较稳定而2017年处于受干扰状态。鲢、鲫和鳙为该江段目前最主要的鱼类资源,分别占渔获物总质量的49.65%、20.14%和16.19%,其中鲢和鳙完全依靠增殖放流补充。绝大多数钱塘江传统土著经济鱼类虽有长期增殖放流的补充,但未在该江段形成优势种群。鱼类多样性指数虽有一定的季节及年际波动,但其变化未达到显著水平,鱼类群落结构的季节变化则与鱼类自身生活习性及水域内水文地理特征均有一定程度的关系。建议对钱塘江河口段持续开展全面的鱼类群落及鱼类生境调查,为制定细化的鱼类保护措施提供科学依据。  相似文献   

19.
Food chain length (FCL) is a fundamental component of food web structure. Studies in a variety of ecosystems suggest that FCL is determined by energy supply, environmental stability, and/or ecosystem size, but the nature of the relationship between environmental stability and FCL, and the mechanism linking ecosystem size to FCL, remain unclear. Here we show that FCL increases with drainage area and decreases with hydrologic variability and intermittency across 36 North American rivers. Our analysis further suggests that hydrologic variability is the mechanism underlying the correlation between ecosystem size and FCL in rivers. Ecosystem size lengthens river food chains by integrating and attenuating discharge variation through stream networks, thereby enhancing environmental stability in larger river systems.  相似文献   

20.
 中国有鮡科鱼类12属50种和亚种, 分布在长江以南诸水系, 尤以云南分布的属、种最为丰富。鮡科鱼类演化的总趋势是向着急流中底栖的方向发展, 因此形态特征和生态习性发生了一系列适应性变化。由于游泳能力弱, 它们与河流水环境的关系更为紧密, 对水文特征和水质变化极为敏感, 是一群水环境质量监测的极好指示生物。它们的生存压力主要来自植被破坏、水利工程、电站建设和水质污染等造成的环境变化, 也与过度捕捞有关。它们承受的生存压力在其他生物类群中也同样存在, 有效保护江河水生物资源已是刻不容缓的事情。  相似文献   

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