首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
The bulbospongiosus reflex, genitoanal reflex, and nerve conduction velocity of the dorsal nerve of the penis were evaluated in cats. Seven adult sexually intact or castrated male mixed-breed cats underwent surgical isolation of the bulbospongiosus (analagous to bulbocavernosus) branch, anal branch, and distal trunk of the pudendal nerve. The bulbospongiosus and genitoanal reflexes were recorded from the bulbospongiosus and anal branches, respectively, by electrical stimulation, in turn, of the distal pudendal trunk and the penis itself. Nerve conduction velocity of the dorsal nerve of the penis was calculated by measuring response latency differences in the anal branch after stimulation of 2 sites on the extruded penis. The bulbospongiosus reflex had response latencies of 8.1 to 10.3 ms (distal trunk stimulation) and 11.0 to 13.0 ms (penile stimulation). The genitoanal reflex had latencies of 8.1 to 10.5 ms (distal trunk stimulation) and 11.2 to 13.2 ms (penile stimulation). Response amplitudes diminished at stimulus rates of 5 to 10 Hz; responses were abolished at rates of 12 to 15 Hz, suggesting that the reflexes are polysynaptic. There was no significant difference between latency values for the bulbospongiosus and genitoanal reflexes. Mean +/- SD nerve conduction velocity in the dorsal nerve of the penis was calculated to be 3.8 +/- 0.34 m/s, which was considerably slower than that found in human beings. This may represent technical difficulties in performing the test in cats, but could also indicate a difference between cats and human beings in the predominant population of cutaneous sensory fiber types of the penis.  相似文献   

2.
Noninvasive determination of anal and genitoanal reflexes was evaluated in clinically normal cats. Thirty adult mixed-breed cats (15 sexually intact or castrated males, 15 sexually intact or spayed females) were sedated by IV administration of ketamine, acetylpromazine, and atropine. Anal reflexes were recorded from the anal sphincter muscle after ipsilateral and contralateral electrical stimulation of the perineal skin. Genitoanal reflexes were recorded from the anal sphincter muscle after electrical stimulation of the penis or clitoris. An anal sphincter response to tibial nerve stimulation was attempted. Anal reflexes from ipsilateral and contralateral stimulations and a genitoanal reflex were detected in all cats. Anal sphincter responses to tibial nerve stimulation were inconsistent (4/30) and were not included in any analyses. Anal reflexes had response latencies of 7.5 to 12.0 ms (ipsilateral stimulation) and 6.5 to 13 ms (contralateral stimulation). Genitoanal reflexes had latencies of 9.0 to 13.0 ms (males) and 6.5 to 9.0 ms (females). Anal reflex latencies were significantly (P less than 0.05) longer for contralateral, opposed to ipsilateral, stimulation and were significantly (P less than 0.05) longer in males than in females. Genitoanal reflex latencies were also significantly (P less than 0.05) longer in males than in females, reflecting the more peripheral stimulation site in males. Anal reflex responses could be recorded in 2 feline clinic patients with such severe perineal trauma that pudendal nerve function could not be manually evaluated A potentially favorable prognosis was given in each instance on the basis of detection of the response. One cat eventually recovered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

3.
Objective To provide evidence concerning doses of ketamine that affect electroencephalographic (EEG) and autonomic signs of arousal during nociceptive stimulation. Study design Prospective psychophysical test in people. Single injection or progressively increasing infusions of ketamine in cats. Animals and people Seven people (20–60 years old) and three cats (3–5 kg) for EEG recording and six cats for EMG recordings. Methods In order to define innocuous and nociceptive stimulus intensities which could be applied to cats to evaluate arousal, psychophysical evaluations of sensations elicited by compression of the skin overlying phalangeal bones of the hand were obtained from human subjects. Then, following administration of ketamine, recordings of EEG frequency and of autonomic responses (heart rate, respiratory rate and arterial blood pressure) were obtained before and during stimulation of the tails of cats at pressures identified by human observers as either innocuous or nociceptive. Observations of withdrawal reflexes of the hindlimbs following interdigital skin stimulation were interposed between recording periods. In separate sessions, stretch reflex activity was assessed during awake and anesthetic conditions by recording electromyographic activity from soleus muscles and resistive force to dorsiflexion of the tibiotarsal joint. Results There were no changes in either total EEG (0.5–30.0 Hz), low‐frequency (0.6–7.5 Hz) or high‐frequency (7.5–30.0 Hz) power produced by nociceptive stimulation for a period of 18–24 minutes following an intramuscular bolus dose of ketamine (33.0 mg kg?1), although withdrawal reflexes were present. Thereafter, nociceptive stimulation produced EEG arousal responses in the low‐frequency and total power range and increased systolic blood pressure and respiration rate. In tests after intravenous infusion of ketamine (10.0–22.2 mg kg?1 hour?1), total and low‐frequency EEG power and autonomic responses to nociceptive stimulation were eliminated. Organized motor responses were never elicited during IV infusion, but withdrawal reflexes were observed at each dosage. Also, stretch reflexes were shown by quantitative analysis to be retained at all doses of ketamine infusion. Conclusions and clinical relevance These results show that testing of withdrawal reflexes does not reveal the adequacy of ketamine anesthesia. Segmental stretch and withdrawal reflexes are preserved and can be investigated during infusion of ketamine at doses that eliminate arousal from brief periods of nociceptive stimulation.  相似文献   

4.
The objective of the investigation was to evaluate quantitatively the analgesic efficacy of the Ketamine-Azaperone-general anesthesia during surgical procedures on pigs by nociceptive flexor reflexes (NFR). The study was performed in 30 four to five month old male pigs which were castrated. The NFR was evoked every minute over the N. ulnaris by multiple electrical stimulation consisting of five single stimuli (2 Hz). The reflex response was derived electromyographically (EMG) by surface electrodes placed over the M. deltoideus. The root-mean-square amplitude within the time interval of 80-240 ms after the last stimulus was calculated as measure for the reflex size. The threshold was fixed at 40 microV. Beside electrical NFR recording the surgical tolerance was determined by the traditional interdigital reflex and the defense reaction to defined surgical test stimuli which were incisisions in the scrotal skin, in the tunica vaginalis and in the testis, pulling off the spermatic cord, clamping and cutting off the spermatic cord and final wound disinfection. All surgical pain stimuli were performed simultaneously with the electrical stimuli. After induction of anesthesia the NFR amplitude declined from 3500 microV below the threshold of 40 microV. At 98% of the surgical stimuli without defense reaction were below the reflex threshold. At 93% with defense reactions demonstrated reflex amplitudes above the threshold. When the interdigital reflex was suppressed, 89% of the NFR values fell below the threshold of 40 microV. These findings demonstrate a good correlation of NFR-amplitudes with reactions to traditional controls of analgesia.  相似文献   

5.
Reflexes associated with the trigeminal and facial nerves were investigated electromyographically in 14 barbiturate-anesthetized dogs. Using subcutaneous needle electrodes, electrical stimulation of the infraorbital, frontal, and zygomaticofacial branches of the trigeminal nerve produced reflex contractions of the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle. Cutaneous and subcutaneous electrical stimulation of the internal auricular branches of the facial nerve also produced reflex contractions of the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle. After sectioning of this branch between the vagus and facial nerves, electrical stimulation of the proximal portion of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve produced reflex contractions of the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle. After sectioning of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve; electrical stimulation of the proximal portion of the caudal and middle internal auricular nerves did not produce reflex contractions of the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle. Subcutaneous electrical stimulation of the palpebral nerve produced reflex contractions and direct-evoked muscle activity of the orbicularis oculi muscle. Subcutaneous electrical stimulation of the infraorbital and middle mental nerves produced reflex contractions of the rostral belly of the digastricus muscle.  相似文献   

6.
Somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEP) and spinal cord-evoked potentials (SCEP) were recorded in clinically normal adult cats in response to electrical stimulation of pudendal and tibial nerves to provide normative data that can be used in a clinical evaluation of pudendal nerve function in cats after sacral or sacrococcygeal luxations or fractures. Responses to tibial nerve stimulation were included in the study as an internal control because it is usually not involved in these types of injuries and because its SEP and SCEP are easily recorded. Evoked potentials were characterized by the latencies (ms) of positive (P or p) and negative (N or n) peaks. The SEP resulting from percutaneous pudendal nerve stimulation consisted of a prominent P-N-P potential in the 30- to 80-ms range. The pudendal SCEP was not successfully recorded because of large muscle artifacts evoked from the sacral area. The tibial SEP was similar to the pudendal SEP, except that the prominent P-N-P series in the 35- to 81-ms range was preceded by a smaller p-n-p-n sequence in the 7- to 23-ms range. The tibial SCEP consisted of a P-N-P series in the 2- to 4-ms range.  相似文献   

7.
OBJECTIVES: To evoke and measure the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) by use of electromyographic recordings and to score the behavioral nociceptive responses to electrical pulses in standing nonsedated horses. ANIMALS: 10 adult horses. PROCEDURE: The lateral palmar digital nerve of the forelimb was transcutaneously stimulated, and surface electromyographic responses were recorded from the ulnaris lateralis, extensor carpi radialis, and common digital extensor muscles. Stimuli consisted of a 25-millisecond train of 5 constant-current pulses delivered by a computer-controlled stimulator. The 80- to 250-milliseconds poststimulation interval was analyzed to detect the NWR. The current intensity was increased in steps of 0.5 mA until the NWR threshold intensity (lt) was reached. The stimulus at It was repeated twice. Latency and amplitude of the NWR, together with the behavioral reaction of horses, were analyzed. The latter was scored according to a scale from 0 (no reaction) to 5 (vigorous reaction). Finally, 3 suprathreshold stimuli at 1.2 X It were analyzed. RESULTS: The median It to elicit NWR was 2.5 mA. Median onset latency of the NWR was 96.0 milliseconds at It and 89.6 milliseconds for suprathreshold stimuli. The amplitude of the reflexes was higher for suprathreshold stimulations, and behavioral reactions were slightly stronger when stimulus intensity increased. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results of our study indicate that it is possible to record NWR in conscious standing horses, to define a reflex threshold, and to measure reflexes in response to increasing stimulus intensity.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVE: To characterize and determine the sensory innervation of respiratory reflexes elicited by nasal administration of halothane to dogs. ANIMALS: 10 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURE: Dogs underwent permanent tracheostomy and, 2 to 3 weeks later, were anesthetized with thiopental and alpha-chloralose administered IV. The nasal passages were functionally isolated so that halothane could be administered to the nasal passages while dogs were breathing 100% O2 via the tracheostomy. Respiratory reflexes in response to administration of halothane at concentrations of 1.25, 1.75, and 2.5 times the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), and 5% (administered in 100% O2 at a flow rate of 5 L/min) were recorded. Reflexes in response to administration of 5% halothane were also recorded following transection of the infraorbital nerve, transection of the caudal nasal nerve, and nasal administration of lidocaine. RESULTS: Nasal administration of halothane induced an inhibition of breathing characterized by a dose-dependent increase in expiratory time and a resultant decrease in expired volume per unit time. Effects were noticeable immediately after the onset of halothane administration and lasted until its cessation. Reflex responses to halothane administration were attenuated by transection of the caudal nasal nerve and by nasal administration of lidocaine, but transection of the infraorbital nerve had no effect. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Nasal administration of halothane at concentrations generally used for mask induction of anesthesia induces reflex inhibition of breathing. Afferent fibers in the caudal nasal nerve appear to play an important role in the reflex inhibition of breathing induced by halothane administration.  相似文献   

9.
Electrically induced reflexes can be used to investigate the physiology and pathophysiology of the trigeminal system in humans. Similarly, the assessment of the trigemino-cervical (TCR) and blink reflexes (BR) may provide a new diagnostic tool in horses. The aim of this study was to evoke nociceptive trigeminal reflexes and describe the electrophysiological characteristics in non-sedated horses. The infraorbital (ION) and supraorbital nerves (SON) were stimulated transcutaneously in 10 adult Warmblood horses in separate sessions using train-of-five electrical pulses. The current was increased gradually until the TCR threshold was found. The stimulus-response curve of the TCR was evaluated. At the same time as TCR, the BR response was also assessed. Surface electromyographic (EMG) responses were recorded from the orbicularis oculi, splenius and cleidomastoideus muscles. Latency, duration, amplitude of the reflexes and behavioural responses were analysed. Noxious electrical stimulation of the ION or SON evoked reflex EMG responses, with similar features regardless of the nerve that had been stimulated. Stimulations of increasing intensity elicited reflexes of increasing amplitude and decreasing latency, accompanied by stronger behavioural reactions, therefore confirming the nociceptive nature of the TCR. These findings provide a reference for the assessment of dysfunction of the equine trigeminal system.  相似文献   

10.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the respiratory effects occurring during administration of sevoflurane or isoflurane to the upper airway in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, randomized study. ANIMALS: Twelve healthy adult beagles (6 males, 6 females). METHODS: At least 2 weeks after undergoing permanent tracheostomy, dogs were premedicated with acepromazine-buprenorphine, and anesthesia was induced with thiopental and maintained with alpha-chloralose. The upper airway was functionally isolated so that the inhalant could be administered to the upper airway while dogs were breathing 100% O2 via the tracheostomy. Respiratory reflexes in response to the administration of sevoflurane or isoflurane at concentrations of 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 times the minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) (administered in 100% O2 at a flow rate of 5 L/min) were recorded. Reflexes in response to administration of each anesthetic were also recorded following upper-airway administration of lidocaine. RESULTS: Respiratory reflexes elicited by upper-airway administration of each anesthetic were characterized by a dose-dependent increase in expiration time, with a resultant decrease in respiratory minute ventilation and increase in end-tidal PCO2. The magnitude of these responses was greater with isoflurane than with sevoflurane at 1.8 and 2.4 MAC. These reflexes were abolished after lidocaine nebulization into the upper airway. CONCLUSION: Isoflurane induces greater reflex inhibition of breathing than does sevoflurane when the anesthetic is inhaled into the upper airway at concentrations used for mask induction.  相似文献   

11.
The acoustic reflex (AR) was recorded from 12 healthy mixed-breed dogs. Latency and amplitude were measured from ipsilateral and contralateral AR at stimulus frequencies of 1 and 2 kHz and intensities of 70 to 110 dB sound pressure level for ipsilateral AR and 70 to 120 dB hearing level for contralateral AR. Mean latencies for ipsilateral and contralateral AR were between 33.46 and 206.10 ms and between 45.26 and 180.89 ms, respectively, and amplitudes were between 0.14 and 1.79 cm3 and between 0.31 and 1.86 cm3 of air, respectively. Stimulus frequencies and intensities had significant effects (P less than 0.05) on ipsilateral and contralateral AR latencies and amplitudes. Ipsilateral and contralateral AR decays were determined by measuring compliance change during a 10-s pure-tone stimulation at frequencies of 1 and 2 kHz at an intensity of 10 dB above AR threshold. Reflex decays for 1 kHz and 2 kHz frequencies averaged 5.74% and 9.71%, respectively, for ipsilateral AR and 5.08% and 5.40%, respectively, for contralateral AR. Bilateral tympanograms and brain stem auditory-evoked responses were performed on each dog. Mean normal static compliance of the middle ear, as determined by tympanometry, was 0.15 cm3. Unilateral tenotomy of the tensor tympani muscle was done on 6 of the 12 dogs, and each of the preceding procedures were repeated within 1 week after surgical operation. Transection of the tensor tympani tendon did not alter (P greater than 0.05) the latencies or amplitudes of 1 kHz- or 2 kHz-evoked contralateral AR, the latency or amplitude of 1 kHz-evoked ipsilateral AR, or the amplitude of 2 kHz-evoked ipsilateral AR. However, the latency of 2 kHz-evoked ipsilateral AR was significantly (P less than 0.05) increased. Reflex decay increased significantly (P less than or equal to 0.001) for the contralateral reflex elicited by the 2 kHz stimulus. Neither compliance of the middle ear system nor amplitude and latency of the brain stem auditory-evoked response were affected (P greater than 0.05) by tenotomy. Since tenotomy eliminates participation of the tensor tympani in the AR, these data indicate that contraction of this muscle is not primarily responsible for the compliance changes recorded during an acoustic reflex in dogs.  相似文献   

12.
The sensory innervation of the cardiopulmonary reflexes to nasal application of capsaicin (CAPS), distilled water (DW) and l-menthol (LM) was studied in anesthetized dogs breathing through tracheostomy. A marked cardiopulmonary reflex was observed by CAPS and DW into the nasal cavity, while a prolongation of expiration was induced by LM. All these reflexes were significantly decreased by bilateral section of the posterior nasal nerve (PNN) and completely abolished by topical nasal anesthesia with lidocaine. Responses of the whole nerve activity of the PNN to these substances corresponded to the magnitude of the reflexes. These results indicate that PNN afferents play an important role on the reflex elicitation of the noxious, water and cold stimuli from the nasal cavity.  相似文献   

13.
The aim of this study was to quantify the effects of isoflurane at approximately the minimum alveolar concentration (peri-MAC) on the temporal summation (TS) of reflex activity in ponies. TS was evoked by repeated electrical stimulations applied at 5 Hz for 2 s on the digital nerve of the left forelimb of seven ponies. Surface electromyographic activity was recorded from the deltoid and common digital extensor muscles. TS thresholds and amplitude of response to stimulations of increasing intensities were assessed during anaesthesia at 0.85, 0.95 and 1.05 times the individual MAC, and after anaesthesia in standing animals. Under isoflurane anaesthesia, TS thresholds increased significantly in a concentration-dependent fashion and at each isoflurane MAC, the responses increased significantly for increasing stimulation intensities. A concentration-dependent depression of evoked reflexes with a reduction in the slopes of the stimulus–response function was observed for both muscles. The results demonstrated that with this model it is possible to describe and quantify the effects of anaesthetics on spinal sensory-motor processing in ponies.  相似文献   

14.
Familial reflex myoclonus in Labrador Retrievers   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Three 6-week-old male purebred yellow Labrador Retrievers were presented with intermittent stimulus-sensitive contractions of the appendicular and axial muscles. Five littermates were normal, although the grandsire of the affected litter had sired 2 previous litters containing similarly affected pup. Although alert and responsive, the affected dogs appeared decerebrate with extensor rigidity and opisthotonus during handling. During severe episodes, respiratory distress was observed. Generalized contractions were initiated by voluntary movements, but at rest the muscles relaxed. Neurologic deficits were not detected, although efforts to elicit segmental reflexes, assess muscle tone, or assist walking resulted in generalized stiffness. Electromyograms from the semitendinous muscles (musculi semitendinosus) had increased motor unit amplitude (up to 5,000 microV) with polyphasic action potentials. There were no myotonic discharges. A reduced interference pattern was seen. A single tactile stimuli of the distal limb resulted in 3 responses, each lasting less than or equal to 10 ms at latencies of 0 to 12 ms, 20 to 30 ms, and 35 to 40 ms, characteristic for reflex myoclonus. The motor nerve conduction velocities were normal for age (32 to 35 ms). Age-matched control dogs had motor unit action potentials of 100 to 200 microV and single compound motor unit discharges to single tactile stimuli. Therapeutic trials with diazepam and clonazepam produced minimal effects on the muscle contractions. Values of urinalyses, complete blood cell counts, and serum chemistries were within normal limits. Frozen muscle section biopsy findings, including enzyme histochemical assessment of muscle fiber types, were normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

15.
ObjectiveTo develop an ultrasound-guided interfascial plane technique for injection of the pudendal nerve near its sacral origin in cats.Study designProspective, randomized, anatomical study.AnimalsA group of 12 feline cadavers.MethodsGross and ultrasound anatomy of the ischiorectal fossa, the pudendal nerve relationship with parasacral structures, and the interfascial plane were described. Computed tomography was employed to describe a cranial transgluteal approach to the pudendal nerve. Bilateral ultrasound-guided injections were performed in eight cadavers using low [(LV) 0.1 mL kg–1] or high volume [(HV) 0.2 mL kg–1] of ropivacaine–dye solution. Dissections were performed to determine successful staining of the pudendal nerve (>1 cm) and inadvertent staining of the sciatic nerve, and any rectal, urethral, or intravascular puncture. Pudendal nerve staining in groups LV and HV were compared using Fisher's exact and Wilcoxon rank-sum test as appropriate (p = 0.05).ResultsThe pudendal nerve and its rectal perineal and sensory branches coursed through the ischiorectal fossa, dorsomedial to the ischiatic spine. The pudendal nerve was not identified ultrasonographically, but the target plane was identified between the sacral transverse process, the ischiatic spine, the pelvic fascia and the rectum, and it was filled with dye solution. Both branches of the pudendal nerve were completely stained 75% and 87.5% in groups LV and HV, respectively (p = 1.00). The dorsal aspect of the sciatic nerve was partially stained in 37% of injections in group HV. Rectal or urethral puncture and intravascular injection were not observed.Conclusions and clinical relevanceIn cats, ultrasound-guided cranial transgluteal injection successfully stained the pudendal nerve in at least 75% of attempts, regardless of injectate volume. Group HV had a greater probability of sciatic nerve staining.  相似文献   

16.
The effects of thiopental, ketamine, diazepam, xylazine and nitrous oxide, and combinations of thiopental-nitrous oxide and ketamine-nitrous oxide on electroencephalographic (EEG) spike activity and convulsive behaviors in atropinized cats at surgical depth of enflurane anesthesia were assessed quantitatively for 60 minutes during spontaneous ventilation. Mean inspired enflurane concentrations (MIEC) were reduced 16% to 29% by pretreatment with thiopental, ketamine, diazepam, and xylazine, and were reduced 19% by 66% nitrous oxide. The MIEC of cats anesthetized with thiopental-nitrous oxide-enflurane and ketamine-nitrous oxide-enflurane were 35% to 38% lower than that with nitrous oxide-enflurane. Pretreatment with thiopental, ketamine, diazepam, and xylazine did not reduce the EEG spike frequency during anesthesia but did markedly reduce the spike amplitude. The addition of 66% nitrous oxide did not alter the spike frequency during anesthesia but tended to reduce the spike amplitude. Combinations of thiopental-nitrous oxide and ketamine-nitrous oxide almost abolished the spike activity. The addition of 66% nitrous oxide prevented convulsive responses elicited by photic and auditory stimulation during enflurane anesthesia. Treatment with thiopental, ketamine, diazepam and xylazine, and combinations of thiopental-nitrous oxide and ketamine-nitrous oxide, completely prevented convulsive responses during enflurane anesthesia.  相似文献   

17.
The acoustic reflex (AR) and brain stem auditory-evoked response (BAER) were recorded in adult cats 5 minutes after IM administration of xylazine (1 mg/kg) and after IM administration of ketamine (10 mg/kg). Ipsilateral and contralateral AR were recorded at 10 and 20 dB above acoustic reflex threshold 5 minutes after xylazine administration and 5 and 35 minutes after ketamine administration. Monaural BAER were recorded 5 minutes after xylazine and 5 and 35 minutes after ketamine, using stimulus intensities of 90-, 80-, and 70-dB hearing level (HL). Additional BAER were recorded at 10, 15, and 25 minutes after ketamine, using the 90-dB HL stimulus. Pre- and postinjection comparisons were made for threshold, latency, and amplitude of the AR and for latency and amplitude of waves I through VI of the BAER. At both stimulus intensities before and after ketamine administration threshold for the ipsilateral reflex was significantly lower (P greater than 0.05) than for the contralateral reflex. The threshold, latency, and amplitude of the AR were unaffected (P greater than 0.05) by the injection of ketamine after xylazine. The amplitude of BAER waves was not affected (P greater than 0.05) by ketamine after xylazine for each of the 3 stimulus intensities. Latency of the 90-dB HL-evoked response was increased (P less than or equal to 0.05) for waves III/IV at 5 and 35 minutes after ketamine, and for wave V at each of the postinjection times, except at postinjection minute 15.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

18.
The intent of the study was to clarify the technique and the application of the electrophysiological bulbocavernosus reflex (EBCR) test in healthy female dogs. For this aim, 15 healthy female dogs were used in the study. The stimulations were made on the clitoris and the responses were recorded from the right side of the external anal sphincter muscle with a concentric needle recording electrode. The EBCR had response latencies between 18.99 and 25.69ms with the mean value of 22.26ms. The EBCR reflex test is not yet widely used for the evaluation of the functional integrity of sacral spinal cord segments and nerve roots in veterinary clinics. Our experiences indicated that the EBCR reflex test gives valuable data about sacral spinal reflex arc functionality and can be accepted as a routine diagnostic method in small animal clinics for evaluation of the sacral reflex arc.  相似文献   

19.
The area of skin supplied by the afferent fibers in a peripheral nerve is called the cutaneous area (CA) of that nerve. The CA responsive to movement of wool or hair in the genital regions were mapped in 17 ewes, with the identifications of the peripheral nerves and of the spinal nerves contributing to the pudendal plexus being checked at necropsy. Differences were found in the origins and extent of CA of the cutaneous branches from the sacral plexus. The CA of the caudal rectal nerves and of a nerve that passed caudally between the caudal vertebrae and the ventral sacrococcygeus muscle lay lateral to the anus and in the adjacent skin of the tail. The CA of the proximal cutaneous branch and of the distal cutaneous branch from the pudendal nerve (or plexus) overlapped craniocaudally (by approx one-half) the CA of the distal cutaneous branch extending ventrally and ending just caudal to the ipsilateral mammary gland. The deep perineal nerve innervated the skin immediately lateral to the anus and vulva. The dorsal nerve of the clitoris innervated hairs on the ipsilateral half of the vulva. Other fibers in the pudendal nerve were presumed to pass into the mammary branch of the nerve. They innervated the skin ventral to the vulva, the ipsilateral mammary gland, and (in some ewes) areas of the skin cranial to the mammary gland. The CA of the genitofemoral nerve included the ipsilateral teat and the inguinal fossa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

20.
It has been reported that perineal urethrostomy resulted in impairment of striated-muscle urethral sphincter function in male cats, as measured by urethral pressure profilometry and electromyography (EMG). Our study was undertaken to describe and evaluate a surgical technique for perineal urethrostomy that reduces trauma to the urethral branches of the pudendal nerve. Perineal urethrostomy was performed on 10 healthy neutered cats after demonstrating that they had normal urethral sphincter function by urethral pressure profilometry (maximal urethral closure pressure [MUCP] = 151 +/- 52 cm of water) and EMG activity at the level of the striated-muscle sphincter before surgery. All cats had normal urethral sphincter function 1 week (MUCP = 194 +/- 19 cm of water, EMG activity present) and 3 weeks (MUCP greater than 200 cm of water, EMG activity present) after surgery. These results indicated that preservation of the urethral branches of the pudendal nerve during urethrostomy preserved striated-muscle urethral sphincter function.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号