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Septoria carvi belong to the fungi recently detected on caraway plants in the Polish climatic conditions. In many European countries, this fungus causes significant losses in caraway cultivation and decreases the quality and quantity of the herb material. The aim of the present work was to study the fungus harmfulness towards the sowing materials, stems, leaves and umbels of caraway. The pathogenicity tests according to Koch＇s postulates were carried out for isolates ofS. carvi using post-culture liquids and a water suspension of conidia to inoculate the plants＇ parts. The studies were conducted in the laboratory, the climatic chamber and in field conditions. S. carvi caused disease symptoms in the form of spots and necrosis on all tested plants organs. The infection was followed by natural openings what was shown by scanning electron microscope （SEM） microscopic observations. The efficiency of inoculation increased injuries and anatomical dipping of plant epidermal tissue. The study showed the ability for asymptomatic S. carvi colonization of inoculated plants＇ parts. The performed pathogenicity tests and microscopic observations SEM showed that the tested isolates of S. carvi were occasional pathogens of caraway. 相似文献
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芝麻种质资源的茎点枯病抗性鉴定及评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2010年和2011年对129份芝麻种质资源(包括10份国外资源)进行了茎点枯病抗性鉴定及评价。结果表明,未发现免疫类型,高抗品种和高感品种所占比例低,感病品种占比例较大。2a鉴定抗性表现均在中抗以上的种质资源6份,分别为ZZM0565、ZZM0570、项城大籽白、新蔡选抗、河南商水农家种和KKU3;表现高感的种质资源5份,分别为ZZM1080、ZZM1102、ZZM0146、ZZM4177和ZZM2388。江淮一年两熟夏芝麻区的抗源材料最多,其次为华北一年一熟春芝麻区。 相似文献
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芝麻茎点枯病抗性关联分析及抗病载体材料挖掘 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】利用自然群体进行芝麻茎点枯病抗性相关分子标记开发研究,挖掘优异抗病载体材料。【方法】利用79对EST-SSR、SRAP和AFLP引物对216份芝麻核心种质进行了基因组扫描,并于2009-2011年连续3年对供试群体抗病性进行鉴定,在此基础上采用标记-性状关联分析法进行芝麻茎点枯病抗性相关基因定位。【结果】扩增获得608条多态性条带,遗传结构分析表明该群体由2个亚群组成,利用GLM（Q）和MLM（Q+K）模型通过关联分析共检测到43个标记同时与供试群体两年或三年茎点枯病病情指数（DI）显著关联,对表型变异解释率在1.82%-9.46%,两种模型检测到的相同标记有3个,其中,标记M7E6-1连续三年均能被2种模型检测到,优选出10份对茎点枯病抗性稳定的载体材料,43个关联标记在10份载体材料中的符合率变化于60%-100%,平均符合率92.09%。【结论】供试群体由2个亚群组成,亚群的划分与材料的地理来源没有必然联系,关联分析检测到43个与DI稳定显著关联的标记,供试群体抗病性变异较丰富,从中优选出10份稳定抗病载体材料。 相似文献
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[目的]建立较优的芝麻与花生间作套种的配比及施肥技术。[方法]采用双因素(2种施肥方法和5种配比)随机区组设计,10个处理,3次重复,共30个小区,小区面积12.0m2。2种施肥方法分别为C1[底肥(540g/小区,复合肥+追肥(90g/小区,尿素)]和C2[全部作底肥(540g小区,复合肥)]。五种配比(芝麻:花生)分别为M1(2∶4),M(22∶6),M(31∶4),单作芝麻(CK1),单作花生(CK2)。[结果]6行花生2行芝麻,每小区施底肥540g,复合肥+追肥90g尿素处理,产值和土地当量比(LER)最高,分别为22378.68元/hm2和1.56;芝麻产量641.64kg/hm2、花生产量2506.67kg/hm2;产投比4.94;较单作花生、芝麻收益增加32.32%、95.97%。[结论]该研究可以为找到芝麻与花生的最佳种植配比和合理施肥提供理论依据。 相似文献
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【目的】 芝麻蒴果成熟易开裂,造成产量损失,是影响芝麻机械化收获的重要因素。建立一种简便易行、准确可靠、重复性好的芝麻抗裂蒴性鉴定方法,有利于发掘抗裂蒴种质和选育抗裂蒴品种,推动芝麻机械化生产进程。【方法】 芝麻进入成熟期2周以后,取主茎中部蒴果进行抗裂蒴性鉴定。利用5份具有不同抗裂蒴性的代表性材料,通过比较蒴果样品烘干前后裂口宽与开裂角度C1的差异,确定样品处理方式;通过比较主茎各节位蒴果的裂口宽和开裂角度C1变异情况,选择最佳取样部位。以308份核心种质为材料,测量计算蒴果长、蒴果宽、蒴果厚、裂口宽、裂口深、果皮重、裂口深/蒴果长、果皮重/蒴果长、开裂角度C1和C2等10项指标,通过相关性分析、主成分分析、隶属函数、线性回归等统计学分析,筛选抗裂蒴性评价的最佳指标;根据不同抗裂蒴性核心种质的裂口宽变异分布情况,确定抗裂蒴性等级划分标准。【结果】 蒴果样品经过烘干处理,有助于消除误差,可提高鉴定准确性;植株主茎中部5节位蒴果的裂口宽和开裂角度C1在同一材料不同单株间无显著差异,为最佳取样部位;建立308份核心种质的抗裂蒴性综合评价值与单项指标的最优回归方程,即D=﹣0.12+0.33X2+3.21X10,表明裂口宽和果皮重/蒴果长对抗裂蒴性有显著影响,且裂口宽与蒴果开裂角度C1呈极显著正相关（相关系数0.8049）,因此,裂口宽可以作为芝麻抗裂蒴性鉴定评价的指标;确定的芝麻抗裂蒴性等级划分标准为：高抗（裂口宽≤0.7 cm）,抗（0.7 cm＜裂口宽≤0.9 cm）,中间型（0.9 cm＜裂口宽≤1.1 cm）,裂（1.1 cm＜裂口宽≤1.5 cm）,易裂（裂口宽＞1.5 cm）。【结论】 当芝麻进入成熟期2周后,选取主茎中部5节位的中位蒴果,烘干处理后测量蒴果的裂口宽,能够精准评价芝麻的抗裂蒴性。该方法简便易行,不受环境影响,可控性强,重复性好,结果可靠,能较为准确地反映芝麻的抗裂蒴性,可用于芝麻种质抗裂蒴性高通量鉴定。利用该方法对308份核心种质进行抗裂蒴性评价,并从中筛选出11份高抗裂蒴种质。 相似文献
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氮钾肥施用技术对芝麻养分积累、产量和品质的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
研究了氮钾肥用量和施用方法对芝麻养分积累、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,试验条件下,芝麻最高产量施肥量为N 155.8 kg/hm2、K2O 111.4 kg/hm2;氮肥深施和肥料分次施用有利于提高肥料利用率;芝麻粗脂肪含量与粗蛋白质含量存在负相关,施用钾肥芝麻粗蛋白质含量可提高0.61%～2.39%,粗脂肪含量降低0.47%～0.76%,施用氮肥均有提高芝麻粗脂肪含量和粗蛋白质含量的趋势;氮和磷主要存在于芝麻子粒中,钾主要存在于果壳和茎秆中,硼主要存在于茎秆中;在芝麻产量830.8～2 064.1 kg/hm2条件下,芝麻共带走氮35.0～94.2 kg/hm2、磷7.6～19.8 kg/hm2、钾40.9～133.8 kg/hm2、硼57.5～119.5 g/hm2;每生产100 kg芝麻子粒,芝麻共带走氮3.9～5.4 kg、磷0.8～1.1 kg、钾4.1～7.4 kg、硼4.3～6.9 g。 相似文献
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of elemental sulphur （S） and farmyard manure on soil pH, EC and N, S, P concentrations of tomato grown in a calcareous sandy loam soil. For this purpose, a pot experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions. Sulphur was applied at 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 400 mg kg~ and farmyard manure at 0, 3 ton da^-1 to the soil. Three weeks after applications, tomato seedlings were planted and 8 weeks later, the plants were harvested to determine N, S, P concentrations and dry matter yield. Soil pH and EC were determined in the soil samples taken at 3 different periods. Effects of sulphur and farmyard manure applications were not significant on N, P concentrations and dry matter yield of tomato plant. S concentration of tomato plant was increased by sulphur alone. Soil pH was decreased and soil EC was increased in both 2^nd and 3^rd soil sampling period by the sulphur applications. As a result of farmyard manure application, soil pH decreased in the 2^nd soil sampling period but increased in the 3^rd soil sampling period. Also, soil EC was significantly increased in 1^st and 3^rd soil sampling period. Farmyard manure had no significant effect on S supply to tomato plant. The N：S ratio of tomato plant was decreased by sulphur alone. However, the sulphur with farmyard manure applications decreased N：S ratio in lesser extend compared to the S applications. 相似文献
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Yihunie Hibstie Asres ;Ashok Kumar Chaubey ;Awoke Taddesse Hailu ;Dilbetigle Assefa Mamo 《农业科学与技术》2014,(4):342-352
Farmers may not be conscious for their farmland＇s nutrients, soil organic matter, water and air because they simply concerned only for their labor availability and soil fertility losses. The composition and proportion of these components greatly influence soil physical properties, including texture, structure and porosity, the fraction of pore space in a soil. The soil of this farmland must be able to supply adequate amount of plant nutrients, in forms which can be absorbed by the crop, within its lifespan. Deficiencies or imbalances in the supply of any of essential elements can compromise growth, affecting root development, cell division, crop quality, crop yield and resistance to disease and drought. This study was conducted to fill this knowledge gap in order to develop economically vital and environmentally accepted nutrient management strategies for the use of soils in agricultural lands. The objective of this study is to assess the elemental contents and concentration of soil samples collected from farmlands of ＂Yebrage＂ using neutron activation analysis （NAA） techniques regardless of oxidation state, chemical form or physical locations. NAA is used to determine the elemental composition and concentrations present in a soil. The macro/micronutrient and organic matter deficiencies have been verified in agricultural soils through increased use of soil testing and plant analysis. The challenge for agriculture over the coming decades will meet the world＇s increasing demands for food in a sustainable way. Current issues and future challenges point out that as long as agriculture remains a soil based industry, major decreases in productivity likely to be attained ensuring that plants do not have adequate and balanced supply of nutrients. 相似文献
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Rinat Ismagilovich Ibragimov ;Ildar Salimyanovich Mardanshin ;Galina Vasilyevna Benkovskaya ;Maksim Borisovich Udalov ;Irina Andreevna Shpirnaya ;Vyacheslav Olegovich Tsvetkov 《农业科学与技术》2014,(4):331-341
In field and laboratory conditions the reproductive potential （survival at different stages of development） of the Colorado potato beetle has been measured, the dependence of the parameters of insects fertility on varietal features of the feed has been investigated, the food activity of the representatives of insects from four areas of the Southern Urals has been measured, the intensity and time of hypersensitivity reactions on potato leaves has been defined. In laboratory experiments, the level of activity of hydrolytic enzymes in insects and the level of activity of these enzymes inhibitors in the leaves of three potato varieties differing in their resistance to the Colorado potato beetle have been determined. The results show that the insects-representatives of different samples have different food activity in relation to different potato varieties. High mortality rates were revealed at feeding with leaves of potato of the Bashkir variety characterized by a high level of hydrolases inhibitors and relatively rapid development of necrotic reactions after the appearance of eggs laying on the leaves. We suppose that the neerogenetic barrier appearing in the form of necrosis is the major cause of the fetal mortality of insects. The level of the content of inhibitors inactivating larvae digestive enzymes affects the survival of insects at postembryonic stages. The speed of the necrosis emergence, the level of activity of digestive enzymes inhibitors in potato can be considered as criteria for the selection of breeding material for resistance to the Colorado potato beetle. 相似文献
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Using scanning electron microscopy, we investigated the distribution of the trichoid, basiconic, and coeloconic sensilla on the antennae of the diamondback moth （DBM;Plutella xylostella）. The trichoid sensilla were the most abundant sensory organ, and the male moth antennae host signiifcantly more trichoid sensilla than female moth antennae. Conversely, basiconic and coeloconic sensilla were found more frequently on female than on male antennae. We performed experiments with various degrees of antennal ablation and demonstrated that DBM antennae played a key role in the control of mating and oviposition. We found that neither oviposition preference nor mating behaviors changed signiifcantly when less than 1/4 of both antennae were removed. However, there was a signiifcant behavioral change when the antennae were ablated by more than half. As the length of the antenna was shortened, the successful mating rate decreased and mating peak was delayed. An otherwise consistent host preference for oviposition was eliminated when both antennae were completely removed. Furthermore, we found that the number of trichoid sensilla was positively correlated with mating rate and oviposition preference. However, the numbers of basiconic and coeloconic sensilla were not correlated with mating rate and mating peak, but highly correlated with oviposition preference. Taken together, our results indicate that antennal sensory information plays a critical role in the mating and oviposition behaviors of this economically important pest. 相似文献
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F. Perveen 《农业科学与技术》2011,(1):73-80
Identification of lxodid tick species on livestock in two districts, viz., D.I. Khan and Lakki Marwat of Northern Pakistan were made during the period from March to November 2009 through animals＇ survey and questionnaire. The main tick species were Amblyomma （14.3%）, Boophilus microplus （l 8.5%） and Hyalomma anatolicum and H. dromedarii （67.2%）. Out of 3009 collected ticks, the highest number of female （88.7%） and the lowest of males （ l 1.3%） belong to Boophilus; the lowest number of female （92.4%） and the highest of males （77.5%） belong to Amblyomma. However, cows were more susceptible than buffaloes and camels ranked third to ticks infestation. Moreover, cows, buffalos, goats and sheep harbored mixed infestation （had more than one type of ticks）, however, camels and donkey harbored single infestation （had only one type of tick）. An emerging ethno-veterinary or traditional remedy is poultry keeping for ticks＇ elimination in Lakki Marwat. The results of this research will be helped in taking appropriate measures to reduce tick infestation and to improve management practices. Hence, it will help to increase farm productivity and farmers income. 相似文献
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We represent assessment of the rats control operator＇s actions, starting from the placement of rat control means （chemical, mechanical and others） in the object territory until the full its elimination and followed by assessment of the probability of rat population recovery. The probability of success is evaluated when using a combination of rat control means. We took into account changes in rat population occurring in different calendar periods of the year. The proposed calculation method can be used in training programs, as well as for the local forecast of releasing objects from rats and rats＇ re-settling. 相似文献
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The effects of different tillage systems and poultry manure on soil physical properties, performance and nutrients in sorghum were studied for three years at Owo, southwest Nigeria. There was factorial combinations of herbicide-based zero tillage （ZT）, manual clearing （MC）, disc ploughing （P）, ploughing plus harrowing （P＋H） and ploughing plus double harrowing （P＋2H）, and two rates of poultry manure at 0 and 7.5 Mg ha^-1. Herbicide-based zero tillage and manual clearing reduced soil temperature and conserved more water than mechanized tillage techniques. Poultry manure reduced soil bulk density and temperature and increased soil water and porosity. There was a percentage decrease of leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations, plant height, leaf area, stem girth, root dry weight, dry matter and grain yield in ascending order for herbicide-based zero tillage, manual clearing, ploughing, ploughing plus harrowing and ploughing plus double harrowing while percentage increases were recorded in a descending order for all the various combinations of tillage with poultry manure in that order. Poultry manure in combination with tillage increased dry matter and grain yield by 33.1 and 39.5%, respectively in comparison with tillage only. The manure-zero tillage methods increased dry matter and grain yield by 8% and 15%, respectively when compared with manure-mechanized tillage methods. Zero tillage or manual clearing in combination with 7.5 Mg ha^-1 poultry manure was most suitable for sorghum cultivation. 相似文献
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The responses of five inter-specific lowland rice cultivars （NERICA-L-19, NERICA-L-20, NERICA-L-41, NERICA-L-42, and NERICA-L-60） and four improved Oryza sativa cultivars （FKR 19, BW 348-1, WITA 4, and SIPI 6923033） to levels of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilization were compared on a Typic Natrustalfat Kadawa in the Nigerian Sudan Savanna in 2006 and 2007 The responses of the NERICA-L eultivars to N and P fertilization were similar to the O. sativa cultivars. In a dry year （2007）, the NERICA-L cultivars gave higher yields than O. sativa cultivars. Phosphorus level did not significantly affect crop physiology, yield, and yield components of all the cultivars. Pooled across cultivars, N and P levels, days to panicle initiation, mid-flowering and maturity were, respectively delayed by 17.0, 15.6 and 6.4 days in 2007 compared to 2006. NERICA-L-42 and NERICA-L-41 were the most stable, exhibiting the least difference in duration to maturity between the two years （3.5 and 4.4 days, respectively）, and could therefore be more adapted to rain-fed environments prone to frequent droughts. Increasing N levels from 0 to 120 kg hal produced yield increments of 62.9 and 37.2% in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Cultivars FKR 19 and WITA 4 gave higher yields in 2006 （3940 and 3542 kg ha^-1, respectively）, while in 2007, NERICA-L-42, NERICA-L^-19 and NERICA-L-20 ranked among the highest in grain yield （3935, 3807 and 3726 kg hal, respectively） and could be recommended to resource-poor farmers. a 相似文献
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The residual effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on selected chemical properties of an Alfisol in the long term soil fertility trial established in 1950 at Samaru, Nigerian savanna was assessed. The trial was left fallow for fourteen years due to lack of funds. Topsoil was collected from plots that received three levels of cow dung （D）, nitrogen （N） and phosphorus （P） in all possible combinations. The soils were analyzed for selected chemical properties. Except for significant effect of applied P on available P, sole application of cow dung, N or P had no significant effect on all the measured soil properties. The interaction of D and P significantly affected the mean values of exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and ECEC in the range of 1.12-1.96, 0.62-1.11, 0.37-0.64 and 2.82-4.11 cmol/kg respectively. The most important results were the ability of the plot that received neither D nor P to significantly increase these parameters than the plots that received only one of the treatments. The results show that the fallow period has changed the effects of application of organic and mineral fertilizers on the soil chemical properties under continuous cultivation by modifying them towards those of a native savanna Alfisol. 相似文献
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Ragab Abdelmohsen E-Mergawi ;Khalid Naser Al-Redhaiman ;Hussein F. Abouziena 《农业科学与技术》2014,(7):597-604
The effect of N levels and sources on the antioxidant components in vegetable is not completely understood. Therefore, greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the changes in antioxidant capacity diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） and ferric reducing antioxidant power （FRAP）, total phenolics, ascorbic acid, total carotene and lycopene contents in edible portions of lettuce, onion and tomato due to different nitrogen levels and sources. The experiment included three N levels （20, 40 and 60 kg/ha for lettuce trial and 60, 120 and 180 kg/ha for either onion or tomato） and four nitrogen sources （calcium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and urea）. The antioxidant capacity and phenolic contents in lettuce was enhanced under low nitrogen level, while the antioxidant capacities, phenolics, carotenoids and lycopene in tomato fruits were not significantly affected by the nitrogen dose applied. Application of calcium nitrate caused 50% increase in DPPH and 20% in FRAP of lettuce compared to other nitrogen forms. Tomato treated with calcium nitrate or ammonium sulphate had higher phenolic and ascorbic acid contents than treated plants with ammonium nitrate or urea. Antioxidant tested parameters of onion were not significantly affected by the nitrogen treatments. Nitrogen concentration in tomato fruits significantly correlated with FRAP antioxidant capacity, phenolics, ascorbic acid, carotene and lycopene contents. 相似文献
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Biochar is a potential micro-environment for soil microorganisms but evidence to support this suggestion is limited. We explored imaging techniques to visualize and quantify fungal colonization of habitable spaces in a biochar made from a woody feedstock. In addition to characterization of the biochar, it was necessary to optimize preparation and observation methodologies for examining fungal colonization of the biochar. Biochar surfaces and pores were investigated using several microscopy techniques. Biochar particles were compared in soilless media and after deposition in soil. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） observations and characterization of the biochar demonstrated structural heterogeneity within and among biochar particles. Fungal colonization in and on biochar particles was observed using light, fluorescence and electron microscopy. Fluorescent brightener RR 2200 was more effective than Calcofluor White as a hyphal stain. Biochar retrieved from soil and observed using fluorescence microscopy exhibited distinct hyphal networks on external biochar surfaces. The extent of hyphal colonization of biochar incubated in soil was much less than for biochar artificially inoculated with fungi in a soilless medium. The location of fungal hyphae was more clearly visible using SEM than with fluorescence microscopy. Observations of biochar particles colonized by hyphae from soil posed a range of difficulties including obstruction by the presence of soil particles on biochar surfaces and inside pores. Extensive hyphal colonization of the surface of the biochar in the soilless medium contrasted with limited hyphal colonization of pores within the biochar. Both visualization and quantification of hyphal colonization of surfaces and pores of biochar were restricted by two-dimensional imaging associated with uneven biochar surfaces and variable biochar pore structure. There was very little colonization ofbiochar from hyphae in the agricultural soil used in this study. 相似文献
20.
ZHANG Xu-bo WU Lian-hai SUN Nan DING Xue-shan LI Jian-wei WANG Bo-ren LI Dong-chu 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2014,(3):604-614
Upland red soils have been identified as major CO2 and N2O sources induced by human activities such as fertilization. To monitor characteristics of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes in cropland ecosystems after continuous fertilizer applications over decades and to separate the respective contributions of root and heterotrophic respiration to the total soil CO2 and N2O fluxes, the measurements of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes throughout the maize growing season in 2009 were carried out based on a fertilization experiment （from 1990） through of the maize （Zea mays L.） growing season in red soil in southern China. Five fertilization treatments were chosen from the experiment for study： zero-fertilizer application （CK）, nitrogen-phosphorus- potassium （NPK） fertilizer application only, pig manure （M）, NPK plus pig manure （NPKM） and NPK with straw （NPKS）. Six chambers were installed in each plot. Three of them are in the inter-row soil （NR） and the others are in the soil within the row （R）. Each fertilizer treatment received the same amount of N （300 kg ha-1 yr-1）. Results showed that cumulative soil CO2 fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS〉M, NPKM〉NPK〉CK. The contributions of root respiration to soil CO2 fluxes was 40, 44, 50, 47 and 35% in CK, NPK, NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, with the mean value of 43%. Cumulative soil N2O fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS, NPKM〉M〉NPK〉CK, and soil N2O fluxes in R were 18, 20 and 30% higher than that in NR in NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, but with no difference between NR and R in NPK treatment. Furthermore, combine with soil temperature at -5 cm depth and soil moisWxe （0-20 cm） together could explain 55-70% and 42-59% of soil CO2 and N2O emissions with root interference and 62- 78% and 44-63% of that without root interference, respectively. In addition, soil CO2 and N2O flUXeS per unit yield in NPKM （0.55 and 0.10 kg C t^-1） and M （0.65 and 0.13 g N t^-1） treatments were lower than those in other treatments. Therefore, manure application could be a preferred fertilization strategy in red soils in South China. 相似文献