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1.
Smallholder perceptions of agroforestry projects in Panama 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
The potential effects of agroforestry systems on conservation and development have been well documented. Panama has seen a
substantial rise in the number of projects with an agroforestry component in the 1990s. There has been insufficient research
on the actual impacts of these projects on smallholders and of farmers' attitudes towards these systems. This study explores
the perceived socioeconomic and environmental impacts of five agroforestry projects in Panama. A total of 68 smallholders
were administered semi-structured interviews. In addition, 13 agroforestry experts from NGOs, government departments and research
institutes were interviewed, and their responses were compared with those of the smallholders. While the projects led to an
increase in the standard of living by providing wood products and fruit for domestic consumption, farm income levels generally
remained unchanged. This was due primarily to limited market development, the lack of marketing organizations and poor access
roads. In terms of environmental impacts, the farmers' responses suggested a slight decline in slash-and-burn agriculture,
and an increase in tree planting activities. Some environmental benefits were observed by farmers, including reduced soil
erosion, increased soil fertility, and improved quality and quantity of water sources. Nevertheless, slash-and-burn agriculture
was still the norm for the majority of farmers. Most farmers continued to harvest wood from primary and secondary growth to
meet their domestic wood requirements, rather than relying on trees planted in agroforestry projects. The main obstacles preventing
increased agroforestry adoption included insufficient agroforestry extension, inappropriate project design or management (such
as top-down management approaches, and the use of food incentives), smallholders' economic constraints, and larger policy
issues. Recommendations are proposed to improve project design and management, and to address the economic and policy constraints.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
To identify appropriate methods for evaluating the impact of new agroforestry technologies, ICRAF in 1988–89 contacted 166
projects worldwide about their activities in agroforestry technology monitoring and evaluation. Of the 108 which responded,
45% were involved in some type of impact evaluation.
This review revealed common difficulties in selecting impact indicators and methods of evaluation. Emphasis to date has been
on evaluating numbers of trees planted and area under agroforestry, rather than socioeconomic impacts. Defining agroforestry
adoption and distinguishing intermediate and final impacts were problematic. Impact studies were often difficult to interpret
or compare, limiting their value for the rest of the agroforestry community.
An analytical framework for planning impact evaluation in agroforestry projects is proposed, based on lessons learned from
the review. Selection of indicators should depend upon whether project objectives relate to changes in: number and type of
trees grown, land use, farmer knowledge and attitudes, availability of agroforestry products and services, and/or socioeconomic
welfare. Data collection tools may include sequential photography or mapping, informal or formal farmer surveys, informal
or formal field surveys, farmer meetings and workshops, trend analysis of project records, and case studies of households
or communities, depending upon the audience for project evaluation and project resources. 相似文献
3.
E. T. Craswell A. Sajjapongse D. J. B. Howlett A. J. Dowling 《Agroforestry Systems》1997,38(1-3):121-137
Steeply sloping lands are widespread in the tropics. An estimated 500 million people practice subsistence agriculture in these
marginal areas. Continued population growth has led to the intensified cultivation of large areas of the sloping lands, exacerbating
the problem of soil erosion. Although research shows that alley cropping and other contour agroforestry systems can stabilize
the sloping lands, these systems have not been widely adopted by farmers.
The Framework for Evaluating Sustainable Land Management (FESLM) has been tested in sloping land areas in the Philippines.
Sustainable land management must be productive, stable, viable, and acceptable to farmers, while protecting soil and water
resources. Farms on which contour hedgerow intercropping has been adopted meet the multifaceted requirements of FESLM, whereas
the farmers' current practice does not. Appropriate land management measures for particular locations depend on a complex
suite of social, economic, and biophysical factors, and need to be developed in participation with farmers.
The role of agroforestry in sustainable management of sloping lands is the subject of networks coordinated by the International
Board for Soil Research and Management (IBSRAM) in seven countries in Asia (ASIALAND) and four countries in the Pacific (PACIFICLAND).
We review selected outcomes from a wealth of network data. From these results the following conclusions about the sustainability
of various agroforestry systems for sloping lands can be drawn:
• In the Pacific, soil loss from sloping lands due to water erosion under farmers' current practices is episodic, unpredictable,
and possibly not severe;
• Agroforestry systems that utilize legume shrubs, fruit trees, coffee (Coffea spp.) or rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) provide
useful economic returns, but are not an essential component in terms of soil protection because grass or pineapple (Ananas
comosus) planted on the contour are equally effective in reducing erosion;
• Agricultural intensification will lead to nutrient mining, reduction of aboveground biomass, declining yields, and less
soil protection unless external sources of nutrients are used;
• nitrogen can be effectively supplied using legumes;
• Cash derived from hedgerow trees and/or shrubs may providean incentive for their adoption by farmers, as well as funds to
purchase external inputs such as fertilizers;
• Labor may be a major constraint to the adoption of complex agroforestry systems.
We also discuss the information management systems required to effectively manage and utilize the extensive sets of experimental
and indigenous data being accumulated. We believe such information systems can facilitate technology transfer across and between
regions, and improve the efficiency of research into agroforestry and other land-management approaches.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
A mail-out survey questionnaire was developed by the Agroforestry group at the University of Guelph to determine the level of awareness and interest in the adoption of agroforestry systems by landusers from four townships in Wellington County, Ontario. The questionnaire investigated: (1) the current level of knowledge regarding windbreaks, woodlots and plantations, intereropping, riparian plantations and silvipasture, (2) the present level of participation in each of these systems on-farm, (3) the perceived benefits and/or drawbacks of each of these initiatives with respect to total farm income, income diversity, land rehabilitation, land value/equity, soil/water conservation, labour intensity, overhead and return on the term of investment.The majority of respondents were familiar with conventional agroforestry systems such as windbreaks and woodlots/plantations (80%, 62% respectively), therefore the level of interest in the adoption of these practices was significant (74%, 66% respectively). Response rates were lower for silvipasture, riparian plantations and intercropping, most likely as result of the low level of familiarity with these practices (20%, 32%, 4% respectively). Respondents commented that agroforestry systems would have a neutral effect on farm income, and would increase land stewardship. In some cases, interested landusers indicated a willingness to participate in agroforestry systems even though they anticipated increases in overhead and labour intensity; however, this was only true if they held land stewardship as a priority. Landusers were more concerned with the economic aspects of agroforestry, as a determinant to the future adoptability of particular practices. Age, gender, farm operation and farm size were not correlated with the adoption of agroforestry systems.The success of agroforestry programs on farms in the study area is largely dependent on the attitudes and willingness of landusers to participate in non-traditional agricultural systems. 相似文献
5.
Determinants of farmers' adoption and adaptation of alley farming technology in Nigeria 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Understanding the factors affecting framers' adoption of improvedtechnologies is critical to success of implementing agroforestry
developmentprograms. This paper evaluated the determinants of farmers' decisions to adoptand adapt alley farming technology
and its variants in the farming systems ofNigeria, using econometric Logit models. Eleven variables were significant inexplaining
farmers' adoption decisions. The model results show that farmercharacteristics that influenced adoption included the gender
of the farmer,contact with extension agents, years of experience with agroforestry and tenancystatus in the village. Economic
factors, proxied by village-levelcharacteristics that condition resource use incentives, were also significant.These variables
include the extent of village land pressure, extent of erosionintensity, village fuel wood pressure, importance of livestock
as an economicactivity in the village and the distance of the village locations from urbancenters. The paper showed that farmers
are already making significantmodifications to the conventional alley farming technology introduced byscientists. The two
most important modifications were the introduction of fallowperiods into the conventional system and changes in the pruning
regime of thesystem. Model results showed that human capital variables were significant inexplaining farmers' decisions to
adapt and modify the technology. Farmereducation and family size significantly influence the choice of pruning regime.Farmers'
age, education, intensity of erosion in the farmers' village, andfarmers' land availability significantly influence whether
or not fallowperiod is introduced into the conventional system. To promote greater adoptionof agroforestry alternatives to
slash-and-burn agriculture, particular attentionshould be placed on the use of appropriate socioeconomic characterization,
tobetter target technologies to areas with higher adoption potential.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
Institutional and policy issues are now recognized as high priority items in agroforestry research. However, such studies based on actual field experiences seldom seem to have been undertaken. To help address this deficiency, a study was undertaken in Ecuador to evaluate institutional and policy impacts on agroforestry dissemination using two field projects as case studies.The projects were in contrasting ecological locations: the Amazonian lowlands (the Coca Agroforestry Project), and the Andean highlands (the PROMUSTA project). The impact of policy and institutional constraints (such as land tenure, research and extension support, marketing and pricing, and credit) on the implementation of these projects was assessed based on interviews with farmers and project officials as well as analyses of secondary data. The Coca project was found to be adversely impacted by the lack of extension, product marketing, and credit availability. The principal institutional constraints for the Andean project included legal obstacles to farm-land procurement, inadequate extension, little state-financial assistance, and limited affordable credit. The relevance of these issues was location specific: while access to land was not a serious constraint in the lowlands, it was a major issue in the highlands.The study validates the premise that policy and institutional evaluations should become an essential component of design and implementation of agroforestry projects. Although the components of a sound policy framework might be similar in most developing-country situations, it may not be possible to evolve universally applicable procedures for agroforestry-policy formulation because of the location-specificity of the promoted systems and the institutional issue related to their adoption.Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-03861. 相似文献
7.
Syed Ajijur Rahman Jette Bredahl Jacobsen John Robert Healey James M. Roshetko Terry Sunderland 《Agroforestry Systems》2017,91(1):185-199
Swidden cultivation can contribute to deforestation and land degradation, which can subsequently result in a number of serious environmental problems. This paper examines the economic and social potential of agroforestry systems and the barriers to their widespread adoption, as a land use alternative to swidden cultivation, which may potentially help protect local forest. The Gunung Salak valley in West Java, Indonesia is presented as a case study. Based on farmers’ and experts’ assessment, costs and benefits have been estimated, which show that the two investigated agroforestry systems have higher net present value and benefit-cost ratio (B/C) than the two swidden cultivation systems. Tree ownership also creates more permanent rights to farmland and is prestigious in the community. Agroforestry products (fruit, vegetables etc.) have high monetary value and help strengthen social cohesion when shared with neighbors. However, farmers are reluctant to implement agroforestry. Stated reasons are related to both culture and capacity. Farmers practicing agroforestry are less involved in forest clearing and forest products collection than swidden farmers indicating that it may contribute positively to conservation of local forests. Increasing the adoption of agroforestry farming in the study area will require support to overcome capacity constraints. 相似文献
8.
Enhancing the food security of upland farming households through agroforestry in Claveria,Misamis Oriental,Philippines 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Damasa B. Magcale-Macandog Fe M. Rañola Roberto F. RañolaJr. Princess Alma B. Ani Niño B. Vidal 《Agroforestry Systems》2010,79(3):327-342
The impact of agroforestry on food security of upland farmers is least recognized and appreciated given that the linkage between
them is quite complex and not well understood. The crucial role of agroforestry in enhancing food supply and augmenting family
income is commonly ignored. This study aimed to get a deeper understanding of the role of agroforestry in ensuring food security
of farming households in the Philippine uplands. A combination of participatory approaches including participatory rural appraisal,
household survey, focused group discussions, field experiments and simulation modeling were used for the study conducted in
Claveria, Northern Mindanao, Philippines. The first major finding was that the prime responsibility for ensuring adequacy
of food production and supply for the farming households rested on the husband and wife. The second major finding based on
the simulation results was that agroforestry increased and stabilized corn yields under hedgerow system. Moreover, fruits
from perennial crops and trees served as secondary food crops especially during lean months of food supply. The last major
finding was that the adoption of agroforestry significantly increased the level of benefits by around 42–137%, compared with
the low income from continuous annual monocropping. The key to making upland farm households food secure is to increase the
productivity of their farms and home gardens. A good start is to promote the agroforestry system in upland areas, and it is
thereby recommended that both national and local government units mainstream their policies and efforts toward promotion of
agroforestry adoption in the Philippine uplands. 相似文献
9.
S. Fujisaka 《Agroforestry Systems》1989,9(2):141-153
On-farm research and development projects in SE Asia's uplands have addressed problems of ecosystems degradation. Farmer adoption, however, of land conservation technologies has generally not resulted or has not been sustainable. This paper examines four agroforestry projects and two policy approaches meant to protect upland resources. Promoted innovations and farmer adoption are described. Six lessons are reemphasized: problem identification and prioritization require great care; farmer technical approaches to problems and their underlying technical knowledge should be carefully considered; appropriateness of technical innovations to target populations and environments should be continually evaluated; farmer participation in the adaptation of a 'menu of technical offerings efficiently combines researcher-farmer inputs; research or implementation policies should be reevaluated as adoption gets underway; and incentives need careful thought. Overall, variable scale diagnosis and design that is unbiased towards pre-selected technologies is needed. Lessons learned contributed to farmer-participatory agroforestry research being conducted in an upland rice-based system in the Philippines. 相似文献
10.
Most agroforestry-adoption studies are based on surveys of "non-adopters." An understanding of the circumstances that have led to a change of attitude of the adopters will be valuable in our efforts to enhance adoption rates. This study was undertaken to provide such knowledge based on a large agroforestry extension project involving 200,000 farm families and covering 25% of all rural households in Haiti. A questionnaire-based survey of the project participants was conducted covering 1,540 households and 2,295 fields in four regions of Haiti. Information was recorded about each farm and family member through interviews with farmers and visits to their farms. The results confirmed that farmers make decisions about tree culture based on household- and field characteristics. Different farmers consider trees differently depending upon how they fit into their farm-family strategy. In general, farmers installed tree hedgerows on fields of less secure tenure, of lesser fertility, and steeper slope, while on closer, more fertile fields of greater tenure security, tree seedlings and fruit trees were more common and there was a greater density of mature trees (>10 cm DBH). More money was realized from sale of tree products on actively cropped fields in more secure tenure and having more fertile soil. Older farmers managed a greater density of trees, especially when the land was in secure tenure status. This broad-based study shows that agroforestry implementation strategies in poor countries such as Haiti should be based on a thorough knowledge of how farmers use household and field characteristics to make adoption decisions. It also suggests that agroforestry-adoption studies should account for the dynamic changes occurring during extended time periods.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
P. K. R. Nair 《Agroforestry Systems》1997,38(1-3):223-246
Reflections on the past two decades of organized research in tropical agroforestry raise several issues. Research efforts
started with an inductive and experiential approach but have subsequently followed a deductive and experimental approach that
includes hypothesis testing and the development of predictive capability; agroforestry research is thus being transformed
into a rigorous scientific activity. The research agenda, so far, has given high priority to soil fertility and other biophysical
interactions, less priority to anthropological and sociological aspects, and little priority to evaluating costs and returns,
pests and diseases, and the so-called non-timber forest (tree) products. Moreover, larger-spatial-scale issues, such as carbon
sequestration, water quality, and biodiversity conservation, have been neglected because of the emphasis on field- and farm-scale
studies.
Overall, the high expectations that were raised about the role and potential of agroforestry as a development vehicle have
not been fulfilled. In order to overcome this, it is imperative that research be focused on the generation of appropriate,
science-based technologies of wide applicability, especially under resource-poor conditions and in smallholder farming systems.
Future research agendas should entail a judicious blending of science and technology. Applied research should build upon the
findings of basic research to generate technologies for application at the farm, regional and global levels. Such research
should place increased focus on previously neglected subjects, for example, the exploitation of indigenous fruit-producing
trees, the agronomic components of agroforestry systems, and the global issues mentioned above. Furthermore, an appropriate
methodology that embodies economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits needs to be developed to realistically assess
the impacts of agroforestry, and an enabling policy environment that will facilitate agroforestry adoption needs to be made
available.
Agroforestry research of the 21st century should strive to build bridges from the inductive phase of the past, through the
deductive phase of the present, to the future phase of harnessing science and generating technologies for the benefit of the
land and its present and future users.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
Since farmers engage in a complex, dynamic process of learning-by-doing, evaluating economic incentives, and assessing risks
in deciding whether to adopt agroforestry systems, a multi-pronged research approach is required for a complete analysis of
adoption potential and to develop effective technological and institutional interventions. A case study is presented for using
multiple approaches to analyse the potential for reforestation and improving livelihoods of small farmers through the adoption
of agroforestry systems in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve in Campeche, Mexico. Specifically, the results from a participatory
research project are combined with revealed preference analysis of a household survey to analyse past adoption decisions and
preferences, identify limitations, test and evaluate alternatives, and evaluate methods for risk reduction. The participatory
research trials suggest that continuous intercropping and line cleaning are equally effective for tree growth, while continuous
cropping during the first years offers the additional advantage of early returns to investments through crop production. Farmer
participation in the research process, planning of production systems, and annual evaluations, assisted farmers and researchers
in identifying limitations, testing and evaluating alternatives, and improving the viability and sustainability of systems.
The revealed preference analysis provides insights as to which households are most likely to initially adopt agroforestry
systems developed through the participatory research trials. In general, households that originated from the Yucatan Peninsula
with more education, more experience both in age of the head of household and technical and project experience, higher incomes,
and those that had cleared more forestland were more likely to have experimented with agroforestry systems in the past. 相似文献
13.
In the United States, agroforestry adoption has lagged behind progress in agroforestry systems research. This study sought
to facilitate the communication of landowner land management objectives, values, knowledge and perceptions of the barriers
and benefits to agroforestry through applied social marketing research methods and market segmentation analysis. A mail survey
instrument was sent to 250 members of the Pennsylvania Association of Sustainable Agriculture (PASA) and 250 members of Woodland
Owner Associations (WOA). Current management objectives and production strategies, agroforestry awareness, agroforestry interest,
and perceptions regarding the benefits and obstacles to agroforestry adoption were gauged. Market segmentation was performed
with a two-step cluster analysis to produce four agroforestry adoption potential models: Timber-Related Practices, Livestock-Related
Practices, Specialty Crop-Related Practices, and Non-Adopters. The analyses showed that agroforestry practices could satisfy
specific land management objectives within diverse populations. The method effectively identified similarities in agroforestry
adoption scenarios. Market segmentation could be utilised as a social marketing tool to guide future policy development, scientific
research, and the efficacy and relevance of future agroforestry research and outreach programs. The next step in program development
should include the creation of a statewide multidisciplinary team comprised of university, non-profit association and landowner
representation, to develop agroforestry applications relevant to each cluster and promote the practices through landowner-led
on-farm demonstrations and workshops. 相似文献
14.
Emergy Evaluation of Lacandon Maya Indigenous Swidden Agroforestry in Chiapas, Mexico 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The Lacandon Maya of Chiapas, Mexico practice a system of swidden agroforestry that mimics the surrounding ecosystem and its
successional stages. Their fields rotate through grass (milpa), and shrub (acahual) and forest fallow stages that regenerate
soil, nutrients, and seed banks. Each successional stage, including the fallow stages, produces over 25 types of crops, raw
materials, and medicines. Lacandon traditionally do not use fertilizers, pesticides or herbicides. An emergy evaluation of
Lacandon agroforestry was conducted to quantify resource use, productivity, environmental impact, and overall sustainability.
Six systems were analyzed. The Emergy Yield Ratios of the systems ranged from 4.5 to 50.7, which indicated a high level of
output per purchased investments. The agroforestry systems had minimal environmental impacts as shown by Environmental Loading
Ratios between 0.03 and 0.38. The Emergy Sustainability Index (ESI) of the systems ranged from 12 to 1740, indicating a high
level of sustainability. The high ESI values were partially due to a large fraction of renewable resources that varied from
0.72 to 0.97. ESI was dependent upon land area devoted to the system for each family, where greater land area resulted in
higher values of ESI. Labor invested did not exhibit a direct effect on sustainability. 相似文献
15.
In global terms, European farms produce high yields of safe and high quality food but this depends on the use of many off-farm inputs and the associated greenhouse gas emissions, loss of soil nutrients and other negative environmental impacts incur substantial societal costs. Farmers in the European Union receive support through a Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) that comprises direct payments to farmers (Pillar I) and payments related to rural development measures (Pillar II). This paper examines the ways in which agroforestry can support European agriculture and rural development drawing on the conclusions of 23 papers presented in this Special Issue of Agroforestry Systems which have been produced during a 4-year research project called AGFORWARD. The project had the goal of promoting agroforestry in Europe and focused on four types of agroforestry: (1) existing systems of high nature and cultural value, and agroforestry for (2) high value tree, (3) arable, and (4) livestock systems. The project has advanced our understanding of the extent of agroforestry in Europe and of farmers’ perceptions of agroforestry, including the reasons for adoption or non-adoption. A participatory approach was used with over 40 stakeholder groups across Europe to test selected agroforestry innovations through field trials and experiments. Innovations included improved grazing management in agroforestry systems of high nature and cultural value and the introduction of nitrogen fixing plants in high value timber plantations and olive groves. Other innovations included shelter benefits for arable crops, and disease-control, nutrient-retention, and food diversification benefits from integrating trees in livestock enterprises. Biophysical and economic models have also been developed to predict the effect of different agroforestry designs on crop and tree production, and on carbon sequestration, nutrient loss and ecosystems services in general. These models help us to quantify the potential environmental benefits of agroforestry, relative to agriculture without trees. In view of the substantial area of European agroforestry and its wider societal and environmental benefits, the final policy papers in this Special Issue argue that agroforestry should play a more significant role in future versions of the CAP than it does at present. 相似文献
16.
《Forest Ecology and Management》1997,91(1):75-82
In the past few decades there has been growing concern about the exhaustibility of non-renewable soil resources in developing countries in the tropics to meet the needs of present and future generations. Land degradation is a major problem in many parts of the tropics, including subSaharan Africa, mainly owing to overexploitation of vegetation and soil resources and adoption of inappropiate farming methods. The challenge is to increase the sustainable agricultural productivity of the land with acceptable inputs to meet increasing human needs, while maintaining the soil resource base and minimising environmental degradation. One technology that can meet this need for rainfed upland farming with low external chemical inputs is the alley cropping system. This technology integrates trees and shrubs in spatial zonal arrangements with food crops in the production system. The presence of woody species in the alley cropping production system has been shown to contribute to (1) nutrient recycling, (2) reduction in soil nutrient leaching losses, (3) stimulation of higher soil faunal activities, (4) soil erosion control, (5) soil fertility improvement and (6) sustained levels of crop production. These experiences can be utilised in developing sustainable and environmentally friendly agroforestry systems. 相似文献
17.
Stewart A.W. Diemont Jessica L. BohnDonald D. Rayome Sarah J. KelsenKaity Cheng 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(10):1696-1705
Numerous communities associated with at least five distinct ethnic Mayan groups in southern Mexico and Central America continue to rely upon forested areas as integral components of their agricultural systems. They carefully manage these areas so that forests provide food, raw materials, and animals. Management practices include removing and planting of woody and herbaceous species, apiculture, and seed harvest. Mayan agroforestry systems in geographically and ecologically distinct areas of Mesoamerica were evaluated to better understand traditional agroforestry system components and how indigenous Mayan agroforestry could be a part of regional forest conservation and restoration. Systems were within Mexican land grant areas (ejidos) or on contested land. Although these systems rely upon different woody species and management techniques, common among them are: (1) the use of multi-stage and successional pathways with forest as a part of the larger system, (2) species that are believed by traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) to accelerate forest regeneration - more than 30 tree species are recognized and managed as potential facilitators of forest regeneration and (3) direct human consumption of forest products at all stages of regeneration. 相似文献
18.
G. Moreno S. Aviron S. Berg J. Crous-Duran A. Franca S. García de Jalón T. Hartel J. Mirck A. Pantera J. H. N. Palma J. A. Paulo G. A. Re F. Sanna C. Thenail A. Varga V. Viaud P. J. Burgess 《Agroforestry Systems》2018,92(4):877-891
Land use systems that integrate woody vegetation with livestock and/or crops and are recognised for their biodiversity and cultural importance can be termed high nature and cultural value (HNCV) agroforestry. In this review, based on the literature and stakeholder knowledge, we describe the structure, components and management practices of ten contrasting HNCV agroforestry systems distributed across five European bioclimatic regions. We also compile and categorize the ecosystem services provided by these agroforestry systems, following the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services. HNCV agroforestry in Europe generally enhances biodiversity and regulating ecosystem services relative to conventional agriculture and forestry. These systems can reduce fire risk, compared to conventional forestry, and can increase carbon sequestration, moderate the microclimate, and reduce soil erosion and nutrient leaching compared to conventional agriculture. However, some of the evidence is location specific and a better geographical coverage is needed to generalize patterns at broader scales. Although some traditional practices and products have been abandoned, many of the studied systems continue to provide multiple woody and non-woody plant products and high-quality food from livestock and game. Some of the cultural value of these systems can also be captured through tourism and local events. However there remains a continual challenge for farmers, landowners and society to fully translate the positive social and environmental impacts of HNCV agroforestry into market prices for the products and services. 相似文献
19.
M. Rois-Díaz N. Lovric M. Lovric N. Ferreiro-Domínguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada M. den Herder A. Graves J. H. N. Palma J. A. Paulo A. Pisanelli J. Smith G. Moreno S. García A. Varga A. Pantera J. Mirck P. Burgess 《Agroforestry Systems》2018,92(4):811-828
Potential benefits and costs of agroforestry practices have been analysed by experts, but few studies have captured farmers’ perspectives on why agroforestry might be adopted on a European scale. This study provides answers to this question, through an analysis of 183 farmer interviews in 14 case study systems in eight European countries. The study systems included high natural and cultural value agroforestry systems, silvoarable systems, high value tree systems, and silvopasture systems, as well as systems where no agroforestry practices were occurring. A mixed method approach combining quantitative and qualitative approaches was taken throughout the interviews. Narrative thematic data analysis was performed. Data collection proceeded until no new themes emerged. Within a given case study, i.e. the different systems in different European regions, this sampling was performed both for farmers who practice agroforestry and farmers who did not. Results point to a great diversity of agroforestry practices, although many of the farmers are not aware of the term or concept of agroforestry, despite implementing the practice in their own farms. While only a few farmers mentioned eligibility for direct payments in the CAP as the main reason to remove trees from their land, to avoid the reduction of the funded area, the tradition in the family or the region, learning from others, and increasing the diversification of products play the most important role in adopting or not agroforestry systems. 相似文献
20.
Worldwide, fruit-tree-based agroforestry systems have been only modestly studied, although they are common on smallholder
farms. Such systems based on apple (Malus spp.), peach (Prunus spp.), and pear (Pyrus spp.) are common in northwest Guatemala as low intensity homegardens and are known to increase total farm productivity in
communities where farm size is a limiting factor. This study investigated the potential for adoption of fruit-tree-based agroforestry
by resource-limited farmers using ethnographic investigation and linear programming simulations of farm activities at the
household level. Two communities with differing demographics, infrastructure, and access to regional markets were selected
based on the presence of extensive fruit-tree-based agroforestry. The influences of family size, land holdings, and tree and
crop yields on the optimal adoption levels of fruit trees were evaluated through a comparative study of the varying social
and physical infrastructure present in the two communities. Fruit-tree-based agroforestry was potentially more attractive
to relatively prosperous families or those with larger land holdings. Improvements in fruit-tree productivity and interspecies
competition were of greater importance where family land holdings were smaller. The inability of families to produce sufficient
food to meet annual needs, poor fruit quality, and lack of market infrastructure were identified as constraints that limit
adoption. The complementarity of production with the dominant maize (Zea mays) crop, home consumption of fruit, and the potential to generate additional cash on limited land holdings were identified
as factors promoting adoption of fruit-tree-based agroforestry. 相似文献