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1.
金沟岭林场云冷杉过伐林林分直径结构的研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
以吉林省汪清林业局金沟岭林场云冷杉过伐林112块固定样地1987—2003年间4次调查数据为依据,分析其株数径阶分布特点,并用Weibull分布和负指数分布描述其直径结构。研究表明:该林分直径结构为异龄林结构;Weibull分布函数和负指数分布函数均能表达云冷杉过伐林直径结构,Weibull分布函数拟合的效果比负指数分布好。 相似文献
2.
为了评价现有云冷杉林的质量,给合理经营提供依据。本文在延边州范围内搜集省级样地80块,长白山自然保护区样地10块,县局级样地375块。分析了云冷杉林的树种组成结构、林分密度、各径阶间的株数变化和林分生长过程等情况,并据此提出了合理经营现有云冷杉林的意见。 相似文献
3.
林分直径结构反映了各径级林木的株数分布。通过对陕西省华州区秦岭南麓天然次生松栎混交林典型林分设置的4个样地进行每木调查,采用Meyer方程对样地林木以及林分主要树种锐齿栎、油松、华山松直径分布进行拟合,并结合Liocourt提出的q值比率。结果表明:样地总体林木株数按径阶分布呈倒J状,相邻径阶株数比q值为1.422,锐齿栎相邻径阶株数比q值为1.441,油松相邻径阶株数比q值为1.206,华山松直径分布呈近似截尾正态分布。林分林木直径结构总体合理,作为林分主要树种的锐齿栎、油松具有异龄林林木径阶结构特征,而华山松具有同龄林林木径阶分布特征。 相似文献
4.
油松林木枯损率模型研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
林木枯损率模型是树木生长与收获模拟系统中的一个重要组成部分。本文在充分研究国内外林木枯损率模型的基础上,根据北京市油松复位样地的数据,应用Logistic模型预测油松枯损率,模型自变量选择树木大小、竞争因子和林分密度等指标。研究结果显示:油松林木枯损率随径阶增加而呈U型分布,在5~15cm径阶时林木枯损率逐渐降低,之后枯损率又逐渐增加;枯损率随竞争激烈程度和林分密度的增加而增加。使用油松检验数据对建立的枯损率模型进行检验,发现该模型预测的油松枯损率与观测值之间没有显著差异。因此该模型可用于油松径阶和单木枯损率的预测。 相似文献
5.
落叶松云冷杉林矩阵生长模型及多目标经营模拟 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以吉林省汪清林业局金沟岭林场落叶松云冷杉林为研究对象,利用20块样地4次5年间隔的调查数据,建立多树种(组)非线性矩阵生长模型。结果表明:影响进阶、枯损和进界概率的变量包括径阶中值、林分断面积、树种多样性、最小径阶株数和海拔。采用普通最小二乘法和似不相关回归对3个子模型参数进行估计,发现二者无显著差异。采用分树种组不同径阶的预测值和实际值进行卡方检验,结果表明模型可以用于该林分的生长预测。选用木材产量、树种和大小多样性、树木地上碳贮量作为经营目标,按采伐周期和采伐强度设计13种经营方案,利用建立的矩阵生长模型模拟不同经营方案50年的经营效果,发现3个目标下的最优采伐方案并不一致,即相互冲突,需要进行折衷。以相同权重构造综合目标,结果表明13种经营方案中,长周期(15年)低强度(5%)为最优方案,即可以满足对木材生产、保护多样性和增加碳贮量多目标的需要,这说明合理的经营可以实现森林的多个目标。矩阵生长模型可作为多目标森林经营决策的工具,也为我国东北林区落叶松云冷杉林的多目标经营提供了决策依据。 相似文献
6.
[目的]将生存分析方法和混合效应模型方法相结合,构建林木枯损模型,提高模型的模拟精度。[方法]以吉林省汪清林业局20块落叶松云冷杉林样地数据为材料,基于生存分析方法中的Cox比例风险函数模型方法,把林分因子和立地因子作为协变量加入到模型中去,构建林木的枯损及生存模型,并在此基础上考虑样地水平的随机效应,最后与不考虑样地水平随机效应的模拟效果进行比较分析。[结果]表明,Cox比例风险函数模型在描述林木枯损时,具有很好的适应性。单木初始胸径与林木的风险函数呈反比,与生存率呈正比;大于对象木断面积与风险函数呈正比,与生存率呈反比;初始林分公顷株数与风险函数呈正比,与生存率呈反比;立地因子对林木的枯损及生存没有显著影响。与固定效应模型相比,Cox比例风险函数模型在考虑了样地水平的随机效应后,模型的模拟精度获得明显的提高,并且达到极显著程度。由于大于对象木断面积和初始林分公顷株数两个变量在考虑了样地水平的随机效应后影响不显著,最后只考虑了单木初始胸径一个变量对枯损的影响,与不考虑随机效应相比,差异也达到显著水平。[结论]林木本身的大小对自身的枯损具有明显的影响,胸径小的林木较胸径大的林木更易枯损。在森林经营中,Cox比例风险函数模型的使用,可为森林经营者在确定合理的经营密度上提供很好的科学依据。 相似文献
7.
本文通过对马尾松林固定样地重复观测 ,取得了各径级的枯损数并构造出经阶分布模型 y =a e-D b) 。经检验该模型拟合效果良好。 相似文献
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10.
幂数指数方程模拟林木直径分布模型的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
<正> 一、林木直径分布的作用林木株数随径阶分布(以下简称直径分布)资料不仅在计算林分蓄积方面有重要的作用,而且在林木生长量、枯损量、材种计算转换和设计森林经营模型方面也是必不可少的。近年来利用电算技术建立起来的森林资源数据库,为了模拟林分的生长、枯损以及进行森林资源数据更新,预估森林的发展等也需要具备有林木直径分布的信息。 相似文献
11.
Juliana Menegassi LeoniJochen Schöngart 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(1):62-67
The long-term success of forest management depends primarily on the sustainability of timber production. In this study we analyse the population structure, tree age and wood increment of Malouetia tamaquarina (Aubl.) (Apocynaceae) to define a species-specific minimum logging diameter (MLD) and felling cycle by modelling volume growth. Contrary to other timber species in the nutrient-rich white-water floodplains forests (várzea), M. tamaquarina grows in the subcanopy of old-growth várzea forests. The wood of this species is utilized by local inhabitants in the floodplains for handicraft. In 35 plots of 25 m × 50 m we measured diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height of all trees taller than 150 cm height. From 37 individuals with DBH > 15 cm we sampled two cores by increment borers to determine the wood density, tree age and diameter increment rates. In the management area of a várzea settlement with about 150 ha recently harvested trees of M. tamaquarina have been recorded and DBH was measured. The species presents an inverse J-shaped diameter distribution indicating that the species is obviously regenerating in the old-growth forests. Tree-ring analysis indicates a mean age of 74.5 years for a DBH of 22.7 cm for a studied population comprising 37 trees with maximum ages of up to 141 years for an individual with a DBH of 45.7 cm. The tree species has low annual diameter increment rates (3.16 ± 0.6 mm) despite a low wood density (0.36 ± 0.05 g cm−3). The volume growth model indicates a MLD of 25 cm and a felling cycle of 32.4 years. In the management area 35 trees with a mean DBH of 24 cm were recorded, similar to the defined MLD. The abundance of trees above the MLD is 2.7 trees ha−1, or 405 trees, when extrapolated to the whole management area. Considering a felling cycle of 32.4 years (annual production unit of 4.63 ha) this results in total of 12.5 harvestable trees, almost three times less than actually harvested. The actual practice of harvesting M. tamaquarina risks the overexploitation of this slow-growing species. 相似文献
12.
Armin H.W. Seydack Graham DurrheimJosua H. Louw 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(7):1152-1169
Stand-level tree diameter growth patterns were explored for evergreen moist forests in the southern Cape, South Africa. Results of standard multiple regression analyses, involving 934 permanent sample plots with data spanning a 10-year interval, revealed that stand-level increment of canopy species in the canopy layer (>30 cm dbh) was significantly determined by inherent species-specific growth capacities (species composition of the stand), water availability, forest matrix crowding and tree condition impairment (age-related manifestations of reduced vitality indicated by signs of crown die-back, damage and stem rot). In contrast, stand-level increment of trees of canopy species in the subcanopy layer (10-20 cm dbh) was prominently shaped by light availability, as mainly determined by the degree of canopy-level disturbance (mortality rate of trees >30 cm dbh), crowding (canopy-level overhead and forest matrix crowding) and proximity to conspecific adults (within 6-8 m). In addition to species-inherent and resource factors, considerable variation in stand-level growth resulted from site-climate interactions. For 507 of the permanent sample plots, increment data was available for two consecutive 10-year intervals; permitting the analysis of spatiotemporal interactions of growth patterns (repeated measures ANOVA). In the Knysna forests higher canopy-level increment rates were associated with the moister southerly facing slope sites in comparison with the drier northerly facing and ridge sites during the first increment period. During the second increment period, increment rates on the drier, but better illuminated sites had increased disproportionately. In contrast, in the Tsitsikamma forests, higher increment rates during the second increment period were encountered on moister flat bottomland sites (with extended periods of subsoil wetness) than on the comparatively drier southerly facing slope sites (increment period × site-based water availability × forests interaction). In both forests relatively higher growth performance of subcanopy-level trees during the second increment period was associated with stands experiencing conditions of enhanced light availability. Atmospheric temperatures were higher during the second increment period (mean periodic Tmax: + 0.64 °C). The detected spatiotemporal interactions were interpreted as site × climate interactions where site-related conditions of favourable light or water availability resulted in enhanced temperature-linked growth responses during the second increment period. A metabolic performance trade-off model provided a framework for the interpretation of these complex site-climate interactions by placing the patterns of forest growth into an ecophysiological explanatory context. 相似文献
13.
《Forest Ecology and Management》1999,121(3):159-176
Studies of growth rates of trees in managed neotropical forests have rarely employed complete botanical identification of all species, while published information for Central American lowland rain forests largely concerns forests free of recent disturbance. We studied diameter increments of trees in a managed Costa Rican rain forest. The Pentaclethra macroloba-dominated forest was located on low hills with Ultisols in Holdridge's Tropical Wet Forest life zone. The 540 m × 540 m (29.2 ha) experimental area was lightly logged during 1989–1990. The 180 m × 180 m (3.24 ha) experimental plots comprised a 100 m × 100 m (1.0 ha) central permanent sample plot (PSP) with a 40-m wide buffer strip. Post-harvest silvicultural treatments were liberation/refinement (in 1991) and shelterwood (in 1992), applied under a complete randomized block design with three replicates, using logged but untreated plots as controls. All live trees ≥10 cm DBH in the PSPs, were identified to species; data reported are for 1993–1996. Cluster analysis was used to group species on the basis of the median and quartiles of their diameter increment distributions, separating data by silvicultural treatments; five diameter increment groups were established and subdivided on the basis of the adult height of each species (four categories), giving 17 species groups in the final classification. Adult height and silvicultural treatment made a significant contribution to growth rate variation. Median annual increments of the slowest-growing species groups, which featured many under- and middle story species, were ca. 1 mm; those for the fastest growing species, which were mainly canopy and emergents, were ca. 16 mm. All species in the groups of very fast growth were pioneers, whether short or long-lived, though many other pioneer species did not show fast growth. The proportions of species found in groups of moderate, fast or very fast growth were greater in the silviculturally treated plots than in the controls, and one complete diameter increment group, of fast growth, was only represented in the treated plots. Crown form, crown illumination and presence of lianas in the crown, showed significant correlations with diameter increments, though the importance of these latter two variables varied with silvicultural treatment. The very fast growth groups differed from the others in having higher proportions of trees with well-formed, well-illuminated crowns and an irregular diameter distribution with relatively few individuals in the smallest DBH class. Comparison with data from other neotropical forest sites shows that long-lived pioneers such as Vochysia ferruginea and Jacaranda copaia grow fast or very fast at all sites, while non-commercial canopy and emergent species of Chrysobalanaceae and Sapotaceae appear to be uniformly slow-growing. Growth data for the majority of species are, however, published for the first time. 相似文献
14.
Snags are important both as structural components and as animal habitat in forests, but abundance is often low and their dynamics poorly understood in young, managed stands. Using a large data set of 19,622 snags from permanent plots in second-growth forests of coastal British Columbia, we modeled snag longevity (time from tree mortality to snag fall) for three species: Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), and western redcedar (Thuja plicata). Snag longevity was strongly related to species and snag size (diameter): the median snag longevity was 16 years for Douglas-fir, 11 years for hemlock and 5 years for redcedar. Western redcedar was predominantly in the subcanopy and its rapid fall rate was related to the small size of its snags. In addition to diameter, other attributes (height to diameter ratio, height, and live crown ratio before death) contributed significantly to models for one or two of the species. However, site level variables did not contribute significantly to any of the models. Snags greater than 50 cm diameter, especially Douglas-fir snags, have the potential for persistence well beyond 20 years in these second-growth forests, and could be important for wildlife. 相似文献
15.
One major result of forest conversion in Saxony, East Germany, is the increasing importance of two-storied stands composed of a conifer canopy and a deciduous-tree understory. To enhance the applicability of the growth and yield simulator BWINPro under these conditions, three of its major sub-models were adapted to the regional growing conditions and to the relatively high level of diversity in spatial structure, mixture of species, and age variability typical for forests in conversion: (1) A new module for simulating single-tree juvenile growth was developed for European beech and Common oak under canopies of Norway spruce and Scots pine. Predictions in this sub-model are derived from individual height, diameter at breast height (dbh), and the influences of horizontal and vertical competition; (2) An alternative distance-dependent competition index was introduced to estimate individual basal area increment according to tree-specific growing conditions; (3) A modified logistic mortality model was parameterized for the most important Saxon species based on tree dimensions and basal area increment. Data came from permanent sample plots distributed throughout the region and from three chronosequence plot series established specifically for obtaining model input data. The new components were included into the existing structure of BWINPro. As a result of the adaption, the regional version BWINPro-S provides enhanced opportunities of planning and management for forest conversion and for multi-storied stands. 相似文献
16.
Forest dynamics after timber harvesting is a major issue for tropical forest managers and communities. Timber harvesting provides income to communities and governments and resources to industry but it has also been identified as a potential contributor to deforestation and degradation of tropical forests. In Papua New Guinea (PNG) harvesting is primarily occurring in accessible primary forests however, the fate of these forests under current harvesting practices is poorly understood.In this study we investigated the impacts of selective harvesting on stand structure, growth and dynamics, recovery and degradation, and species diversity. We also assessed the impacts of forest fire after the 1997-98 El Nino on basal area (BA) growth and mortality rates of natural tropical forests in PNG. For this study we used data from 118 (105 in selectively harvested and 13 in un-harvested forest), one-hectare permanent sample plots distributed across the country and measured for over 15 years by the PNG Forest Research Institute (PNGFRI). We analysed data from 84 of these plots in harvested forest to examine temporal trends in stand condition following harvesting. Mortality rates were investigated in 10 of the 21 plots in harvested forest that were burned during the 1997-98 El Nino drought with sufficient data for analyses. We tested a model developed in Queensland tropical forests to determine whether or not a critical threshold residual BA existed for the recovery of harvested tropical forests in PNG. Results from a logarithmic regression analysis of the relationship between starting BA (BA at first census) and stand BA increment after selective harvesting showed a positive increase in BA growth (r2 = 0.74, p < 0.05). However, there was no critical threshold in residual BA that determined whether a harvested forest was likely to degrade or recover BA growth after harvesting. Our analyses suggested that the response to harvesting was variable, with the majority of un-burned plots (75%) showing an increase in BA and remainder a decrease. Average BA of selectively-harvested tropical forests was about 17 m2 ha−1 ± 4.17 (SD). Average annual increment in BA across the 84 un-burned plots was 0.17 m2 ha−1 year−1 ± 0.62 (SD). Thus these forests generally show capacity to recover after selective harvesting even when the residual BA is low. A proportion of the BA increment is made up of non-commercial pioneer species that originate in significant gaps after harvesting. On burned plots, BA is affected by high mortality rates. The fate of these forests will depend on the degree of future harvesting, potential conversion to agriculture and the impact of fire and other disturbances. 相似文献
17.
The introduced tree species, Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust), has spread extensively in many countries. Because of its active regeneration and rapid initial growth, R. pseudoacacia has not been successfully eradicated despite many efforts. To manage this species, developing information on the growth of R. pseudoacacia as a biomass resource is desirable, and this will motivate logging and could contribute to the extermination or sustainable use of this species. In the present study, the stand volume and growth of R. pseudoacacia forests in riverbeds along the Chikumagawa River in Nagano Prefecture in Japan were examined by tree ring and stem analyses. Seven plots were established in R. pseudoacacia riparian forests of varying ages, and 611 measurements of diameter at breast height and 386 measurements of tree height were made. Stand volumes, which were estimated using equations of stem volume curve based on the results of stem analysis of 47 sample trees, were almost the same as or higher than those of native broadleaf forests in Japan. Stand volumes continued to increase for more than 20 years. Current annual increments of four plots (aged 13–22 years) indicated that it could take <5 years after regeneration for the annual increment of R. pseudoacacia forests to reach a maximum level. Growth of R. pseudoacacia was comparable to or faster than native broadleaved species in Japan, showing the possibility of short rotation harvesting. 相似文献
18.
《Forest Ecology and Management》2005,211(3):264-295
During the last centuries forest management has changed the structure and species composition of central European forests. One option to assess forest management and how management impacts may affect forest development over time is the use of biogeochemical ecosystem simulation models. They integrate key ecosystem processes and have proven to be an appropriate diagnostic tool. If we consider that in the past, forest management has strongly affected the species distribution and the structure of central European forests, existing biogeochemical models need to integrate species-specific parameters so that they can adequately address forest management practices such as species changes, stand density etc. The purpose of this paper is to introduce species-specific parameters for one such model, Biome-BGC, for the following tree species as observed in central European forests: Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur/petraea, Larix decidua, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus cembra as well as two sets of parameters for Picea abies growing at low and high elevations. We first evaluate and test model results obtained with parameters from the literature and single research plots. This evaluation procedure gives our final species-specific parameters that are then used in the model. Next we validate the quality of the model predictions using these parameters versus field observations covering the growing range of a given species by comparing standing tree volume, volume increment, soil carbon and soil nitrogen on 145 independent plots. Our results demonstrate that the species-specific parameters yielded consistent and unbiased predictions. 相似文献
19.
Kurt P. McLaren Mathieu Lévesque Chait SharmaByron Wilson Morag A. McDonald 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,262(6):916-930
Long-term tree and seedling growth and survivorship data from permanent sample plots established in a neotropical dry forest in Jamaica from 1998 to 2008 were used to (1) model growth (periodic annual increment) and survivorship dynamics, (2) cluster structural and functional types, and (3) estimate the age of selected tropical dry forest tree species. A statistical comparison of parameter estimates derived from a generalized linear model (GLM) of each species to a reference species was used to group individuals based on size (DBH and height), and demographic dynamics (periodic annual increment and survivorship). We identified two groups of species based on structural types (canopy and sub-canopy species), three groups of species based on periodic annual increment (fast, intermediate, and slow growing) and four groups of species based on the probability of survivorship of seedlings and trees (very low probability of seedling survivorship but high tree survivorship (two groups); high survivorship throughout the DBH classes; very low survivorship, regardless of stem size). The composition of the groups was mixed, and included individuals of both structural types, and with different periodic annual increment and survival probabilities. The dichotomy of guilds found in tropical rainforests (pioneer and climax species) was not found in this forest. Individual and group GLMs incorporating empirical relationships between periodic annual increment and survivorship, across a spectrum of ontogenies and DBH’s, were also generated. The periodic annual increment models were then used to estimate the time taken by a newly germinated seedling to reach the largest recorded DBH. The fastest growing species was the hemi-cryptophyte Clusia flava which was estimated to take 74 years to reach its maximum recorded size (12.1 cm DBH), whereas the slowest growing species, Ziziphus sarcomphalus, was estimated to take 399 years to reach its maximum size (24.4 cm DBH). These dry forest trees were estimated to reach their maximum size (which was one-half or one-third of the largest DBH recorded for tropical rainforests) in a time similar to tropical rainforest trees. Some of the tree species are ubiquitous to other neotropical dry forests; therefore, our equations for periodic annual increment and survivorship can be applied elsewhere in the region. 相似文献
20.
[目的]以吉林省汪清林业局金沟岭林场12块天然云冷杉针阔混交林样地为对象,基于12 953对实测树高-胸径数据,结合林分优势高分树种(组)建立基于BP神经网络的标准树高模型。[方法]在确定隐层节点数后经过反复训练得到各树种(组)的适宜模型结构,使用相同的建模数据(8块样地)求解两个传统的树高方程,再利用未参与建模的4块样地分别验证模型。[结果]表明:落叶松、云杉的适宜模型结构(输入层节点数:隐藏层节点数:输出层节点数)为2:5:1;红松、中阔(白桦、大青杨、榆树和杂木)的适宜模型结构为2:4:1;冷杉的适宜模型结构为2:8:1;慢阔(色木、水曲柳、黄檗、紫椴和枫桦)的适宜模型结构为2:7:1。[结论]与传统方法相比,BP模型不依赖现存函数,不需要筛选模型形式,而且BP模型各树种R~2高于传统模型,平均绝对误差、均方根误差均小于传统模型,其拟合精度和预测效果均优于传统方程,可以有效地预测树高。 相似文献