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超高产冬小麦根系生长动态与解剖学结构初步观察 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
采用根池与大田试验相结合的方法,研究了温麦６号的根系生长动态变化和内部解剖结构。结果表明;超高产小麦初生根在播后第７ｄ开始一级分支,２６开始二级分支,三级分支根的发生在播种后８０天左右,次生根的发生与初生根的二级分支形成同时进行,而次生根一级分支与初生根的三级分支同时发生。越冬期间,次生根的二级分支相继形成,拔节以后,次生根的三级分支只在少数分支根上发生。 相似文献
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在小麦生长后期,麦田不同程度地出现白穗现象,而且有逐年增加趋势,对小麦产量和品质的进一步提升造成一定程度的制约,特别是沙壤土地和旱薄地较为严重.经多年的实地观察和防治,总结出小麦出现白穗的原因和以下对策.
1造成小麦白穗的原因
1.1 小麦全蚀病
这是一种毁灭性的典型的根部病害,小麦白穗是由于根部及茎基部受病菌侵染为害引起的.小麦全蚀病菌是土壤寄居菌,是主要的初侵染菌源,在小麦整个生育期均可侵染,但以苗期侵染为主.病菌可由幼苗的种子根、胚叶以及根茎下的节间侵入根组织内,也可通过胚芽鞘和外胚叶进入寄主组织内.幼苗期感病,初生根部根茎变为黑褐色,重者病斑连在一起使整个根系变黑死亡. 相似文献
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为给小麦节水高产实践提供理论依据。以石家庄8号为材料,在田间研究了4种灌水处理,分别在拔节期、孕穗期、开花期、花后10 d、花后20 d、成熟期去次生根对初生根伤流量和植株性状的影响。结果表明,随着灌水次数减少,0～100 cm土层含水量下降幅度明显大于100～140 cm土层;拨节期至孕穗期初生根伤流量极低,处理间无显著差异,孕穗期开始迅速增加至开花期达最大值后下降,开花后10 d处理间的差异变小;拔节期去小麦次生根后粒重降低2.3%～13.3%,降幅随灌水次数的减少而增加;孕穗期、开花期、开花期后10 d去次生根后粒重降低幅度随灌水次数的减少而减少,分别为1.0%～26.1%;1.1%～24.0%;2.1%～3.8%。在拔节至孕穗期间次生根对伤流起决定性作用,孕穗期后初生根的作用开始逐渐增大,灌浆后期初生根对伤流起决定性作用;拔节期至孕穗期间次生根对粒重形成的相对作用随土壤干旱程度的增加而增大;孕穗期后初生根对粒重形成的相对作用随土壤干旱程度的增加而增大。协调小麦次生根与初生根之间的关系对实现小麦节水高产有利。 相似文献
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离子注入对小麦苗期性状的诱变效应研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
为了研究离子注入剂量对小麦苗期性状的影响,用7种不同剂量的低能N^ 离子分别注入3个小麦品种(系)的干种子,进行发芽试验和盆栽试验。结果表明：离子注入对种子发芽存在品种特异性,在本试验条件下发芽率剂量间差异不显著,发芽势随剂量增大而下降。离子注入对苗高、第一叶长和初生根的影响在剂量间差异均达极显著水平;对次生根的影响存在品种特异性。离子注入后比未经离子注入时表现苗高、第一叶长降低。而初生根和次生根增多的现象;各剂量对苗高、第一叶长、初生根和次生根4个苗期性状影响趋势相同。均随着剂量的增大而呈先降后升再降的趋势。 相似文献
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小麦全蚀病的发生与防治 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
1发病特症
小麦全蚀病是一种典型的根病,病菌只侵染根部和茎基部15cm处的1～2节间。幼苗发病后,植株矮化,下位黄叶多,分蘖减少,类似干旱缺肥状,初生根（种子根）和根茎变成黑褐色,重病株的次生根也局部变黑,严重时造成全株连片枯死。 相似文献
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兼抗全蚀病和白粉病小麦新种质的创制与鉴定 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
TaLTP5是从小麦中分离到的一个脂质转移蛋白编码基因。利用基因枪介导法将TaLTP5表达载体pA25-TaLTP5转入抗白粉病的小麦品种扬麦18 (含抗白粉病基因Pm21)中, 旨在选育兼抗全蚀病和白粉病的小麦新种质。对转基因小麦T0~T3代植株中引入TaLTP5基因进行分子检测和抗病性鉴定。PCR检测、Southern杂交分析结果表明, 外源TaLTP5基因已转入、整合到3个转基因小麦株系的基因组中, 并能稳定遗传; 荧光定量RT-PCR的分析以及全蚀病菌的接种与鉴定结果表明, 与受体小麦扬麦18相比, 这3个转基因小麦株系中TaLTP5表达量显著提高, 其对全蚀病的抗性也明显增强。对3个转基因株系的Pm21分子标记和白粉病抗性鉴定表明, 外源TaLTP5基因的导入没有影响受体小麦对白粉病抗性, 说明这些转基因株系为兼抗全蚀病和白粉病小麦新种质。 相似文献
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全蚀病和根腐病是小麦(Triticum aestivum)重要的土传真菌病害。PgPGIP1是人参(Panax ginseng)的一种多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制蛋白,可以抑制部分病原真菌分泌的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶的活性。本研究人工合成了PgPGIP1基因,并构建PgPGIP1基因的单子叶植物表达载体pA25-PgPGIP1,通过基因枪介导法将其转入小麦品种扬麦18中。对转PgPGIP1基因的T0至T4代植株进行PCR、RT-PCR和Q-RT-PCR分析,并对其全蚀病和根腐病抗性进行鉴定。结果表明,PgPGIP1基因能够在4个转基因小麦株系中遗传、转录与表达。与未转基因的小麦扬麦18相比,4个转基因小麦株系对全蚀病与根腐病的抗性明显提高,说明PgPGIP1表达增强了转基因小麦对全蚀病与根腐病的抗性。 相似文献
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为探讨TiERF1和RC7基因对小麦抗全蚀病的防御反应,本研究对转TiERF1-RC7双价基因小麦进行了分子检测以及全蚀病抗性的室内和田间鉴定。结果表明,转入的TiERF1和RC7基因在转基因小麦中可以遗传和转录;与受体扬麦18相比,5个转TiERF1-RC7小麦株系在整个生育期抗病性显著提高,苗期的全蚀病严重度在10%以下,成熟期的白穗率在13%以下,而扬麦18的严重度为62.98%,白穗率为26.09%。电子显微镜观察结果表明抗病转基因小麦根表的全蚀病原菌菌丝数量及生长势明显低于感病材料。上述结果说明,转入的TiERF1和RC7基因抑制了全蚀病原菌的侵染及在转基因小麦中繁殖,进而提高了转基因小麦对全蚀病的抗性。 相似文献
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小麦根系在不同铁营养水平条件下的蛋白质组差异表达分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了探究小麦根际不同铁水平对根系基因表达的调控,采用小麦‘北农9549’为材料,进行缺铁胁迫和胁迫后恢复铁供应等不同处理,用双向电泳的方法分离蛋白,对比分析不同处理间根系蛋白质表达的差异。结果表明,缺铁处理植株与正常供铁的植株相比,缺铁条件下生长的小麦根系有137个蛋白点的表达水平变化具有显著差异（P<0.05）,其中76个蛋白点发生大于2倍的显著上调表达,另有61个蛋白点发生大于2倍的显著下调表达。上述经过铁饥饿的小麦根系恢复正常铁供应2周后,与自始至终正常供铁的根系相比,有150个蛋白点的表达水平变化具有显著差异（P <0.05）,其中78个蛋白点发生大于2倍的显著上调表达,另有72个蛋白点发生大于2倍的显著下调表达,本试验结果表明,缺铁会引起小麦根系表达大量特异性蛋白。 相似文献
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Andrzej Anioł 《Euphytica》1996,92(1-2):155-162
Summary The aluminium accumulation pattern was studied in roots and root tips of rye seedlings from two inbred lines, differing in Al-tolerance and their F1 hybrid.This investigations were undertaken in order to find whether the mechanism preventing root tips from to high Al-accumulation and damage to apical meristem observed in Al-tolerant isoline of wheat is also operating in rye. Al-uptake into the root tissue was studied in nutrient solution experiments during 24 h of incubation in solution containing aluminium. After Al-incubation roots were harvested, separated into root tips and basal parts, and aluminium content in root tissue was determined after wet digestion using catechol violet colorimetric method. It was found, that at low external Al-concentration in rye roots the mechanism preventing root tips from Al-accumulation and Al-damage operates, similarly as in Al-tolerant wheat isoline. But contrary to wheat in rye seedlings functioning of this mechanism was observed in both Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive lines. It is concluded that observed mechanism of the inhibition of Al-accumulation in apical part of roots plays much more important role in Al-tolerance mechanism in wheat than in rye.Abbreviations EDTA
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- NIL
near-isogenic line 相似文献
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Twelve European and twelve tropical maize cultivars were grown in polyethylene tubes under three temperature regimes (14/12 °C, 22/20 °C; 30/28 °C). The plants were harvested when the third leaf was fully expanded. The experiments were undertaken in order to: (i) study the general response of root traits of maize seedlings to chilly, temperate and very warm conditions and (ii) find out whether and how the geographical origin of the maize material modifies the results. The results may be summarized as follows: 1. The 22/20 °C temperature regime led to the highest shoot and root dry weight, the greatest total root length, the most apices and the greatest root surface area. However, the optimal temperature for these traits appeared to be either slightly higher or lower than 22/20 °C (optimal temperature for number of apices > shoot dry weight > root surface area > root dry weight). 2. The shoot: root dry weight ratio was almost the same at 14/12 °C and 22/20 °C but increased significantly at 30/28 °C. The root surface area: root dry weight ratio was optimal at 22/20 °C but extremely low at 14/12 °C. The production of apices per unit root dry matter was lowest at 14/12 °C and increased steadily at higher temperatures. 3. The root surface area: shoot dry weight ratio was low both at 14/12 °C and at 30/28 °C. This may indicate that mineral nutrient deficiency, as a result of undersized root systems, is most likely at extremely low and extremely high temperatures. 4. Low temperatures promoted the formation of seminal roots. 5. Temperature affected the dominance of the longest seminal root (= primary root). At 14/12 °C, the primary root was rather short as compared to the seminal roots of higher order. At 30/28 °C, however, the primary root was markedly longer than other seminal roots of higher order. 6. At 14/12 °C, the European cultivars produced more shoot and root dry matter, generated more apices and developed greater root surface area than the tropical cultivars. At 30/28 °C, the situation was reversed. This confirms that the response to different temperatures is modified by the geographical origin of the plant material. 相似文献
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中国农业科学院作物科学研究所 《作物学报》2014,40(1):22-28
抗菌肽是一类具有广谱抗菌性的小分子多肽,在植物防卫反应中起着重要作用。本研究人工合成了洋葱抗菌肽基因AcAMP-sn,利用基因重组技术构建了该基因的单子叶植物表达载体pAHC25::AcAMP-sn,使AcAMP-sn基因的表达受玉米Ubiqutin启动子控制。采用基因枪介导法,将AcAMP-sn基因导入小麦品种扬麦18,利用PCR、半定量RT-PCR及荧光实时定量RT-PCR检测、分析转基因小麦T0~T4代目的基因及其表达量,并对转基因植株进行全蚀病的抗性鉴定。PCR检测结果表明,导入的AcAMP-sn基因能够在转基因小麦中遗传。与受体扬麦18相比,在5个转基因小麦T4代株系中,AcAMP-sn基因的表达量及全蚀病抗性均显著提高,且全蚀病菌的相对含量明显下降,说明AcAMP-sn基因的过表达可以增强转基因小麦对全蚀病的抗性。 相似文献
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不同供磷水平小麦苗期根系特征与其相对产量的关系 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：15
研究了缺磷条件下不同基因型小麦苗期根系形态学及生理学适应特征 ,结果表明 :在缺磷环境中 ,小麦根轴数量和侧根长度明显减小 ,同化物向根部的分配比例增加 ,根轴长度、侧根数量和根系长度等均是显著提高。供试基因型小麦的根轴数量及其长度的差异在每个供磷水平及不同供磷水平之间均是显著的 ,说明这两种性状的差异是由基因型和环境因素共同决定的 ;而侧根特征的差异只在不同供磷水平之间是显著的 ,表明侧根性状主要是受环境因素控制的。对 6种基因型小麦的研究表明 ,高磷水平的小麦种子根的生长角度明显低于低磷处理的小麦 ,根角之间存在着显著的基因型差异。在缺磷条件下 ,6种基因型小麦完整根系分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性、根轴数量、根轴长度、根生长角度和根系长度之间均存在着显著的基因型差异。相关分析表明 ,缺磷条件下的小麦苗期根系形态指标和根系分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性的交互作用与小麦的相对产量之间具有显著的线性关系 ,这种关系说明以上 5种性状均可作为早期有效地筛选磷高效小麦品种的指标 相似文献
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Hairy roots culture is a new means to gain the plant secondary metabolites. How to enhance the production of secondary metabolites in hairy roots becomes a new hotspot recently. The authors summarize recent trends and results about the increase of the production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plant hairy roots. The change of culture conditions and the application of biotechnologies can enhance the production of secondary metabolites in hairy roots. 相似文献
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Root growth of seedlings of old and new winter wheat cultivars and a spelt wheat at varying levels of nitrogen
Root growth of five old (time period 1882–1920) and five new (time period 1975–1982) winter wheal cultivars and a spelt winter wheat cultivar was investigated in two greenhouse trials. Nitrogen (NH4 NO3 ) was supplied at six (Exp. I) and two (Exp. II) levels (sub- to supraoptimal for shoot growth). The seedlings were grown in sand-filled polyethylene tubes of 4.5 cm diameter and 50 cm length at 20 o C. The plants were harvested 11 (Exp. I) and 12 (Exp. II) days after emergence. At this early stage of development root growth o: old and new cultivars differed only slightly. The old T. aestivum cultivars had more seminal roots. The longest roots of the modern cultivars penetrated into deeper layers of the substrate. For some traits, cultivar: seemed to respond specifically to the varying N-supply. However, there were no significant difference: between old and new cultivars. Neither were old cultivars better adapted to low N-fertilization nor were modern cultivars superior in tolerating toxic concentrations of NH4 NO3 . Increasing N supply changes root growth as follows: decline in root dry matter, increase in shoot/root ratio of dry weight, decrease in number of seminal roots, shortening of axes and more laterals, increase in diameter of the laterals and less significantly of the main roots, increase in density of laterals, decline in root surface area. The number of apices was affected only to a very small degree. 相似文献
Root growth of five old (time period 1882–1920) and five new (time period 1975–1982) winter wheal cultivars and a spelt winter wheat cultivar was investigated in two greenhouse trials. Nitrogen (NH