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1.
Soils in the area around Osnabrück/Northwest Germany have been strongly influenced by man. The classification of these soils based on the German and international classification systems is problematical. Eight representative soils, two Anthrosols (plaggic and hortic), four soils affected by the coal and steel industry and consisting of distinct monosubstrata (coal and ore mining heaps, slag heap, sludge area) as well as two deposits of heterogeneous waste components (reclaimed wet land, filled quarry) were investigated. The sites are assessed in relation to their contamination by heavy metals and PAH as well as suitability for plant growth. An attempt was made to classify the soils using the current classification of World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB), German Soil Science Society Classification, FAO and the USA. These systems enables a satisfactory classification of two Anthrosols compared with the other soils. In the US taxonomy, the pedogenesis of technological substrata was not considered. In the FAO taxonomy, it is not acceptable to term all soils as Urbic Anthrosols without any further differentiation. This differentiation was enabled in both the WRB and the German taxonomy. In the WRB taxonomy, however, only anthropic subunits of the Regosols are included. An improvement could be achieved by the introduction of comparable subunits of the Arenosols, Durisols, Gleysols, and Leptosols. In the German taxonomy (normally soil and substrata are classified separately), the induction of toxic subunits in the presence of high soil contamination influencing the edaphon would be helpful. Furthermore, soils hardened by silica should be classified as respective varieties.  相似文献   

2.
Historical land use changes may have significant impact on erosion and agricultural soil properties, including soil degradation by acidification, nutrient leaching and organic matter depletion. The Kali Basin study area, a small catchment of high landscape value located in a national park at Lake Balaton, Hungary, with its historical agricultural records, together with the available unique historical land use data for the last 200 years, provides an opportunity to study and model impacts of historical land use changes on erosion and agricultural soil properties. Comparison of long-term land uses with present soil degradation indicator parameters showed that permanent arable land use has led to degradation of both the physical and chemical properties of soils in the Kali Basin. Application of the SEDEM/WATEM distributed erosion and sediment transport model showed that, despite the low overall sediment export from the catchment, land use changes introduced by property ownership and agricultural changes have decreased average soil erosion in the catchment but increased relative sediment export to Lake Balaton. This is due to changes in the land cover pattern that allow more sediment transported to the river system. The overall conclusion of this study is that besides the size and area proportion of land use types, land use pattern seems to be equally important in soil erosion and degradation processes, thus land use pattern is a key factor for landscape planning and development in the Kali Basin. A relationship between the sociological and agro-ecological reasons for the recorded land use changes is also shown in this study.  相似文献   

3.
《CATENA》2007,69(2-3):96-108
Historical land use changes may have significant impact on erosion and agricultural soil properties, including soil degradation by acidification, nutrient leaching and organic matter depletion. The Kali Basin study area, a small catchment of high landscape value located in a national park at Lake Balaton, Hungary, with its historical agricultural records, together with the available unique historical land use data for the last 200 years, provides an opportunity to study and model impacts of historical land use changes on erosion and agricultural soil properties. Comparison of long-term land uses with present soil degradation indicator parameters showed that permanent arable land use has led to degradation of both the physical and chemical properties of soils in the Kali Basin. Application of the SEDEM/WATEM distributed erosion and sediment transport model showed that, despite the low overall sediment export from the catchment, land use changes introduced by property ownership and agricultural changes have decreased average soil erosion in the catchment but increased relative sediment export to Lake Balaton. This is due to changes in the land cover pattern that allow more sediment transported to the river system. The overall conclusion of this study is that besides the size and area proportion of land use types, land use pattern seems to be equally important in soil erosion and degradation processes, thus land use pattern is a key factor for landscape planning and development in the Kali Basin. A relationship between the sociological and agro-ecological reasons for the recorded land use changes is also shown in this study.  相似文献   

4.
[目的]了解杭州市郊水稻田土壤有机质的长期演变,为杭州市正在推进的精品化、高度集约化农业生产提供土壤肥力的精确管理依据。[方法]利用历史资料和近期土壤质量调查数据探讨了近30 a 来杭州市郊水稻田土壤有机质的变化特征。[结果]从1982—2012年,杭州市郊水稻田土壤有机质含量总体呈下降趋势,平均降幅为2．95％,但各土种有机质变化有所差异。其中,培泥砂田、小粉田、黄斑田、泥砂田和粉泥田的土壤有机质呈现增加趋势,特别是培泥砂田,土壤有机质含量增幅高达22．86％;而青紫泥田、青粉泥田和黄松田的土壤有机质呈现下降趋势,且青紫泥田土壤有机质含量降幅高达22．59％。[结论]近30 a 来,杭州市郊水稻田土壤有机质发生了较大变化,但其变化程度和变化方向因土壤种类而异。施肥结构、耕作方式及耕作制度是引起土壤有机质变化的主要原因。  相似文献   

5.
The Holocene landscape history and historical soil erosion were reconstructed at Albersdorf (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany) from soils and colluvial layers. In contrast to many landscapes in central Europe, agricultural land use and soil erosion were more frequent during pre-historical times, whereas it has almost ceased after the advent of history. Pre-historical soil erosion rates from about 0.1 to 6.9 t ha− 1 a− 1 were reconstructed with no significant differences between the prehistoric cultural phases. The study of buried soils within the soil/soil-sediment-sequences provided evidence for an acceleration of soil formation processes probably as a consequence of excessive prehistoric woodland pasture on poor sandy soils.  相似文献   

6.
Humic horizons of soil profiles often contain pollen and spores. Comparison of the sequence of pollen associations of soil profiles with pollen zones of reference diagrams offers palyno-ecological information, relevant for reconstruction of landscape ecological development. In palynological studies of semiterrestrial and aquatic deposits, pollen is considered to be part of the sediment and anaerobic conditions in water-saturated deposits promote its conservation. This is not true for pollen in soils. Aerobic conditions in drained soils result in bio-oxidation of unprotected pollen grains. Interpretation of soil pollen associations requires knowledge of the processes of infiltration and conservation of pollen grains in the soil material. Micromorphology is an important technique to investigate these processes. This is demonstrated in a case study of polycyclic slope deposits in Galicia (Spain). The buried cambisols, in pleistocene solifluction deposits, contain post-sedimentary infiltrated pollen. The pollen associations reflect successive phases in soil ecological development. The holocene colluvial deposits contain syn-sedimentary incorporated pollen. The pollen associations reflect environmental conditions during the deposition of colluvial layers.  相似文献   

7.
Regional estimates of changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) pools during the historical period were obtained according to a unified approach for Kostroma (southern taiga) and Kursk (forest-steppe) oblasts. The potential pools of soil carbon were calculated with due account for the classification position of particular soils, their texture, and the character of natural vegetation. In the estimates of actual SOC pools, land use patterns and the age structure of forest stands were taken into account. It was shown that modern pools of organic carbon in the soils of Kostroma oblast are only 1–2% smaller than the potential pools; for the soils of Kursk oblast, this difference reaches 23–27%. Mean weighted values of the actual SOC contents in these oblasts decreased by 0.1–0.2 and 6.5–7.6 kg C/m2 in comparison with the potential SOC contents, respectively, which is related to their environmental specificity and to different types of land use at present and in the historical past.  相似文献   

8.
西北黑河流域土壤pH与CaCO_3相当物含量关系研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
林卡  李德成  张甘霖 《土壤学报》2017,54(2):344-353
干旱-半干旱地区的石灰性土壤中pH与CaCO_3相当物含量之间有一定关系,但目前黑河流域土壤中pH与CaCO_3相当物含量之间的关系及其影响因素尚不明确。从区域、海拔、土壤母质、土壤类型、土地利用方式五个方面分析了我国西北黑河流域土壤中pH与CaCO_3相当物含量之间的关系。结果表明,黑河流域土壤pH与CaCO_3相当物含量之间存在显著的非线性相关,pH随着CaCO_3相当物含量的增加而逐渐升高,当CaCO_3相当物含量升高到某一阈值后,pH增幅迅速降低,最终趋于稳定;不同区域、海拔、土纲、成土母质和土地利用方式下,pH与CaCO_3相当物含量之间的相关程度不同,表现为上游土壤pH与CaCO_3含量呈显著正相关,不同的海拔高度区间pH与CaCO_3含量之间具显著正相关,人为土、盐成土、均腐土、雏形土的pH与CaCO_3含量显著正相关,冰碛物、残积-坡积物、湖积物发育的土壤pH与CaCO_3含量具有极显著正相关,土地利用方式对pH与CaCO_3含量的关系影响较小;不同区域、海拔、土纲、成土母质和土地利用方式下,pH与CaCO_3相当物含量的最佳回归模型不同,有幂函数模型、一元二次模型、一元三次模型和线性模型。  相似文献   

9.
Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and soil redistribution are linked to soil properties, land use, farming system and climate. In a global‐change context, landscape and climate changes are expected and will most probably have impacts on changes in the soil. Soil change was simulated from 2010 to 2100 in an 86‐ha hedgerow landscape under different scenarios of landscape and climate changes. These scenarios combined contrasting land uses, hedgerow networks and climates. Two models were combined to evaluate the impact of these scenarios on soils: LandSoil, a soil redistribution model, and a SOC model based on RothC‐26.3. A soil thickness of 105 cm was considered. The results indicate that the main factor influencing soil degradation was land‐use change: when compared with the baseline business‐as‐usual landscape, the landscape with the most intensive agricultural systems had the greatest soil erosion (+0.26 t ha?1 year?1) and reduced mean SOC stocks (?17 t ha?1 after 90 years). The second significant factor was climate change, followed by hedgerow network density. Sensitivity to climate change differed between landscapes, and the most sensitive were those with continuous winter wheat. The results indicate that a hedgerow landscape is well adapted to protect soil (regarding carbon storage and soil erosion) in a context of climate change. However, this type of landscape is highly sensitive to cropping intensification and should be protected.  相似文献   

10.
《Geoderma》2005,124(3-4):253-265
To test the applicability of the Soil Reference Base of Soil Resources (ISSS/ISRIC/FAO, 1998. World Reference Base for Soil Resources, World Soil Resources Report 84, FAO, Rome) for soils derived from anthropogenic substrates, soils developed on lignite ashes in Germany which have some similarities with andosols were compared with natural volcanic soils from different countries. Soil parameters used for comparison were bulk density, clay content, Alo+0.5 Feo, and P-retention, as they serve as diagnostic criteria to define either vitric or andic horizons. For Alo+0.5 Feo, and P-retention, there was no statistically significant difference between both soil groups, the bulk densities of the lignite ash-derived soils were even significantly lower than those of the natural volcanic soils. Moreover, pH, total organic carbon, cation exchange capacity as well as the contents of carbonates and gypsum were collated and differences emerged between both soil groups concerning the contents of carbonates, gypsum and total organic carbon. In case of the lignite ash-derived soils, these parameters as well as the contents of oxalate soluble oxides were strongly influenced by the composition of the anthropogenic parent material. Up to now, such soil materials are not included as soil-forming materials in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources. We therefore suggested the introduction of a new diagnostic soil material, the so-called technogenic soil material into the anthropogeomorphic soil materials and to introduce “technogenic anthrosols” as a new reference subunit. In our proposition, technogenic materials are defined as anthropogeomorphic materials which are formed by technical processes including a distinct degree of transformation and/or new formation of soil-forming materials. Soil materials are categorised as “technogenic” when they consist of more than 70% (by volume) of soil material derived from technical processes like, e.g. combustion products of fossil energy sources, sewage sludges, blast furnace slags, etc.To include as much information as possible into the name of a soil, we developed a concept of reference soil series for the WRB combining pedogenetic and lithogenic information. Within this concept, these soils should be considered to be a subunit of anthrosols (vitri- or andi-technogenic anthrosols) and the specific properties of the soil-forming material (coaly, calcaric, gypsiric) should be given as additional information as Reference Soil Series as well as texture and kind of parent material.  相似文献   

11.
研究了黄土高原南部地区不同土壤类型及不同利用方式下土壤微生物摄碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮的含量。结果表明：不同土地利用方式下，土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮含量均为林地〉农田，其中林地枯枝落叶层〉林地O～20cm土层。农田土壤微生物量碳、氮的含量均为红油土〉黑垆土〉淋溶褐土；农田土壤中可溶性有机碳含量为淋溶褐土〉红油土〉黑垆土，而可溶性有机氮含量则为黑垆土〉红油土〉淋溶褐土。方差分析表明，不同土壤类型土壤微生物量氮含量之间的差异达显著水平，而不同土壤类型间土壤微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳、氯含量之间的差异未达显著水平。土壤微生物量碳、氮占土壤有机碳和全氮的比例明显高于可溶性有机碳、氮占土壤有机碳和全氮的比例。相关分析发现，土壤微生物量碳与可溶性有机碳之间以及土壤微生物量氮与可溶性有机氮之间的相关性达显著或极显著水平，说明土壤微生物量碳、氮和土壤可溶性有机碳、氮之间有密切联系。  相似文献   

12.
Land evaluation is an important basis for landscape and land use planning. A framework was developed for land evaluation in an area of severe erosion, focusing on integrative, process and ecological analyses. Two classification systems, soil quality and erosion risk, were combined in the land evaluation framework. The Quanjiagou catchment, with typical loess hill and gully topography, in the loess plateau of China was selected as the study area. A geographical information system (GIS) was used for data storage, analysis and display. The soil quality classification was based on the main characteristics of the soils (soil organic matter, effective depth of soil and soil moisture); four soil quality classes were defined in the study area. Slope, micro-landform type and the type and processes of soil erosion were integrated to classify the erosion risk. The soil qualities and erosion risk for each site were combined using the GIS to evaluate the suitability of the land for farmland, grassland and forest. By comparing these results with the current land use, measures for better land use and conservation are suggested.  相似文献   

13.
以不同土地利用方式下（疏林荒草地、荒草地、林地和耕地）第四纪古红土和埋藏第四纪古红土剖面为研究对象,测定古红土各发生层全土及各粒级团聚体的有机碳含量,比较不同土地利用方式下第四纪古红土剖面及团聚体的有机碳分布特征。结果表明:（1）埋藏古红土有机碳含量较低,随深度分布均一,各粒级团聚体内有机碳含量随团聚体粒径减小而降低;（2）埋藏古红土出露地表后,由于受到人为活动影响,表层全土有机碳及各粒级团聚体有机碳含量均增加,呈现林地 > 耕地 > 疏林荒草地 > 荒草地 > 埋藏古红土的特征,其中,林地显著高于其他土地利用方式,说明林地是古红土分布区的一种较合理的土地利用方式;（3）耕地0 ~ 10 cm土层粒径 > 1 mm和 < 0.25 mm团聚体的有机碳含量均随团聚体粒径减小而逐渐增加,1 ~ 0.25 mm团聚体有机碳含量随团聚体粒径减小逐渐降低。其余土地利用方式下古红土均呈现 > 0.25 mm团聚体的有机碳含量随着团聚体粒径减小而逐渐降低,< 0.25 mm团聚体的有机碳含量随团聚体粒径减小而逐渐增加。  相似文献   

14.
土地利用方式对红壤和黄壤颗粒有机碳和碳黑积累的影响   总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19  
张履勤  章明奎 《土壤通报》2006,37(4):662-665
颗粒有机碳和碳黑是土壤中两类性质不同的碳库,它们的数量可反映土壤有机质的稳定性。结果表明,浙江省红壤和黄壤中这两类碳库有很大的变化,并与土地利用方式存在联系。颗粒有机碳的数量及其占总有机碳的比例:林地>茶园>旱地;而碳黑占总有机碳的比例一般是:旱地、茶园>次生林地>原生林地。颗粒有机碳是土壤碳库的易变组分,易受利用方式改变而变化,颗粒有机碳占总有机碳的比例随土壤有机质的积累而增加。相同土地利用方式土壤中碳黑数量与粘粒呈正比。土壤中>1 mm水稳定性团聚体与颗粒有机碳含量相关,而土壤<0.25 mm团聚体与碳黑含量相关。  相似文献   

15.
采用湿筛法测量了岷江流域不同土地利用方式下不同土层（0—10,10—20,20—30 cm）土壤大团聚体（> 2 mm）、中间团聚体（0.25~2 mm）、微团聚体（53 μm~0.25 mm）以及粉+黏团聚体（<53 μm）的质量分数及各粒径团聚体中的有机碳含量,并探讨了各粒径土壤团聚体的有机碳储量。结果表明,土地利用方式对土壤团聚体稳定性及其有机碳具有重要影响;土壤养分均呈现出一致性规律,大致表现为撂荒地 > 次生林 > 人工林 > 灌草丛 > 坡耕地,土壤全磷差异并不显著（p>0.05）;林地的开垦行为会导致大团聚体的破碎化,灌草丛及坡耕地>0.25 mm的大团聚体含量较林地低,土壤结构趋于恶化;而坡耕地闲置为撂荒地后,则会促使粉+黏团聚体向粒径大的微团聚体及中间团聚体转化,使土壤结构趋于改善,在0—30 cm土层内,灌草丛及坡耕地土壤颗粒的MWD（平均质量直径）和GMD（几何平均直径）值均显著低于林地和撂荒地（p<0.05）,坡耕地撂荒后,MWD和GMD值均显著升高（p<0.05）,表明林地开垦为坡耕地导致土壤团聚体的稳定性降低,而坡耕地弃耕撂荒会增强团聚体的稳定性,提高土壤抵抗外力破坏的能力。不同土地利用方式下各粒径土壤团聚体有机碳含量均随土层深度的增加而降低。在0—30 cm土层深度内,不同土地利用方式下各粒径土壤团聚体有机碳储量表现为:大团聚体有机碳储量为林地 > 撂荒地 > 灌草丛 > 坡耕地,中间团聚体有机碳储量为撂荒地 > 林地 > 灌草丛 > 坡耕地,微团聚体有机碳储量为撂荒地 > 林地 > 灌草丛 > 坡耕地;粉+黏团聚体有机碳储量为撂荒地 > 林地 > 灌草丛 > 坡耕地。各粒径土壤团聚体内有机碳储量均为林地和撂荒地高于果园和坡耕地,表明将林地开垦为坡耕地后,将导致各团聚体组分内有机碳的损失,而坡耕地撂荒则有助于土壤有机碳的恢复和截存;林地和撂荒地土壤有机碳主要蓄积在中间团聚体内,而坡耕地则主要蓄积在粉+黏团聚体内,表明在土地利用变化过程中,粒径较大的团聚体有机碳不稳定,更容易发生变化。  相似文献   

16.
针对江西红壤地区不同利用方式引起的土壤质量和肥力的相应变化,研究了不同肥力水平、不同利用方式下红壤旱地水稳性团聚体含量及其养分分布规律。研究表明,荒地土壤中>5 mm水稳性团聚体含量显著高于其他利用方式,花生地和果园土壤则以0.25～0.053 mm的水稳性团聚体为主。各肥力水平下,菜地土壤中除>5 mm水稳性团聚体外,各粒级团聚体中有机碳、全氮和全磷含量均显著高于花生地、果园和荒地土壤。说明菜地土壤长期大量施肥,导致土壤碳、氮、磷养分含量均相对丰富。不同利用方式旱地红壤中,有机碳、全氮主要分布在>5 mm、5～2 mm和2～1 mm的较大粒径水稳性团聚体中。说明随着团聚体粒径增大,其有机碳含量增加,土壤全氮的消长趋势和有机碳一致。土壤全磷较均匀地分布在水稳性团聚体中,如高肥力菜地和荒地土壤各粒级团聚体中全磷含量间均无显著性差异。各利用方式旱地红壤中2～1 mm和1～0.5 mm的水稳性团聚体含量与土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量间均达到了极显著正相关。  相似文献   

17.
Abstract. Differences in land-use history within soil series, although not influencing soil classification, lead to variability of non-diagnostic soil properties in soil databases. Regional studies that use soil databases are confronted with this considerable variability. This has, for example, been reported in regional studies focused on nitrate leaching from agricultural land. Such findings have a direct impact on regional assessments of nitrate leaching from dairy farms on sandy soils, a major environmental issue in the Netherlands. There is thus a need to deal with this variability in soil properties.
We were able to relate soil organic nitrogen, soil organic carbon and its dynamics to land use history for a Dutch sandy soil series. Within one soil series, three different land use histories were identified: old grassland, reseeded grassland and grassland converted from continuous cropping with silage maize. The addition of landscape characteristics significantly improved the regression models based on land-use only. Once established for any given soil series, such relationships can significantly improve soil survey input into dynamic models of soil behaviour such as regional nitrate leaching studies.  相似文献   

18.
Sandy cropland soils in NW Europe were found to contain unusually high organic‐carbon (OC) levels, and a link with their land‐use history has been suggested. This study's aim was to assess the discriminating power of physical and chemical fractionation procedures to yield information on soil‐organic‐matter (OM) stability for these soils. In relict‐ and cultivated‐heathland soils, much higher proportions of 6% NaOCl treatment–resistant but 10% HF–soluble OC (MOC) and N (32.2% and 29.9%) were measured compared to a set of “permanent"‐cropland soils without a history of heathland land use (11.9% and 8.5%). Also, the proportions of 6% NaOCl– and 10% HF treatment–resistant OC and N in the relict and cultivated heathlands (19.2% and 12.0%) were higher than in the permanent‐cropland soils (17.7% and 5.7%). Stepwise multiple linear‐regression yielded a significant relationship between the annual mineralization (g C [100 g OC]–1), soil OC (g C kg–1) content, and %MOC: Annual mineralization = 4.347 – 0.087 soil OC – 0.032 %MOC (R2 = 0.65). Combinations of incubation experiments for quantification of the labile soil OM pool with chemical fractionation may thus yield meaningful data for development of soil‐organic‐matter models with measurable pools, but their applicability will be limited to specific combinations of former land use with soil, climate, and current management.  相似文献   

19.
To clarify whether a particular group of soils of Archangelsk region (European N Russia) with humus‐rich topsoils exceeding the plowing zone supports an anthropogenic formation, four exemplary profiles were investigated. The investigation sites are characterized by distinct elevated surfaces, and the soils show thick toplayers of up to 60 cm with enrichment of soil organic matter and artifacts like brick, charcoal, and peat fragments, all indicating an anthropogenic origin. Increased phytolith amounts and high P contents of up to 800 mg kg–1 citric acid–soluble P and up to 1,400 mg kg–1 total P in the top horizons support an anthropogenic influence. These properties are very similar to the Plagganthrepts of NW Europe. The same is true regarding the main management aims: increasing soil fertility and overcoming the need of bedding materials. Having the required depths of the anthropogenic topsoil, the properties of the soils of the Archangelsk region allow a classification as Agrozems (Russian classification), Plaggenesche (German classification), and Plagganthrepts (US taxonomy). Since the high base saturation of the topsoil excludes a designation as plaggic horizon, the topsoil has to be considered as terric horizon, which leads to a classification as Terric Anthrosol according to WRB.  相似文献   

20.
Soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics are affected by tillage, soil erosion and depositional processes. The objectives of this paper are to evaluate soil organic carbon and fly-ash distribution methods for identifying eroded phases of soils in Illinois and Russia and quantifying the extent of soil loss from erosion. The effect of accelerated erosion on soils is recorded on National Cooperative Soil Survey maps as phases of soil series that reflect the percentage of the original A horizon materials remaining. Identification depends on knowledge of the original A horizon thicknesses, SOC and fly-ash contents at uncultivated and uneroded sites when determining erosion phases of soil at cultivated and eroded sites. However, locating uncultivated and uneroded comparison sites with similar landscape and slope characteristics can be difficult. The amount of A horizon materials within the plow layers (Ap horizons) or topsoils are often determined by soil colors which reflect the SOC contents. Soil erosion phases based on original A horizon materials remaining in the topsoils may underestimate the extent of soil losses from topsoils and subsoils, particularly where soils have been cultivated for hundreds of years and are severely eroded. The SOC contents and soil erosion phases can be affected by losses or gains of organic C-rich sediments from tillage translocation and erosion, by management input level differences, oxidation, or as a result of land use and landscape position variations. Fly-ash was found to be more stable and act as a better indicator of soil erosion phase than SOC content.  相似文献   

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