2. In a separate study the endogenous energy losses (EEL) of adult Rhode Island Red (RIR) and adult broiler roosters were measured when given a supply of energy.
3. AME value for RSM tended to be lower for cockerels than for hens, whereas the opposite was noted for SBM and WFP.
4. This study showed that AME of ingredients could be influenced by choice of technique. These differences are accentuated for some ingredients, such as SBM and RSM, although there was no difference in ranking ingredients tested within the AME and TME systems.
5. Assuming that birds are receiving an energy source, the EEL0 per kg metabolic body weight (W0.75) did not differ between adult broiler cockerels and adult Rhode Island Red cockerels.
6. The AME0 values with laying hens for winter HG‐RSM, summer HG‐RSM, LG‐RSM, SBM and WFP were 7.0, 7.6, 8.7, 11.5 and 11.3 kJ/g dry matter. TME0 values with cockerels for the respective ingredients were 8.4, 8.5, 9.5, 12.6 and 13.4 kJ/g dry matter. 相似文献
Consumption of oyster shell was lowest in the morning. When the calcium meal was offered at this time, the hens slightly increased their calcium ingestion on oviposition days. However, calcium intake was higher on ovulation days when oyster shell was offered after 14 h. In each case, actual requirements seemed to be one of the main factors for determining calcium appetite.
Variations of food intake in relation to laying cycle were evident with the control diet but disappeared when oyster shell was offered separately in the afternoon. Consumption of low Ca diet was greater than that of control diet only when oyster shell was given in the late afternoon of days without ovulation.
The best egg shell quality was obtained by offering oyster shell between 14.00 h and 17.15 h but the difference with control was rarely significant. Practically it is recommended that oyster shell is given at least 3 h before light extinction. 相似文献
2. Lesions typical of gizzard erosion could be produced by the addition of histamine to the diet.
3. The amount of histamine occurring naturally in fish meal depends on the species of fish and the extent and nature of bacterial spoilage.
4. These variables may explain why histamine has not been implicated previously and also why there have not been consistent associations between the condition and geographical source or common factors in bulk consignments of the meal. 相似文献
2. Compared with ad libitum‐fed counterparts, a marked increase in the relative weight of the storage organs (crop and gizzard) was observed in the meal‐fed birds. The relative weight of the intestine was not affected by meal feeding but the ileal wall became thinner.
3. After food deprivation for 14 or 22 h, respectively, for the ad libitum and the meal‐fed chicks, the weights of contents in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) segments did not differ between treatments except for those of the gizzard and caecum. Food restoration resulted in an increase in the contents of the GIT of meal‐fed chicks. The increments in the crop and gizzard contents were related to the severity of food restriction. The contents of the intestinal segments were quite similar in all treatments.
4. The activities of the digestive enzymes in the pancreas, expressed as units/g pancreas or units/kg body weight, were not significantly affected by feeding regime. In the small intestine of the meal‐fed birds, marked increases in specific (units/g content) and relative (units/kg body weight) activities were observed of amylase and chymo‐trypsin when compared with their ad libitum‐fed counterparts. The effect of meal feeding on trypsin activities was less pronounced. 相似文献
2. There was no significant difference in the mean renal clearances of 14C between six tainter and six non‐tainter shaver 585 hens infused with 14C‐trimethylamine (TMA).
3. When increasing concentrations of TMA were infused into five tainter and four non‐tainter broiler breeder hens receiving dietary RSM, at the highest infusion rate tainter hens excreted a larger proportion (95%) of 14C as unchanged TMA than did non‐tainter hens (76%). Eight weeks after removal of RSM from the diet this difference decreased (87 and 76% respectively).
4. Two tainter and five non‐tainter Shaver 579 hens receiving dietary RSM excreted 96 and 70%, respectively, of the infused 14C‐TMA unchanged. 相似文献
2. Discolouration prevention methods included treating the meal with ferrous sulphate heptahydrate (FSH), in solution or as crystals, at a 4:1 weight ratio of iron to free gossypol (experiment 1), and reducing its residual lipid (CSL) content to 4.2 g/kg by hexane extraction (experiment 2).
3. In freshly laid eggs, no discolouration was observed when hens were fed a CSM‐based diet containing 250 mg free gossypol/kg and 87 mg CPFA/kg in experiment 1, but slightly brown yolks were produced in experiment 2.
4. Storage of the eggs at 22°C led to yolk mottling, an effect believed to be the initial stages of the brown yolk discolouration.
5. Storage of the eggs at 5°C resulted in enhancement of the brown yolk discolouration, apricot discolouration on surfaces of most yolks and pink albumen discolouration. These effects were prevented when the CSM was extracted with hexane. Apricot yolk and pink albumen discolourations were also produced when hens were fed a non‐CSM diet containing crude CSL at 20.5 g/kg.
6. Dietary CSL increased egg fat saturation, altering the ratios of stearic to oleic, palmitic to palmitoleic and heptadecanoic to hepta‐decenoic fatty acids.
7. Treatment of CSM with FSH reduced the slight brown yolk discolouration in fresh eggs (experiment 2) and the yolk mottling in warm‐stored eggs. Both in solution and as crystals, FSH prevented the enhancement of brown yolk discolouration in cold‐stored eggs, leaving most eggs with apricot yolk and pink albumen discolourations.
8. Treatment of CSM and CSL with FSH reduced the CPFA‐related effects on yolk fat saturation, and the colour and pH changes in cold‐stored eggs.
9. Exposure of yolks to ammonia vapour provided a useful test to predict the development of the gossypol‐related brown discolouration in stored eggs. 相似文献
2. Food intake restriction ranged from 22% in birds fed only in the morning to 13% in birds fed twice daily. However, egg production of birds fed twice daily was only marginally reduced compared with control birds. Giving free access to food from 69 to 84 weeks increased the total 20 to 84‐week egg production of the latter birds to greater than that of controls.
3. Birds fed only in the evening ate more and laid more and heavier eggs than birds fed only in the morning. However, a high proportion of the eggs from these former birds were laid in the evening.
4. The only anatomical adaptation to meal feeding was the larger crops observed in both groups of birds given one meal daily. 相似文献
2. Gizzard weight and intestine length were significantly increased by increased dietary fibre.
3. Efficiency of food conversion decreased but egg production, egg weight, shell breaking strength and mortality were not affected by dietary sunflower meal. 相似文献
Canola meal (CM) is a potential alternative dietary protein source for indigenous chickens but its utility may be limited by anti-nutrients such as fibre and phytochemical compounds. This study, therefore, explores the effects of replacing soy-based feedstuffs (SB) with graded levels of CM on apparent nutrient digestibility, growth performance and haemo-biochemical parameters in Potchefstroom koekoek (PK) cockerels. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated by replacing 0 (CM), 3.75 (CM1), 6.25 (CM2), 8.75 (CM3) and 17.5% (CM4) of SB with CM. One hundred and seventy-five cockerels (342.6?±?15.2 g live weight, 5 weeks old) were evenly distributed into 25 replicate pens to which experimental diets were randomly allocated. Feed intake, apparent nutrient digestibility, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were determined. Blood was collected for serum and haematological analysis at 16 weeks of age. There was a significant quadratic trend [y =?2.56 (±?0.067)?+?0.04 (±?0.019)x – 0.002 (±?0.0010)x2] for average weight gain from which an optimum canola inclusion level was calculated to be 7.8%. Neutrophils linearly increased (P <?0.05) with CM levels, but there were no significant linear and quadratic trends for serum biochemical components with the exception of total calcium and triglycerides, which decreased linearly in response to incremental levels of CM. However, feed intake, feed utilisation efficiency, growth performance and serum biochemistry parameters were not affected by experimental diets. Based on weight gain response, it was concluded that replacing soy-based dietary ingredients with CM in poultry diets up to 7.8% does not result in adverse effects on diet utilisation, growth performance and health status of PK cockerels.
相似文献2. A total of 288 one-day-old broilers were allocated to 8 treatments in a randomised complete block design and a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The three factors were two levels each of mDDGS (0 or 100 g kg?1), phytase (0 or 1000 FTU kg?1), and XAP (0 or 500 mg kg?1).
3. Each treatment had 6 replicate cages with 6 birds per replicate cage. The control diets were formulated to meet all nutrient requirements of broilers according to National Research Council recommendations of 1994, but were marginally deficient in non-phytate P and ME.
4. Weight gain and gain:food were higher in broilers receiving diets containing mDDGS. The coefficient of apparent ileal N digestibility was lower in diets with mDDGS. Phytase increased the coefficient of apparent ileal DM digestibility in all diets.
5. Phytase improved the coefficient of the apparent total tract DM retention independently of mDDGS and tended to improve the coefficient of apparent P retention in the diets without mDDGS. The enzymes were additive in their effects in the diets with mDDGS. Overall, the results showed that adding 100 g kg?1 mDDGS to a maize–soyabean meal diet had no negative effect on growth when energy and nutrient concentrations were similar to the maize–soyabean meal diet, and that phytase or an admixture of carbohydrases and protease individually or in combination modestly improved nutrient utilisation independently of mDDGS addition. Combination of the enzymes did not produce greater benefit than the use of phytase alone. 相似文献
2. In all trials fat deposition increased progressively as the protein concentrations of well‐balanced standard finisher diets were lowered by replacing soybean meal with sorghum grains (milo).
3. The increased degree of fatness was the result of graded increases in food consumption, and consequent decreases in food utilisation, caused by inadequate dietary protein.
4. In three out of four trials the above negative trends could be partly or completely reversed by special supplementations with methionine and lysine in amounts to restore the dietary concentration of these first‐limiting amino acids to those of the control diets.
5. It appears that broilers overeat in a compensatory attempt to obtain the limiting amino acids required for optimal growth rate, as long as the deficiency is not severe enough to cause an amino acid imbalance. 相似文献