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1.
The side-effects of plant protection products on beneficial arthropods have been studied by the Netherlands Plant Protection Service since 1974. Laboratory test methods were developed in the context of IOBC/WPRS for Encarsia formosa , a natural enemy of glasshouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum. These methods were elaborated by EPPO into a sequential decision-making scheme and published as an official EPPO guideline in 1989. The scheme includes a residual toxicity test on adults, a direct contact test on pupae, a persistence test on adults, all in the laboratory, and a field test. Following this guideline, the Netherlands Plant Protection Service tested and evaluated 107 pesticides at 307 concentrations over 10 years. Test details and complete test results are reported, including the risk assessments according to the EPPO scheme and according to the IOBC/WPRS conventions. These results are further summarized per type of pesticide, kind of test and risk classification. The efficiency of the scheme in classifying pesticide concentrations for risk to E. formosa is analysed. The scheme was found to be reasonably practical and efficient except for pesticides in the range between safe and hazardous. Suggestions for improvement are given. Also the possible need for changing the original IOBC/WPRS-criterion for harmlessness (effect < 50%) is discussed. No reasons for lowering the criterion to 30% were found. The decision-making scheme fits into the general approach for environmental risk assessment of plant protection products, developed recently by EPPO and the Council of Europe. 相似文献
2.
Side-effects of 100 pesticides on the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis, collected and evaluated according to the EPPO Guideline 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A sequential decision-making scheme for classifying the side-effects of pesticides on the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis has been published recently as an EPPO Guideline. Practical experience with the use of this guideline is reported in this paper. One hundred commercially available plant protection products were tested on the organophosphateresistant P. persimilis population now predominant in Europe. Test results and hazard classifications of these 51 insecticides/acaricides, 33 fungicides, 12 herbicides and 4 growth regulators are given. Criteria for classification are those recommended by the IOBC/WPRS Working Group'Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms'. The use of the scheme appeared to be practical and efficient. 相似文献
3.
A paper published byKniehase & Zoebelein (1990) describes a new laboratory method to test the side effects of pesticides on the predatory mitePhytoseiulus persimilis and criticizes the laboratory test developed by the International Working Group pesticides and beneficial organisms of the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC), West Palaearctic Regional Section (WPRS). The present publication discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both methods, responds to the criticism and mention the overall concept of the IOBC/WPRS Working Group including semifield and field test methods.In einer Arbeit vonKniehase undZoebelein (1990) wird ein neues Laborverfahren zur Prüfung der Nebenwirkung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf die RaubmilbePhytoseiulus persimilis beschrieben. Die genannten Autoren äußern sich kritisch über das seither von der Arbeitsgruppe Pflanzenschutzmittel und Nutzorganismen der International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC), West Palaearctic Regional Section (WPRS) praktizierte Verfahren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Vor- und Nachteile der beiden Prüfmethoden diskutiert. Einer Reaktion auf die Kritik folgt eine kurze Beschreibung der gesamten Konzeption der genannten Arbeitsgruppe, die auf einer Kombination aus Labor-, Halbfreiland- und Feldprüfverfahren beruht. 相似文献
4.
BACKGROUND: The use of Trichogramma species is a potential key strategy in integrated pest management. However, its effectiveness depends on the use of chemicals that do not interfere with parasitism and parasite population growth. Here, a study was made of the effects of synthetic insecticides on Trichogramma pretiosum and Trichogramma exiguum in different hosts (Ephestia kuehniella, Plutella xylostella and Spodoptera frugiperda) and the influence of International Organisation for Biological Control (IOBC/WPRS) methodology in selectivity studies using different Trichogramma species. The insecticides used were commercial formulations (triflumuron at a concentration of 0.2 mL L?1 water, etofenprox at a concentration of 0.47 mL L?1 water and endosulfan at a concentration of 7.5 mL L?1 water); the control treatment consisted of distilled water. Eggs attached to cardboard cards were offered to parasitoids inside glass cages. Parasitised eggs, parasitism and adult emergence rates and parasitism reduction were evaluated. RESULTS: Endosulfan and etofenprox, classified as class‐4 toxic products, were extremely toxic to the parasitoids. Triflumuron, classified as a non‐toxic product, was selective to the parasitoids in eggs of all hosts. CONCLUSIONS: The methodology recommended by IOBC/WPRS influenced results regarding the use of different species of parasitoids, and the use of a single parasitoid species in their experiment is questionable. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
5.
S. A. HASSAN F. BIGLER P. BLAISINGER H. BOGENSCHÜTZ J. BRUN P. CHIVERTON E. DICKLER M. A. EASTERBROOK P. J. EDWARDS W. D. ENGLERT S. I. FIRTH P. HUANG C. INGLESFIELD F. KLINGAUF C. KÜHNER M. S. LEDIEU E. NATON P. A. OOMEN W. P. J. OVERMEER P. PLEVOETS J. N. REBOULET W. RIECKMANN L. SAMSOSE-PETERSEN S. W. SHIRES A. STÄUBLI J. STEVENSON J. J. TUSET G. VANWETSWINKEL A. Q. VAN ZON 《EPPO Bulletin》1985,15(2):214-255
6.
《EPPO Bulletin》1989,19(2):355-372
This guideline is concerned with the evaluation of the side-effects of plant protection products on Encarsia formosa in the glasshouse. E.formosa is used for biological or integrated control of glasshouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (TRIAVA). Because field-testing is laborious and costly, this guideline includes a sequential testing scheme involving three laboratory tests, which may serve to classify many products as definitely harmless or harmful without having recourse to field tests. In particular, the very stringent residual toxicity test on adults (the most sensitive stage) allows products to be classed as definitely harmless, since experience has shown that no product so classed by this test is ever harmful in field tests. The direct contact test on pupae (the most insensitive stage) makes it possible to exclude as definitely harmful products which exceed a certain threshold. Products which are not harmful to pupae in this test could still kill adults after emergence if they are sufficiently persistent. So a 3-day persistence test makes it possible to exclude further products as too persistent. Finally, only products which appeared potentially harmful in the first test, but were harmless to pupae and non-persistent, have to be field tested, and compared with harmful and harmless reference products, in order to decide on the final rating. This is further illustrated by the scheme in Fig. 1.
The tests were developed according to the standard guidelines (Hassan, 1985) of the Working Group on 'Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms' of IOBC/WPRS (West Palaearctic Regional Section of the International Organization for Biological Control). An earlier version of the guideline was published (Oomen, 1985), before passing through the full EPPO guideline approval procedure. 相似文献
The tests were developed according to the standard guidelines (Hassan, 1985) of the Working Group on 'Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms' of IOBC/WPRS (West Palaearctic Regional Section of the International Organization for Biological Control). An earlier version of the guideline was published (Oomen, 1985), before passing through the full EPPO guideline approval procedure. 相似文献
7.
本文采用4种方法测定了已测试对黄瓜新绥螨Neoseiulus cucumeris(Oudemans)雌成螨无毒的9种常用农药对其若螨和卵的影响.结果表明:25%噻虫嗪(阿克泰)水分散粒剂和0.5%苦参碱烟碱(果圣)水剂对若螨和卵的LC50分别为3128.49mg·L-1和1802.67mg·L-1、26.37mg·L-1和27.01mg·L-1;喷雾法和二次中毒测定发现这2种农药常规使用浓度对若螨和卵的校正死亡率均低于10%,表明这2种农药对若螨和卵影响很小.0.3%印楝素乳油对若螨和卵的LC50分别为7.43mg·L-1和8.70mg·L-1,喷雾法和叶片残毒法测定发现其常规使用浓度对若螨和卵的校正死亡率分别为5.17%～36.21%和3.95%～28.95%,表明该农药对若螨和卵低毒.80%代森锌可湿性粉剂、80%代森锰锌(大生M-45)可湿性粉剂、50%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂和50%多菌灵+福美双(普雅图)可湿性粉剂常规使用浓度对若螨和卵的校正死亡率均低于5%,表明这4种杀菌剂对若螨和卵无明显影响.86.2%氧化亚铜(铜大师)可湿性粉剂和77%氢氧化铜(可杀得)可湿性粉剂常规使用浓度对若螨的校正死亡率最高分别达到16.81%和9.32%,对卵的校正死亡率均低于5%,表明这2种杀菌剂对若螨低毒,对卵无明显影响. 相似文献
8.
9.
为了筛选出防治降香黄檀炭疽病的环境友好型药剂,本文测定了10种杀菌剂的室内毒力,并从中筛选出毒力较强的药剂进行林间防效试验。结果表明:25%丙环唑EC,60%唑醚·代森联WG和40%氟硅唑EC对降香黄檀炭疽病菌的毒力较强,其EC50分别为0.12,0.15和1.12 mg/L。其他供试药剂的EC50分别为:75%百菌清WP231.42mg/L,10%苯醚甲环唑WG 3.60mg/L,80%醚菌酯WG 1.58mg/L,70%甲基硫菌灵WP 4.51mg/L,3%中生菌素WP 19.36mg/L,80%代森锰锌WP 79.76mg/L,80%多菌灵WP 11.47mg/L。考虑到氟硅唑、唑醚·代森联价格较高,建议将这两种药剂使用在降香黄檀苗木炭疽病的防治上。人工林炭疽病的防治采用25%丙环唑EC、80%醚菌酯WG、70%甲基硫菌灵WP和3%中生菌素WP,每隔15d依次施用,林间防治效果达到71.53%,明显高于其他防治方法。因此,在人工林降香黄檀炭疽病的防治中采用这4种药剂每隔15d依次施用可以有效控制降香黄檀炭疽病的暴发。喷雾时间应选择在阴天或晴天早晨露水干后8:00-10:00或者15:00-17:00。 相似文献
10.
为评价农药对家蚕的环境安全性,作者采用毒叶饲喂法在室内测定了91种农药对家蚕(Bombyx mori L.)的急性毒性,并根据其毒性范围进行分级,结果表明:有30种药剂的LC50<0.5mg/kg桑叶,属于剧毒级,包括甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、虫酰肼、三唑磷等;有15种药剂的LC50为0.5～20mg/kg桑叶,属于高毒级,如丁硫克百威、虫螨腈、杀铃脲、氟虫腈、噻嗪酮、高渗氯胺磷、敌百虫;19种药剂的LC50为20～200mg/kg桑叶,属于中等毒级;27种药剂的LC50>200mg/kg桑叶,属于低毒级。 相似文献
11.
为了筛选有效防治青菜黄曲条跳甲的药剂,在室内测定了5种杀虫剂对黄曲条跳甲成虫的毒力,并开展了这5种药剂对黄曲条跳甲的田间药效试验。毒力测定结果表明,10%啶虫脒WP对黄曲条跳甲的毒力最高,28%杀虫·啶虫脒WP毒力最低,LC50分别为7.20 mg/L和18.63 mg/L,5种药剂的毒力大小依次为:10%啶虫脒WP>42%啶虫·哒螨灵WP>5%鱼藤酮SL>15%哒螨灵EC>28%杀虫·啶虫脒WP。田间药效试验结果表明,42%啶虫·哒螨灵WP和15%哒螨灵EC的防效最优,10%啶虫脒WP、28%杀虫·啶虫脒WP和5%鱼藤酮SL 3种药剂总体防效相当,但低于42%啶虫·哒螨灵WP和15%哒螨灵EC。综合来看,建议使用42%啶虫·哒螨灵WP 126~189 g/hm2、15%哒螨灵EC 90~135 g/hm2、28%杀虫·啶虫脒WP 294~420 g/hm2、10%啶虫脒WP 60~90 g/hm2、5%鱼藤酮SL 150~225 g/hm2对青菜黄曲条跳甲进行防治。 相似文献
12.
基于人参样品基质特点,采用快速滤过型净化法 (m-PFC) 结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (HPLC-MS/MS),建立了人参中嘧菌酯、苯醚甲环唑、吡虫啉、茚虫威和噻嗪酮5种农药残留同时检测的分析方法。该方法具有较低的检出限 (0.03~0.18 μg/kg) 和定量限 (0.11~0.59 μg/kg),其定量限较中国国家标准GB 2763—2016中规定的对人参中苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯的最大残留限量 (MRL) (0.5~1 mg/kg) 低3个数量级,5种农药的线性范围在1~500 μg/L之间。在2、10、50、100和300 μg/kg的添加水平下,方法的平均回收率均在76%~115%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 均小于11%,回收率较好且方法稳定。与传统样品前处理方法相比,该方法具有操作简单、省时省力和灵敏度高等优点。将该方法应用于市售6份人参样品中5种农药残留的检测,结果未检出相应的农药残留。该方法为研发建立更快速、准确地检测人参中农药残留的方法提供了思路,也为后续中国国家标准修订人参中农药最大残留限量提供了参考。 相似文献
13.
4种农药对家蚕的毒性评价和中毒症状观察 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用食下毒叶法,测定了4种农药对家蚕的毒性,观察了4种农药处理2龄家蚕后的中毒症状。结果表明,3种杀虫剂除虫菊素5％乳油、吡虫啉2．5％可湿性粉剂和氯胺磷20％乳油的LC50值均在0．1～10mg／L之间,对家蚕属高毒级,有极高风险性：杀菌剂苯醚．丙环唑300g／L乳油的LC50值为5．60×10^2mg／L,对家蚕属低毒级,风险性相对较低。观察了中毒症状,3种杀虫剂引起家蚕中毒症状较突出,易于辨别,杀菌剂引起的家蚕中毒症状较轻微。桑园及附近用药时需特别注意避免喷施3种杀虫剂。 相似文献
14.
The Carabid Beetle Laboratory Test using Poecilus cupreus (L.) was developed for the assessment of effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods and is now available as an official guideline published by the BBA and the IOBC for the registration of pesticides. In this contribution some of the experiences in performing the test are summarized. In total, 126 compounds (mainly herbicides) were tested in 190 test runs (including water controls). In this acute laboratory test, the three parameters mortality, behaviour and feeding rate are investigated. Due to experiences with other ecotoxicological tests a one-way Analysis of Variance or ANOVA, followed by a Bonferroni Test, was used for the statistical evaluation of the feeding rates. The results presented here show that a statistical evaluation of the feeding data is possible and that this parameter is useful for the assessment of side-effects of chemicals for these predatory arthropods. In testing the reference substance pyrazophos (formulation: ‘Afugan’ 294 g litre−1 EC) the mortality varied considerably. It is proposed that at a given value (30%) for effects on the mortality and the feeding rate, a test substance should be tested in a semi-field or field situation. 相似文献
15.
采用菌丝生长速率法测定了7种杀菌剂对蘑菇褐腐病菌Mycogone perniciosa Magn.的室内毒力及其中5种杀菌剂对双孢蘑菇Agaricus bisporus的室内安全性,并通过田间小区试验评价了其中6种杀菌剂对蘑菇褐腐病的药效及对双孢蘑菇的安全性。室内测定结果表明:多菌灵、咪鲜胺、噻菌灵、百菌清、苯醚甲环唑及戊唑醇对蘑菇褐腐病菌的毒力均较强,EC50值分别为0.036 9、0.024 5、0.296、0.136、0.036 0和0.058 1 mg/L,福美双毒力较弱,EC50值为88.0 mg/L;多菌灵和百菌清对双孢蘑菇较安全,苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇及福美双对其有药害风险。田间试验结果表明:按有效成分质量分数计,50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂（WP）250、500和1 000 mg/kg,50%咪鲜胺锰盐WP 333、266和200 mg/kg,75%百菌清WP 375 mg/kg对蘑菇褐腐病的防效较好,且对双孢蘑菇生长无显著影响;而采用43%戊唑醇悬浮剂（SC）143.3、86.0 mg/kg防治褐腐病时,双孢蘑菇的减产率分别为20.54%和13.19%,采用10%苯醚甲环唑可分散粒剂（WG）33.3 mg/kg时,减产率为4.73%,表明这2种杀菌剂对双孢蘑菇的安全性较差,不宜用于防治蘑菇褐腐病;50%福美双WP 1 000 和 500 mg/kg均会造成蘑菇出菇推迟,而166.7 mg/kg的防效较差,因此也不宜用于防治蘑菇褐腐病。 相似文献
16.
M. MACELJSKI 《EPPO Bulletin》1986,16(4):621-624
Corythuca ciliata, a N. American heteropteran, has been spreading on plane in Europe since 1964 and is now certainly present in Italy, Yugoslavia, France, Hungary, Spain, Austria and Switzerland, and probably in some other countries. Besides weakening the trees, the insect much diminishes their amenity value and is a direct nuisance to man. Its biology and control are reviewed, with emphasis on the possibilities for a biological or integrated approach (IOBC/WPRS working group). Though several countries remain uninfested, the insect's capacity for natural spread makes it unlikely that phytosanitary measures would serve much purpose. 相似文献
17.
超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定豇豆中溴氰虫酰胺等5种农药残留 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定豇豆中溴氰虫酰胺、乙基多杀菌素、呋虫胺、噻虫嗪和啶虫脒残留量的方法。豇豆样品经乙腈提取,通过QuEChERS法净化后,采用Acquity UPLCBEH C18色谱柱分离,在电喷雾正离子模式下以多反应监测(MRM)模式检测。结果表明:在0.01~1μg/mL内5种农药的峰面积与其相应的质量浓度间呈良好线性关系,相关系数均大于0.99;在0.01、0.1和1 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,回收率为71%~129%,相对标准偏差为0.90%~20.8%(n=5)。5种农药在豇豆中的检出限为0.084~4.0μg/kg,定量限为0.80~16.6μg/kg。该方法简单灵敏,定量准确,可用于分析豇豆中的溴氰虫酰胺、乙基多杀菌素、呋虫胺、噻虫嗪和啶虫脒的残留量。 相似文献
18.
建立了气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)同时测定水体和沉积物中39种农药残留的检测方法。水体样品由乙酸乙酯萃取,无水硫酸钠干燥;沉积物样品经乙腈超声提取,采用N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)和石墨化碳黑(GCB)净化,选择离子监测模式(SIM)进行检测,外标法定量。结果表明：39种农药在10～1 000μg/L范围内线性关系良好,决定系数(R2)均大于0.995 0。空白水样在0.25、0.5、5.0μg/L 3个添加水平下的平均回收率在72%～111%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)在1.1%～10%之间,检出限(LOD)为0.02～0.06μg/L,定量限(LOQ)为0.04～0.18μg/L;空白沉积物在5.0、20.0、100.0μg/kg 3个添加水平下的回收率在65%～119%之间,RSD (n=5)在2.1%～12%之间,LOD为0.7～1.5μg/kg,LOQ为2.1～4.3μg/kg。该方法灵敏、准确,结果可靠,可满足水体和沉积物中39种目标农药的残留分析要求。 相似文献
19.
为了明确稻鳝种养田杂草群落组成及除草剂安全用药技术,采用取样计数的方法调查了稻鳝种养田杂草种类及田间密度,并采用静水式试验法在室内条件下测定了稻田常用除草剂对黄鳝生长的影响。结果表明,稻鳝种养降低了杂草的丰富度、多样性和均匀度,杂草危害减轻。茎叶处理除草剂100 g/L氰氟草酯EC、25 g/L五氟磺草胺OD、13%2甲4氯钠AS和480 g/L灭草松AS对黄鳝生长安全,可安全应用于稻鳝种养田防除杂草。土壤处理除草剂中,30%丙草胺EC、10%吡嘧磺隆WP、40%苄嘧磺隆·丙草胺WP对黄鳝生长安全,是稻鳝种养田使用土壤处理除草剂的优先选择。60%丁草胺EC和12%噁草酮EC与黄鳝的死亡率存在着明显的剂量-效应关系,随着浓度的提高,黄鳝死亡率显著上升,不推荐用于稻鳝种养田防除杂草。 相似文献
20.
6种农药对瓜蚜的毒力测定及田间药效 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了筛选防治西瓜瓜蚜的有效药剂,用6种药剂进行了室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。结果表明,1.8%阿维菌素EC对瓜蚜的毒力最高,60g/L乙基多杀菌素SC毒力最低,48hLC50分别为0.38mg/L和2 225.63mg/L。6种药剂毒力大小依次为阿维菌素溴氰虫酰胺氟啶虫胺腈啶虫脒吡虫啉乙基多杀菌素。田间试验结果表明,1.8%阿维菌素EC 3 000倍、10%溴氰虫酰胺OD 2 000倍、22%氟啶虫胺腈SC 4 000倍对瓜蚜速效性及持效性均较好,3~14d防效均达到90%以上,防效差异不显著;20%啶虫脒WP 3 000倍和10%吡虫啉WP 3 000倍速效性及持效性均较差,1d防效分别为31.31%和6.66%,14d防效分别为57.39%和47.80%;60g/L乙基多杀菌素SC 1 000倍防效最差,药后14d的最高防效仅为34.70%。推荐田间轮换使用阿维菌素、溴氰虫酰胺、氟啶虫胺腈防治瓜蚜。 相似文献