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1.
均匀设计法优化桦木醇的超临界二氧化碳萃取工艺 总被引：1，自引：5，他引：1
利用均匀设计法优化了超临界CO2萃取(SCDE)桦树皮中桦木醇的工艺.采用均匀设计法考察了萃取温度、萃取压力、萃取时间对桦木醇收率的影响,并用高效液相色谱法测定了萃取物中桦木醇的含量.试验结果表明,在萃取温度 32 ℃、萃取压力 8 MPa、萃取时间 1 h、CO2流量为 20 kg/h 的条件下,SCDE的桦木醇得率为 16.96%,萃取物中桦木醇含量达到 74.88%.与其他提取方法相比,SCDE法尽管得率略低,但选择性好且无环境污染,具有一定的应用前景. 相似文献
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西番莲籽油的超临界CO_2萃取及其特性分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用超临界CO2萃取(SCDE)技术从西番莲籽中提取油脂,探讨了萃取工艺条件对油脂提取率的影响,并对西番莲籽油的理化性质和脂肪酸组成进行了分析.研究结果表明,SCDE西番莲籽油的最佳工艺条件为:原料粒径 270 μm,萃取压力 20 MPa,萃取温度 50 ℃,分离釜Ⅰ温度 40 ℃、压力 8 MPa,分离釜Ⅱ温度 40 ℃,压力与CO2钢瓶的压力一致,萃取时间 3 h,在此条件下油脂得率达到了 25 % 以上.SCDE的西番莲籽油色泽明亮,澄清透明,其理化性质明显优于溶剂法提取的油脂,不饱和脂肪酸质量分数高达 89.43 %,其中亚油酸质量分数 72.69 %. 相似文献
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利用超临界CO2萃取(SCDE)技术,采用响应面优化法(RSR),对广东惠州野生余甘子籽油的萃取进行了研究.结果表明,500g余甘子籽萃取余甘子籽油的最佳工艺条件为:萃取时间103min,萃取压力19 MPa,萃取温度35℃,在此工艺条件下余甘子籽油得率为26.13%±1.4%.通过GC-MS分析表明,余甘子籽油中含有16种脂肪酸,主要为油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和花生四烯酸等不饱和脂肪酸,总GC含量达91.33%.通过分析油的理化参数及生产成本表明,超临界CO2萃取余甘子籽油是一个好的方法,具有工业使用价值. 相似文献
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超临界 CO2 萃取落叶松木材挥发油的工艺研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用超临界CO2萃取技术萃取落叶松木材挥发油,以得率为考察指标,研究了萃取压力、萃取温度、CO2流量和萃取时间对得率的影响.确定了超临界CO2萃取落叶松木材挥发油的最佳工艺参数:萃取压力35MPa,萃取温度60℃,CO2流量10kg/h,萃取时间2h,在此条件下挥发油得率可达0.57%. 相似文献
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超临界CO2 流体萃取 - 分子蒸馏提取丁香精油的研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
用超临界CO2流体萃取技术(SCDE)萃取丁香精油,然后用分子蒸馏技术(MD)进行精制,所得精油经气相色谱 - 质谱(GC - MS)分析并与传统提取方法比较.正交试验分析结果显示,SCDE最佳工艺条件为:萃取温度45℃、萃取压力12MPa、解析温度50℃.SCDE得油率达到21.04%,经GC - MS分析共检测出22种成分,主要成分丁香酚GC含量为67.56%,经MD精制后,尽管丁香酚、β - 石竹烯、乙酰基丁香酚3种有效成分的总含量与水蒸气蒸馏法和有机溶剂回流法相差不大,但精油中丁香酚提高至68.75%,精油色泽和流动性明显改善,品质明显提高.SCDE - MD技术萃取丁香精油的得油率为19.18%,高于水蒸气蒸馏法(11.38%)和正己烷回流法(17.40%),而且萃取时间短,色素、树脂含量低. 相似文献
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以披针叶黄华种子为试材,比较了培养基中不同浓度的碳源(葡萄糖,蔗糖,山梨醇,海藻糖,果糖),激素(6-BA、NAA、2,4-D)对披针叶黄华种子无菌苗生长的影响。结果表明,山梨醇、葡萄糖在160mg/L时是诱导披针叶黄华种子产生无菌苗生长的最佳碳源浓度;MS+山梨醇(160mg/L)和MS+葡萄糖(120mg/L)的培养基中诱导无菌苗效果最佳,确定披针叶黄华种子无菌苗生长的最佳激素配比是:2,4-D 0.2mg/L+NAA 0.8mg/L+6-BA 1.0mg/L。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Astra Zaluma Lauma Bruna Darta Klavina Natalija Burnevica Kristine Kenigsvalde Andis Lazdins Talis Gaitnieks 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(6)
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):118-130
The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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Steven Maranz Amadou Niang Antoine Kalinganire Djeneba Konaté Bocary Kaya 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(3):231-239
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional
data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral
contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising
germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal
diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties
to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations. 相似文献
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《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(2):76-84
Abstract Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists. 相似文献