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1.
应用气相色谱(GC)和高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术对施用城市污泥盆栽植物后的土壤中的多氯联苯(PCBs)、有机氯农药(OCPs)、菲(PA)和苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)进行了系统分析,探讨不同土壤中有机污染物的含量变化情况.结果表明,不同处理土壤中检出的有机化合物,均以PCBs、OCPs和PA为主.强致癌性化合物苯并[a]芘在土壤中的含量远远低于加拿大和荷兰污染土壤治理标准的目标值(0.1 mg/kg和0.025 mg/kg).PA在土壤中的检出率大大高于苯并[a]芘,但均低于加拿大土壤质量控制标准(0.1 mg,kg),极个别高于荷兰土壤质量控制标准(0.045 mg/kg).城市污泥农用后均会造成土壤不同程度的有机污染物污染,有机污染物污染土壤的程度与污泥的性质、有机化合物的性质和土壤的性质等有关.  相似文献   

2.
马瑾  周永章  张天彬  高原雪  罗薇  万洪富 《土壤》2008,40(6):954-959
选取位于珠江三角洲的佛山市顺德区作为研究对象,分析了26个代表性土壤样品中的17种有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量,并对其来源进行分析。结果显示,17种OCPs在26个土壤样品中均有不同程度的检出,个别有机氯农药的检出率达到100%。六六六异构体中β-HCH的残留量最高,可能与β-HCH的结构有关。另外,可能有新的γ-HCH进入土壤环境。六六六和滴滴涕残留较普遍,但残留量均未达到污染水平。根据分析,土壤中滴滴涕农药主要是过去施用农药的残留,近期没有新的滴滴涕农药进入土壤环境。通过主成分分析可以从除七氯环氧化物、硫丹?、p,p’-DDD和p,p’-DDT之外的13种有机氯农药中提取出两个主成分,总方差解释量达到了92.28%。第一主成分主要包括了α-HCH、七氯、艾氏剂、p,p’-DDE、δ-HCH、硫丹Ⅱ等6种农药,这6种农药之间有着明显的相关性;第二主成分主要包括狄氏剂。  相似文献   

3.
运用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器（GC-μECD）分析了福建茶园茶叶中六六六（HCHs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）等有机氯农药（OCPs）的分布、组成和来源。结果表明,∑OCPs浓度为0.764～10.561ng.g-1,永泰最高,福鼎最低,一般而言,老叶中∑OCPs浓度高于嫩叶;∑HCHs浓度为0.373～7.427ng.g-1,永泰最高,政和最低,老叶中HCHs浓度显著高于嫩叶;茶叶中HCHs同系物以γ-HCH为主,占总量的51.3%～94.1%;α-/γ-HCH表明所有茶园均存在林丹的使用或输入,β-（/α＋γ）-HCH表明所有茶园均非HCHs历史污染,可能存在HCHs其他新的来源。∑DDTs浓度为0.123～5.168ng.g-1,政和最高,福鼎最低,老叶和嫩叶中无显著差异;与土壤类似,茶叶中DDTs同系物以p,p′-DDT和o,p′-DDT为主,两者之和占总量的67.3%～96.0%;p,p′-DDE/p,p′-DDT表明,除福鼎、永泰和安溪外,其他茶园均存在工业DDTs的使用或输入;o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT表明,除政和外,其他茶园均存在大量的三氯杀螨醇的使用或输入,以安溪较为严重。  相似文献   

4.
采用现场采样及室内测试方法,分析了福建茶园土壤中六六六（HCHs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）类有机氯农药（OCPs）的分布、组成和来源。结果表明,∑HCHs和∑DDTs浓度分别为0.251-1.120 ng.g^-1和0.210-2.406 ng.g^-1,属于清洁背景范围;漳浦、福鼎和福州茶园土壤∑OCPs浓度显著高于其他样点。除福州外,其他样点HCH同系物中γ-HCH相对含量最高,占HCHs总量的26.3%-76.3%。DDTs中以o,p′-DDT相对含量最高,为34.7%-60.8%。0-15 cm土壤HCHs和DDTs浓度（分别为0.593 ng.g^-1和1.340 ng.g^-1）均高于15-30 cm（0.451 ng.g^-1和0.862 ng.g^-1）。除福州β-（/α＋γ）-HCH和α-/γ-HCH值较高外,其他样点均较低,表明福州HCHs为历史污染,其他样点均存在HCHs新输入,并可能存在林丹的使用或输入;除福鼎p,p′-DDE/p,p′-DDT值较高外,其他样点均较低,表明除福鼎外其他样点均有DDTs的新输入;o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT值均较高,表明可能有大量三氯杀螨醇的使用或输入。  相似文献   

5.
水生植物在水体污染修复中所起的作用越来越受到关注。采用室内培养方法,选取常见水生植物黑藻对α-HCH、γ-HCH和p,p′-DDT的去除特性进行了研究。结果表明,黑藻对α-HCH、γ-HCH和p,p′-DDT的降解符合一级反应动力学,降解速率常数分别为0.086、0.103d-1和0.077d-1;α-HCH、γ-HCH和p,p′-DDT在黑藻中的富集系数均显著大于1,顺序为p,p′-DDT〉γ-HCH〉α-HCH,主要富集在叶中;实验样品中均检出有p,p′-DDT的厌氧降解产物p,p′-DDD生成。  相似文献   

6.
采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器分析了吉林省典型工农业地区表层土壤、水稻、玉米及稻田水样品中包括HCHs、DDTs在内的有机氯农药（OCPs）和7种多氯联苯（PCBs）指示性单体的含量。结果表明,表层土壤中OCPs（HCHs＋DDTs）平均含量排序为梅河口夏季（98.9ng·g-1）〉长春市（81.2ng·g-1）〉吉林市（72.6ng·g-1）〉梅河口秋季（25.2ng·g-1）,PCBs排序为梅河口夏季（98.7ng·g-1）〉长春市（平均61.0ng·g-1）〉吉林市（50.3ng·g-1）〉梅河口秋季（27.1ng·g-1）,梅河口土壤中PCBs异构体中以PCB28和PCB52为主;DDTs含量较高的地区为吉林市和长春市,其旱地土壤有利于DDTs的残留;所有水稻籽粒样品中均检出了HCHs和DDTs残留,水稻和玉米中HCH和DDTs的残留均低于国家食品卫生标准的限值,水稻秧苗和玉米秆茎样品中∑7PCBs含量都分别高于水稻和玉米籽粒样品中∑7PCBs含量;水稻田水中OCPs含量都低于国家地表水质标准限值。  相似文献   

7.
为了研究北京官厅水库中有机氯农药（OCPs）对人体产生的潜在健康危害风险,从位于官厅水库、洋河和妫水河的9个采样点采集了水样和沉积物样品,采用气相色谱法对其中的有机氯农药残留状况进行了测定。结果表明,水样中,17种有机氯化合物的总浓度范围为10．06～87．37ng·L^-1,其中六六六（HCHs,即：α—HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH和δ-HCH）和滴滴涕（DDTs,即：o,p＇-DDT、p,p’-DDT、p,p＇-DDE和p,p＇-DDD）的含量范围分别为3．93～38．94ng·L^-1和3．71～16．03ng·L^-1,官厅水库及其支流水体受到有机氯农药轻度污染,其周边地区农田排放水是水库中农药的重要来源。沉积物中有机氯农药总含量范围为8．48～24．40ng·g^-1,其中HCHs和DDTs的含量高于其他OCPs的含量,其含量范围分别为1．11～7．73ng·L^-1和2．97～10．52ng·g^-1,沉积物中六六六异构体和滴滴涕类似物的含量组成表明这些农药来自环境中的早期残留。利用健康风险评价模型对官厅水库表层水体中的OCPs所致健康风险的评价结果表明,目前官厅水库中有机氯农药类污染物对人体健康的风险处于较低水平。  相似文献   

8.
长江三角洲某电子垃圾拆解区土壤中多氯联苯的残留特征   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7  
运用网格法(1.0 km × 1.0 km)采集了长江三角洲某典型电子垃圾拆卸区38个土壤样品,分析了该地区17种土壤多氯联苯(PCBs)的总体残留特征.结果表明:研究区土壤PCBs污染以点源污染为主,其∑17PCBs的检出率为65.8%,检出范围在ND(未检出) ～ 152.8 μg/kg之间,平均含量为19.9 μg/kg ± 32.5 μg/kg,土壤PCBs的残留程度存在很大的差异,局部点位受到了严重污染.土壤中17种同系物又以3 ～ 5氯代化合物为主,三者占同系物总量的98.5%,其中PCB28、PCB77、PCB118含量高于其他同系物,分别为4.43、5.29 和 10.1 μg/kg.不同土地利用方式土壤残留量顺序为果园＞水田＞荒地＞林灌＞菜地.因此,该地区土壤PCBs污染问题不容忽视,应从源头控制,并加强修复管理,保障当地土壤的安全可持续利用.  相似文献   

9.
CHEN Min  CHEN Li  HUANG Ping 《土壤圈》2015,25(6):888-900
Twenty-eight surface soil samples from 5 functional zones (park, traffic roadside, business/residential area, rural area, and industrial area) of Ürümqi, China were collected and analyzed for the concentrations of 14 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as 3 isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs) (α-HCH, β-HCH, and γ-HCH), 4 dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) (p, p’-DDT and its metabolites p, p’-DDD (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane) and p, p’-DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chorophenyl)ethylene), and o, p’-DDT), and methoxychlor, aiming to survey the residue levels and compositions of these 14 OCPs, to identify possible sources of the OCPs, and to assess their potential risks to human health and the environment in surface soils of Ürümqi. The concentrations ranged from non-detected to 30.86 μg kg-1 for HCHs (sum of α-, β-, and γ-HCH), from non-detected to 40.03 μg kg-1 for DDTs (sum of p, p’-DDT, p, p’-DDD, p, p’-DDE, and o, p’-DDT), and from non-detected to 11.95 μg kg-1 for methoxychlor. The total concentrations of the OCPs ranged from 16.40 to 84.86 μg kg-1, with a mean of 41.89 ± 16.25 μg kg-1. According to the measured concentrations and occurrence rates of the 14 OCPs, DDTs, HCHs, and methoxychlor were the most dominant compounds. Among the 5 functional zones, the total concentration of OCPs was in the order of rural area > traffic roadside > park > business/residential area > industrial area. The different compositions of DDTs and HCHs indicated that the residues of these compounds in most soil samples originated from historical application, besides slight recent introduction at some sampling sites. The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that soil total organic carbon played an important role in the residue levels of HCHs, but such relationships were not found with DDTs or other OCPs. The soil quality of Ürümqi was classified as Class I based on the guidelines of the Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soil (GB15618-1995), indicating that the residue levels of OCPs have little risks to the environment and human health in the study area.  相似文献   

10.
珠江三角洲典型地区表层农田土壤中多氯联苯残留状况   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5  
采集了珠江三角洲典型区域384个表层农田土壤样品,分析了其中常见6种土壤多氯联苯(PCB28、PCB52、PCB101、PCB138、PCB 153与PCB180)的残留状况.研究结果表明:6种多氯联苯总量(Σ6PCBs)的检出率为78.13％,其平均值为0.42 μg/kg. PCB138的检出率与含量高于其他5种PCBs;土壤中6种多氯联苯的残留状况存在很大的差异;PCB101的检出率最低,仅为10.16％,但其平均值(0.11 μg/kg)较高,主要源于某点位PCB101高达32.44 μg/kg,土壤受到了严重污染.线性相关关系分析结果表明:土壤有机质、黏粒含量则与PCB52存在显著正相关关系.总体而言,低氯代的PCBs含量与土壤理化性质具有一定的相关性,高氯代的PCBs呈现典型的点位污染且在点位土壤中其含量显著高于低氯代同系物.  相似文献   

11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

15.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

16.
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.  相似文献   

17.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

18.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

20.
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.  相似文献   

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