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1.
苏云金芽孢杆菌BtC008对棉铃虫、小菜蛾和甜菜夜蛾等鳞翅目害虫具有高毒力。本文分析了其杀虫基因类型包括cry1Ab、cry1Ca、cry1Ia、cry2Ab和一种新的cry1类基因,SDS-PAGE分析其至少2种cry1类基因获得了表达,在分子水平说明了该菌株高毒力的原因。在此基础上克隆了1种cry1Ab类杀虫晶体蛋白(insecticidalcrystalproteins,ICPs)基因,并被Bt杀虫晶体蛋白基因命名委员会命名为cry1Ab20。序列分析显示该基因所编码蛋白与已知的Cry1Ab13有1个氨基酸不同。将cry1Ab基因毒性片段(1.95kb)插入表达载体pET-21b,转化EscherichiacoliRosetta(DE3)菌株,表达的包涵体蛋白对小菜蛾和棉铃虫幼虫具有杀虫活性,LC50分别为100.74μg/mL和29.87μg/mL,进一步明确了Cry1Ab20蛋白的杀虫活性区。  相似文献   

2.
苏云金芽孢杆菌BtC008对棉铃虫、小菜蛾和甜菜夜蛾等鳞翅目害虫具有高毒力。本文分析了其杀虫基因类型包括cry1Ab、cry1Ca、cry1Ia、crygAb和一种新的cry1类基因，SDS-PAGE分析其至少2种cry1类基因获得了表达，在分子水平说明了该菌株高毒力的原因。在此基础上克隆了1种cry1Ab类杀虫晶体蛋白（insecticidal crystal proteins，ICPs）基因，并被Bt杀虫晶体蛋白基因命名委员会命名为cry1Ab20。序列分析显示该基因所编码蛋白与已知的Cry1Ab13有1个氨基酸不同。将cry1Ab基因毒性片段（1．95kb）插入表达载体pET-21b，转化Escherichia coli Rosetta（DE3）菌株，表达的包涵体蛋白对小菜蛾和棉铃虫幼虫具有杀虫活性，LC60分别为100．74μg／mL和29．87μg/mL，进一步明确了Cry1Ab20蛋白的杀虫活性区。  相似文献   

3.
cry2基因对多种鳞翅目害虫具有高毒力,且与cry1A类基因无交互抗性,具有重要的应用价值。为了提高苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)cry2杀虫基因资源的筛选和鉴定效率,本研究分析了所有已报到的cry2A基因的保守区,设计了4对通用引物,对2000株Bt菌株基因组DNA混合样品进行了PCR扩增,并利用454高通量测序仪对这些混合扩增产物进行了测序。测序总量有280704条Reads,序列分析结果表明,这些Bt菌株中含有已知的所有9类cry2类基因,其中包括cry2Ae和cry2Ai这2类在国内Bt菌株中未见报道的基因;同时,发现了新型cry2类基因的片段;随后设计特异性引物,扩增获得了半长基因片段cry2-1和cry2-2,进一步利用重叠PCR法获得了全长新基因cry2X,该基因的编码区为1902 bp,编码633个氨基酸;其氨基酸序列与Cry2Ab13蛋白的相似性最高,为93%,属于第三等级的模式基因。建立聚合酶链式反应-高通量测序(polymerase chain reaction-high throughput sequencing,PCR-HTS)联用的基因鉴定方法,具有快速、灵敏、准确、高通量、覆盖范围广等优点,不仅可以对Bt菌株中已知杀虫基因进行鉴定,而且能够发现新的基因,将在Bt基因鉴定、发掘中发挥重要的作用。  相似文献   

4.
为了寻找对地下害虫蛴螬有杀虫活性的基因资源,以实验室分离的500株苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)菌株为材料,通过杀虫活性测定筛选到43株对蛴螬有活性的菌株,其中菌株C9对3种供试昆虫均有活性.光学及扫描电镜检测发现这些菌株均释放球形晶体.SDS-PAGE分析显示这些菌株均表达约130kD的蛋白.采用3种方法分析43株菌株的杀虫晶体蛋白基因类型,结果显示:其中21株只含cry8Ca;13株同时含cry8Ca和cry8Ea基因;QC4等8株菌株只能用引物HRM8F/HRM8R获得高度保守区域约110bp的扩增产物,说明这些基因的5'端序列与已知基因差异较大.测序结果经BLAST分析显示,产物序列同cry8基因的相似性均在98%以上,但其全长基因类型还需要其它方法确定.菌株QCM的PCR-RFLF图谱不同于已发现的cry8基因,推测其中含有新基因.  相似文献   

5.
为获得新的鳞翅目害虫杀虫基因,根据已知cry1I类基因编码区设计简并引物,采用直接克隆法,以苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)菌株BN23-5质粒DNA为模板进行扩增,并对得到的基因进行鉴定和分析。结果表明:克隆得到一个完整的cry1Ie基因,全长2 160 bp,由719个氨基酸组成,该氨基酸序列与已知的4种Cry1Ie蛋白不同,与Cry1Ie2和Cry1Ie3的氨基酸序列同源性最高,为95.4%,被国际Bt杀虫晶体蛋白基因命名委员会命名为Cry1Ie5(登录号为KJ710646)。将该基因插入表达载体p ET-28a,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),IPTG低温诱导成功表达,SDS-PAGE电泳验证其大小为81 k D,与预测的分子量相符合。生物活性测定表明,Cry1Ie5表达的包涵体蛋白对小菜蛾和亚洲玉米螟具有杀虫活性,LC_(50)分别为0.43μg/m L和48.39μg/m L;对棉铃虫的致死率不高,但能明显抑制其生长;对甜菜夜蛾没有杀虫活性。  相似文献   

6.
菌株FB是1株对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella幼虫具有高毒力的苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt）。本研究通过扫描电子显微镜、大质粒电泳、总蛋白SDS-PAGE及菌株生长特征观察的方式研究了菌株FB特征,克隆得到了基因cry1Ia、cry1Ea、cry1Ab、cry2Ab和vip3Aa全长,依据全基因组测序结果得到了1个cry8基因部分片段,首次在Bt菌株中同时发现基因cry1类和cry8类,这五种基因推导的氨基酸序列与已知基因序列相比,最高相似性分别为99%、98%、99%、100%、99%,而cry8半长基因与已知基因仅为63%。生测结果表明,蛋白Cry1Ia、Cry1Ea和Cry1Ab对小菜蛾幼虫具有较高杀虫活性。  相似文献   

7.
根据已报道的14个cry1Ca基因,设计能够扩增cry1Ca全长基因的简并引物。利用该引物对本实验室分离的472株Bt菌株进行筛选。PCR扩增发现22株菌含有cry1Ca基因。对22株菌株进行cry基因多样性分析,结果获得5种类型酶切图谱,表明这些菌株分为5种类型。SDS-PAGE结果显示22株菌均表达约130ku的蛋白。Western Blotting结果证实这些株菌中cry1Ca基因均正常表达。提取菌株的晶体蛋白,经胰蛋白酶活化,对甜菜夜蛾[Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)]进行初步生测,结果表明22株菌中活化的Cry蛋白对甜菜夜蛾均表现出很强的毒杀作用。进一步从5个类型的菌中各挑选一株毒力较高的菌株进行LC_(50)的测定,结果证实它们均具有很高毒力,其中,T1-E12(0.087μg/g)、B16-C8(0.103μg/g)、T1-B8(0.202μg/g)的活性与阳性对照菌株G03(0.090μg/g)相当,具有生产应用潜力。本研究为新型高效Bt菌株的挖掘奠定了基础。  相似文献   

8.
紫花苜蓿丛枝病植原体的分子检测及鉴定   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
 利用植原体16S rRNA基因通用引物对云南昆明发生的苜蓿丛枝病感病植株总DNA进行巢式PCR扩增,得到1.2kb的特异片段,从分子水平证实了苜蓿丛枝病的病原是植原体。从PCR产物的RFLP酶切图谱可看出,该植原体株系的酶切图谱与马里兰翠菊黄化植原体(AY1)相同。对扩增片段进行克隆及序列测定后,利用最小进化法做Bootstrap验证的系统进化树,表明苜蓿丛枝病植原体为Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris成员之一,与植原体16SrI-B亚组成员关系密切。  相似文献   

9.
Bt棉有效控制了棉田主要害虫棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera),然而原来处于次要地位的刺吸式口器害虫盲蝽(Heteroptera:Miridae)为害逐年加重,目前对绿盲蝽(Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür)有效的抗虫基因未见报道。本研究以本实验室保存的Bt杀虫基因和菌株为材料,对绿盲蝽进行杀虫活性筛选。利用本实验室先前克隆的Mtx类杀虫基因cry15Aa表达产物进行绿盲蝽杀虫活性测定,研究结果显示Cry15Aa蛋白对绿盲蝽具有一定的杀虫活性。通过杀虫活性测定,获得对绿盲蝽有效的Bt菌株20株;对这些菌株表达蛋白进行质谱鉴定,LC-MS/MS质谱鉴定结果显示,这些菌株可能含有Cry1Aa、Cry1Ab、Cry1Ac、Cry1Ae、Cry1Af、Cry1Ag、Cry1Ah、Cry1Ba、Cry1Be、Cry8Ha等十余种对鳞翅目、鞘翅目害虫有杀虫活性的蛋白片段,并且有4株Bt菌株样品中检出了Mtx类杀虫蛋白Cry15Aa的片段。但是进一步基因鉴定结果表明,这4株菌株并不含有cry15Aa全长基因,推测这些菌株中含有Cry15类的新基因。上述研究结果表明这些菌株中可能存在对盲蝽有效的新型杀虫蛋白。本研究在发现了cry15Aa基因所表达的蛋白对绿盲蝽具有杀虫活性的同时,获得了对绿盲蝽具有杀虫活性的Bt新菌株,对绿盲蝽的生物防治具有重要的意义。  相似文献   

10.
Bt伴孢晶体毒素对不同时期中华卵索线虫的毒力   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
采用不同浓度的10株Bt伴孢晶体蛋白分别作用于中华卵索线虫受精卵及各期幼虫,探讨该类Bt蛋白对多种农林害虫天敌中华卵索线虫的安全性。结果表明:S1-1、S1-4、S3-2、S3-3、S7-1、S7-6和S8-1等7个菌株同时表达cry1Ac和cry5基因,S1-8、S2-1和HD-1等3个菌株只表达cry1Ac基因。含Cry5蛋白的菌株对线虫卵表现出一定的杀灭毒性,其中S1-4菌株的毒力最强,LD50作用24、48和72h时分别为0.1503、0.1313和0.0182μg/mL。而Bt伴孢晶体蛋白对感染期幼线虫和寄生后期幼线虫无明显致死效应;经Bt处理的感染期幼线虫对棉铃虫的感染率及平均感染强度与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05),寄生后期幼线虫能正常蜕皮和交配产卵。将含上述浓度Bt蛋白的棉花叶片喂食已感染线虫的棉铃虫,线虫能够正常发育并从宿主体内脱出。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

13.
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.  相似文献   

14.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

15.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad  相似文献   

16.
Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.  相似文献   

17.
Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F 3, F 4 and F 5, but not in F 1 and F 2 that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F 1 and F 2 in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.  相似文献   

18.
Solacol®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.  相似文献   

19.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

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