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1.
Extracted soybean meal (SBM) in the diet for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., causes an inflammatory response in the distal intestine. The morphological changes of the epithelial cells and a characterization of the inflammatory cell infiltrate of the distal intestinal mucosa were studied using a panel of enzyme and immunohistochemical markers. The salmon (average body weight 927 g) used in the study were fed either a fishmeal‐based diet (control diet) or a diet in which 30% of the fishmeal protein was replaced with SBM protein (SBM diet). In salmon fed SBM, there were markedly reduced enzyme reactivities in the distal intestinal epithelial cells, both in the brush border [5′‐nucleotidase (5′N), Mg2+‐ATPase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP)] and in the intracellular structures [alkaline and acid phosphatase, non‐specific esterase (NSE) and alanine aminopeptidase (AAP)]. There appeared to be an increased presence of cells of monocytic lineage, including macrophages, as well as neutrophilic granulocytes and immunoglobulin (Ig) M in the lamina propria of the SBM‐fed fish. The mid intestine showed little response to the diet. The results suggest that toxic/antigenic component(s) of SBM affect the differentiation of the distal intestinal epithelial cells and may help explain the reduced nutrient digestibilities previously reported in salmonids fed extracted SBM.  相似文献   

2.
The distribution of lysozyme in the intestine of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., was studied by light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry. Eosinophilic granule cells (EGCs) in the subepithelial region of the lamina propria showed strong immunoreactivity to lysozyme, while epithelial cells were only occasionally stained. At the ultrastructural level, lysozyme was localized to secretary granules of EGCs, demonstrating features in common with the Paneth cell of the mammalian small intestine, previously shown to produce antibacterial substances such as lysozyme. Furthermore, EGCs stained positive with phloxine-tartrazine, a histochemical stain that is used for identification of Paneth cells. This study reveals that EGCs show close resemblance to mammalian intestinal Paneth cells, and thus, may be important for the intestinal defense system in salmonid fish.  相似文献   

3.
The development of a pathological condition in the distal intestine of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., induced by dietary soybean meal, was studied in a 6-week feeding experiment. The fully developed condition, as observed after 3 weeks on the experimental diets, was characterized by: (1) a shortening of heights of the mucosal foldings; (2) a loss of the normal supranuclear vacuolization of the absorptive cells in the intestinal epithelium; (3) a widening of the central stroma within the mucosal foldings, with increased amounts of connective tissue; and (4) a profound infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria. The first signs of morphological changes were observed after 2 days on a diet containing a solvent extracted soybean meal, and within 7 days, all the above mentioned signs were observed. When the fish were subsequently transferred to a control diet, the mucosal folds were rebuilt from the base, resulting in an apparently functional epithelium after 3 weeks. Starved fish also exhibited characteristic changes of the mucosa, including a finely granular cytoplasm replacing the supranuclear vacuoles seen in the epithelial cells of normal fish. In addition, a pattern of irregularly spaced indentations developed in the epithelium of the simple folds. The condition induced by dietary soybean meal was classified as a no n-infectious subacute enteritis, and a pathogenesis involving immunological mechanisms is suggested.  相似文献   

4.
Two trials were initiated to investigate the consequences of including various soybean products in diets for Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. on (1) mortality following infection by Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida during a cohabitation challenge, and (2) the lysozyme and IgM content of the intestinal mucosa. Groups of salmon were fed control diets containing fishmeal as the sole protein source (Contr1 and Contr2, respectively), soy concentrate-containing diets (SoyConc1 and SoyConc2, respectively), or diets containing either solvent-extracted soybean meal (SoyMeal, trial 1) or soybean molasses (SoyMol, trial 2), an alcohol extract of soybean meal. Both SoyMeal and SoyMol caused enteritis-like changes in the distal intestine, which were not observed in fish fed the Contr1, Contr2, SoyConc1, or SoyConc2 diets. There were significant differences ( P  < 0.05) in mortality between feeding groups following the A.s. salmonicida challenge: these differences were greatest in fish fed SoyMeal (65.6%), least in fish fed SoyConc1 (60.5%), and intermediate in the fish fed the Contr1 diet (62.9%). The SoyMol diet caused significantly ( P  < 0.0001) increased levels of both lysozyme and IgM in the mid and distal intestinal mucosa. It is concluded that components of soybean meal and soybean molasses cause an inflammatory response in the distal intestine that may lead to increased susceptibility to furunculosis.  相似文献   

5.
The expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) in the gut of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolt was investigated at the cellular level using in situ hybridization. A hybridization protocol was adapted for use on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissues and was based on a digoxigenin-labelled oligoprobe that recognised a conserved region of IGF-I mRNA. The specificity of the anti-sense IGF-I probe and the performance of the hybridization protocol were evaluated using a sense IGF-I probe, an Ep stein-Barr virus probe and an insulin probe cocktail on serial sections of fish gut, mouse thyroid and human lymph node tissue. In the gut of Atlantic salmon smolt, IGF-I was found to be expressed in single epithelial cells or small clusters of epithelial cells in the pyloric ampulla and in the pyloric caeca. Expression was not detected in the lamina propria of the gut or in epithelial cells of the stomach, midgut or hindgut. The restriction of IGF-I expression to the pyloric ampulla and pyloric caeca is consistent with the role of these gut segments in osmoregulation and the scattered epithelial expression supports the putative autocrine/paracrine mechanism of action of IGF-I in osmoregulation.  相似文献   

6.
Standard soybean meal, heat treated to differing degrees and containing varying levels of soybean lectin and trypsin inhibitor, was used to study the effect of soybean-containing diets on the morphology of the distal intestine in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. A reference diet based on fish meal and a fish meal diet mixed with an alcohol extract of soybean meal were used. The fish (145 g) were kept in 27 m3 net pens (200 fish per pen) in sea water with an average temperature of 11 °C for 12 weeks. Whereas a normal morphology of the distal intestine was seen in the fish fed the reference diet, all soybean diets caused alterations in the distal intestine irrespective of heat treatment. Similar changes were observed with the diet which had added alcohol solubles. It is concluded that alcohol-soluble components in the soybeans are responsible for the observed changes. It cannot be determined which of the soybean antinutrients is causing the alterations from the present study. Oligosaccharides and saponines are possible candidates. However, the possibility that unknown antinutrients are affecting the salmon intestine should not be overlooked.  相似文献   

7.
迟恒  绳秀珍  唐小千  战文斌 《水产学报》2009,33(6):1011-1017
应用抗牙鲆免疫球蛋白单克隆抗体(2D8、1H1)对牙鲆外周血系统、肾、脾、肝、胰、肠道组织中抗体阳性细胞进行了定位观察,并对其组织学特征进行了描述。两株单抗均能在外周血滴片和组织切片中成功地检测到抗体阳性细胞。外周血系统中的抗体阳性细胞主要为淋巴细胞,没有发现抗体阳性的巨噬细胞;牙鲆头肾中没有肾单位,肾小管、肾小球等主要存在于后肾中,脾脏和肾脏都含有巨噬细胞、粒细胞、淋巴细胞等免疫相关细胞,抗体阳性细胞存在方式也极为相似,成簇或单独分布于黑色素巨噬细胞中心和血管周围;牙鲆的胰组织镶嵌在肝上,形成肝胰脏,也参与免疫应答,抗体阳性细胞单个存在,分布于肝组织中,胰组织中没有发现抗体阳性细胞;肠道抗体阳性细胞主要存在于固有层中,有成簇存在现象,在上皮层也可见到单个存在的抗体阳性细胞。  相似文献   

8.
The paper reports the second and final part of an experiment aiming to study physiological and health-related effects of genetically modified (GM) soybean meal (SBM) type Roundup Ready soybean (RRS) in diets for post-smolt Atlantic salmon. For 3 months salmon were fed diets containing 172 g kg(-1) full-fat SBM from RRS (GM-soy) or an unmodified, non-isogenic line (nGM-soy), or a reference diet with fishmeal as the sole protein source (FM). Slight differences in anti-nutrient levels were observed between the GM and nGM-soy. Histological changes were observed only in the distal intestine of the soy-fed fish. The incidence of moderate inflammation was higher in the GM-soy group (9 of 10 sampled fish) compared with the nGM-soy group (7 of 10). However, no differences in the concomitant decreases in activities of digestive enzymes located in the brush border (leucine aminopeptidase and maltase) and apical cytoplasm (acid phosphatase) of enterocytes or in the number of major histocompatibility complex class II+ cells, lysozyme activity, or total IgM of the distal intestine were observed. GM compared with nGM-soy fed fish had higher head kidney lysozyme (11,856 vs. 10,456 units g(-1) tissue) and a tendency towards higher acid phosphatase (0.45 vs. 0.39 micromol h(-1) kg(-1) body mass in whole tissue) activities, respectively. Plasma insulin and thyroxin levels, and hepatic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activities were not significantly affected. It is not possible, however, to conclude whether the differences in responses to GM-soy were due to the genetic modification or to differences in soy cultivars in the soy-containing diets. Results from studies using non-modified, parental line soybeans as the control group are necessary to evaluate whether genetic modification of soybeans in diets poses any risk to farmed Atlantic salmon.  相似文献   

9.
To investigate the cause of morphological changes occurring in the liver and intestine of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fed defatted soybean meal (SBM)-based non-fish meal diets, morphological observations were conducted on fish fed casein-based semipurified diets supplemented with soybean antinutritional factors (soya saponin, soya isoflavone, soya lectin, oligosaccharide, Ca-phytate and their mixture). Hepatocytes and the epithelial cells in the hepatic ducts were not atrophied in any of the treatments. Lack of microvilli and pinocytotic vacuoles, and fatty degeneration of the epithelial cells were observed in the distal intestine of fish fed diets containing soya saponin. The proliferation of connective tissue in the mucosal folds and submucosa was shown in the distal intestine of fish fed the diet containing all substances including lectin. These results suggest that both saponin and lectin are the responsible factors in SBM for the occurrence of morphological changes of the distal intestine in rainbow trout fed SBM-based diets.  相似文献   

10.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary β‐conglycinin on the growth performance, digestion, gut morphology and immune responses of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Four diets were formulated to contain 0%, 2%, 4% and 8% purified β‐conglycinin. Triplicate groups of 30 fish were fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 12 weeks. Fish fed 4% and 8% dietary β‐conglycinin showed significantly reduced specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio, apparent digestibility coefficient of nutrients and whole‐body lipid contents, as well as a profound infiltration of mixed leucocytes in the lamina propria and a significant decrease in the absorptive surface of distal intestine. The expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, TNF‐α and IL‐1β, in the distal intestine was significantly upregulated by 4% dietary β‐conglycinin, whereas a significantly lower expression level of IgM and anti‐inflammatory cytokine TGF‐β1 was observed in fish fed 8% dietary β‐conglycinin. Serum lysozyme and alternative complement pathway activity were first significantly enhanced by 2% dietary β‐conglycinin and then rapidly declined by 4% and 8% dietary β‐conglycinin. Respiratory burst activity of head kidney macrophages and serum superoxide dismutase activity were significantly suppressed by 4% and 8% dietary β‐conglycinin. Dietary β‐conglycinin (2–8%) significantly increased the level of specific antibody against β‐conglycinin in serum. Collectively, these results suggested that higher levels of dietary β‐conglycinin (4–8%) induced a variety of non‐specific and specific immune responses and intestinal mucosal lesions in turbot, resulting in inferior feed utilization and poor growth performance.  相似文献   

11.
This study was conducted to investigate the long-term effects of feeding plant products from both traditional breeding and from biotechnology on intestinal somatic indices, histology and cell proliferation in first-feeding Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. (initial weight 0.21 +/- 0.02 g). A standard fishmeal diet (standard fishmeal) was formulated to contain fishmeal as the sole protein source and suprex maize as the main starch source. Six experimental diets were then developed: two in which some of the fishmeal was replaced with commercially available, genetically modified Roundup Ready full-fat soybean meal (GM-soy) or commercially available, non-GM full-fat soybean meal (nGM-soy) at a level of 12.5% of the total diet, and four diets in which the suprex maize was replaced with two lines of GM-maize (Dekalb 1; D1 and Pioneer 1; P1), both products of event MON810, and their half-sibling non-GM counterparts (Dekalb 2; D2 and Pioneer 2; P2), at a level of 12.1% of total diet. Each diet was fed to fish in triplicate tanks and the experiment lasted for 8 months, during which the fish reached a final weight of 101-116 g. There was no significant effect of diet on the intestinal indices, nor were histological changes observed in the pyloric caeca or mid intestine. In the distal intestine, one of nine sampled fish fed nGM-soy showed moderate changes, two of nine sampled fish fed GM-soy showed changes, one with moderate and one with severe changes, and two of nine fish fed nGM-maize D2 had moderate changes. Using a monoclonal antibody against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cell proliferative responses to the experimental diets were assessed. In fish fed both soy diets, a significantly higher (P < 0.05) cell proliferation response was observed in the distal intestine concomitant with an increased localization of PCNA positive cells along the whole distal intestinal folds. The PCNA response among the nGM-soy group was significantly higher compared with all the other diet groups. In contrast, for fish exposed to dietary maize (type D) compared with fish fed the standard fishmeal, the soy-diets (GM-soy and nGM-soy) and maize (type P), a significantly lower (P < 0.05) cell proliferation response was observed in the distal intestine. Results indicated that the GM plant products investigated in this study, at about 12% inclusion level, were as safe as commercially available non-GM products, at least in terms of their effect on indices and histological parameters of the Atlantic salmon intestinal tract.  相似文献   

12.
采用活体解剖、测量、组织学、组织化学等方法,对采自江西宜春锦河的51尾刺鲃(Spinibarbus caldwelli)幼鱼消化系统组织和形态学进行了研究。结果表明:(1)刺鲃消化腺包括胆囊、肝脏和胰脏,消化道包括口咽腔、食道、肠和肛门,无胃;(2)口亚下位,口咽腔占头长比例很大,均值为0.92;口裂长/吻长均值为0.86。口咽腔上皮为复层鳞状上皮,含有大量的黏液分泌细胞和味蕾结构;(3)食道粗短,前段有味蕾,内壁有较深的纵向褶皱;肌层发达,内外肌层间分布有发达的有髓鞘神经纤维丛;黏膜下层有发达的黏膜肌,黏膜层内有大量的杯状细胞、黏液分泌细胞,还有柱状上皮区域,游离面具有纹状缘;(4)肠盘曲7次,分为前肠、中肠和后肠,前肠和中后肠黏膜皱褶数量、黏膜皱褶高度、柱状上皮细胞高度显著减少(P0.05);肠道各段肌层厚度有极显著差异(P0.01);杯状细胞的数量从前肠往后肠呈高-低-高趋势,后肠数量最多,前后肠与中肠有显著差异(P0.05);肠道系数为(2.07±0.03);(5)食道及肠道各段粘膜上皮中下层发现数量较多嗜伊红颗粒细胞;(6)肝不分页,为长条形,胆囊被肝包围,比肝胰脏重(1.37±0.06)%。胰脏散布于肝脏、胆囊及消化管系膜周围,少量组织分布于肝门静脉周围形成肝胰脏;数个大小不一的独立Brockmann小体散布在食管及前肠连接部周围;(7)肠长(Y)与全长(L)的关系呈线性相关:Y=2.1048L-0.474(R2=0.669,F1,49=99.05,P0.01),锦河刺鲃幼鱼肠道特征为杂食性偏植食性。  相似文献   

13.
To investigate the influence of dietary soy protein size on the bile acid status and the distal intestinal morphology in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, diets based on soybean meal (SBM), soy protein isolate (SPI) and 4 soy peptide products having different molecular sizes were fed to trout (initial BW, 19?g) for 10?weeks. A diet based on fish meal (Cont) and a diet including the smallest-peptide and low-saponin product (Hi-Nute AM) and supplemented with soya saponin (AMS) were also fed. In fish fed diets SBM and SPI, the gallbladder was atrophied, the proportion of biliary cholyltaurine decreased, and highly vacuolated epithelial cells of mucosal folds and proliferation of connective tissues in the submucosa of the distal intestine were observed. These parameters tended to improve in fish fed soy peptide diets and especially those of fish fed diet AM were similar to fish fed diet Cont. Although the gallbladder of fish fed diet AMS was smaller than fish fed the unsupplemented diet AM, no morphological abnormalities were observed in the distal intestine. These results suggest that soy proteins/peptides with relatively large sizes and with soya saponin affect the bile acid status and distal intestinal morphology of rainbow trout.  相似文献   

14.
Fish (175 g of initial weight) were fed in triplicated groups with four diets formulated by 0% (FO 100), 75% (FO 25) and 100% (with and without probiotics, FO 0 and FO 0+) of fish oil replacement consisting of a mixture of linseed, sunflower and palm oils. After 109 days, growth and nutritional parameters were not affected by the treatment; however, fish fed with 0% of fish oil showed the lowest survival rate and without differences between the same diet with probiotics. As for biometric parameters, significant differences in the viscerosomatic index (VSI) were observed between fish fed the FO 0+ diet and the FO 100 and FO 25 diets. Results obtained from histological analysis did not detect inflammation in gut samples, while liver samples showed a remarkable steatosis in all four treatments. Total fish oil replacement produced a significant difference in the width of the lamina propria. The dietary inclusion of probiotics in the FO 0+ diet seems to favour a recovery of intestine histology. In addition, as fish oil substitution increased, the width of the lamina propria also increased. In conclusion, it is possible to affirm that the four diets administrated to Seriola dumerili did not compromise the correct development of the animals.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract. Immunohistochcmical examination showed that trypsin was present in mucus-secreting cell layers of Atlantic salmon, such as surface epithelial cells of gills and intestine, and epidermal cells of dorsal skin. Trypsin in tissue slices was identified by an immunohisto-chemical technique which used affinity purified immunoglobulins from rabbit antisera against purified salmon pancreatic trypsin as primary antibodies. Most of the positively stained cells appeared to be granulated and secretory. The authors hypothesize that trypsin in mucus-secreting cell layers is a part of the non-specific immune defence of the fish.  相似文献   

16.
This study evaluated the suitability of commercially produced fermented soybean meal (FSBM) known as PepSoyGen?, in a plant‐based diet for Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus fingerlings. An 8‐week growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing 0, 206, 309 and 410 g/kg FSBM, replacing approximately 0%, 50%, 75% and 100% SBM (designated as Basal, FSBM 50, FSBM 75 and FSBM 100, respectively) on growth performance, body composition, serum biochemistry and morphological condition of liver and distal intestine of Florida pompano. There were no significant differences in final mean weight, percentage weight gain, thermal unit growth coefficient and feed conversion ratio in all treatments. For serum biochemistry analysis, there were no significant differences in total protein, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, bile acids, plasma alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities in all treatments. Cellular infiltration, presence of goblet cells and the width of lamina propria in the distal intestine were partly improved in fish fed FSBM 75 and 100 compared to the fish fed FSBM 50 and basal diet. Glycogen granulation, inflammation and nuclear change condition in the liver of pompano were better as the inclusion of fermented product increased. Results of this study indicate that FSBM can be utilized as an alternative protein source and microbial fermentation process could improve the functional properties of SBM.  相似文献   

17.
An epizootic incidence of intestinal adenocarcinomas was reported in brood fish of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in 2009. The condition was associated with a specific diet inducing enteritis and morphological changes. Here, two field trials of fish up to slaughter size were initiated. In Trial 1, two different feed recipes were used. Feed I was predominantly based on marine ingredients, whereas plant ingredients were limited to soy protein concentrate and wheat. Feed II was lower in fishmeal and without soya protein, which was substituted with plant proteins from other sources. In Trial 2, a commercial feed (Feed III) was included. No macroscopic tumours were observed in 300 fish (Trial 1). At the end of both trials, samples from five different segments of the gastrointestinal tract of a total of 39 fish were investigated with morphological methods. Here, we show the presence of ectopic proliferating epithelial cells only occurring in inflamed intestine and predominantly in the second segment of the mid‐intestine. Presence of ectopic epithelial cells in submucosal inflammatory foci may indicate early stages in tumorigenesis, but other possibilities such as proliferative enteric disorders cannot be excluded. Together with inflammation, carcinogenesis should be a focus of investigation in future feed trials.  相似文献   

18.
To investigate the cause of the changes in intestinal morphology and biliary bile status of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fed defatted soybean meal (SBM)-based diets, casein-based semipurified diets supplemented with soya saponin, soya lectin, and cholyltaurine were fed to rainbow trout for 6 weeks. An unsupplemented control diet and a SBM-based diet were also tested as references. Poor development of microvilli and pinocytotic vacuoles, and accumulation of large vacuoles in the epithelial cells were observed in the distal intestine of fish fed diets containing saponin but not cholyltaurine. Hyperplastic connective tissue in the mucosal folds of the distal intestine was observed in fish fed a diet containing both saponin and lectin but not cholyltaurine. However, intestinal histological features in fish fed diet supplemented with cholyltaurine and lectin and/or saponin were similar to those in the control diet group. Liver morphology and biliary bile status were not affected by saponin and lectin. These results suggest that the abnormal features of the distal intestine of rainbow trout fed SBM-based diets are caused by the combination of soya saponin and soya lectin, and that supplemental cholyltaurine plays certain roles in normalizing the intestinal abnormalities caused by the saponin and lectin.  相似文献   

19.
The present study assessed the effect of different feed ingredients on nutrient apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC), nitrogen/energy balance and morphology changes in the intestine of Nile tilapia; using a control diet and six test diets, in which the following six ingredients were included at 30%: hydrolysed feather meal (HFM), soybean meal (SBM), rice bran (RB), rapeseed meal (RM), sunflower meal (SFM) and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). The proximal, middle and distal intestine was processed for quantitative histology counting the number of goblet cells (GC), and measuring the thickness of lamina propria (LP) and submucosa (SM). The study showed that the ADC of protein in raw materials were highest in SBM (92.2%), followed by SFM (90.2%), DDGS (89.2%), RM (87.8%), HFM (86.9%) and RB (84.0%). The nutrient ADCs had no correlation with intestinal morphology changes. Only the SBM diet caused noticeable changes in intestinal morphology such as an increase the thickness of SM and LP and the number of GC. The diet composition, however, altered the protein efficiency and the maintenance energy requirement. Protein retention efficiency was the lowest in fish fed HFM and the highest in RB. The highest maintenance energy requirements were observed in HFM and SBM treatments.  相似文献   

20.
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