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1.
Interleukin (IL)-1beta-encoding regions of chicken, duck, goose, turkey and pigeon were cloned and sequenced. Each IL-1beta-encoding region of chicken, duck, goose and turkey is 804 nucleotides long and encodes IL-1beta protein that is 268 amino acids. Pigeon IL-1beta-encoding region is 810 nucleotides long and encodes IL-1beta protein that is 270 amino acids. Two one-nucleotide and one four-nucleotide insertions of pigeon IL-1beta-encoding region sequence were found, resulting in two amino acid insertions in pigeon IL-1beta. Pairwise sequence analysis showed that the sequence identities of IL-1beta-encoding genes ranged from 77% to 99%, which were also found for IL-1beta protein sequence identities, with an average level of both sequence identities of 89%. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that IL-1beta-encoding regions and the encoded proteins of chicken, duck, goose and turkey clustered together and evolved into a distinct phylogenetic lineage from that of pigeon which evolved into a second lineage. The results from the binding reaction of antiserum against each recombinant IL-1beta (r IL-1beta) protein to homologous or heterologous rIL-1beta, the enhancement levels of K60 mRNA expression in rIL-1beta-treated DF-1 cells or the reduction levels of K60 mRNA expression in DF-1 cells treated with rIL-1beta that was preincubated with homologous or heterologous antiserum showed that all five rIL-1beta were functional active and shared significantly structural and functional homology.  相似文献   

2.
2003年国内某火鸡场发生了一种以侵害15～25日龄雏火鸡为主的急性传染病，主要表现为腹泻，十二指肠、直肠充血和出血，盲肠肿大，肠道内充满黄绿色内容物，死亡率约为10％～20％。取病死火鸡肝、脾、肠匀浆，取上清液通过尿囊腔接种15日龄SPF鸡胚。连续传代至第5代，收集接种后72h内死亡或存活鸡胚的卵黄和肠道，用于病毒分离和提纯。试验中发现该病毒能凝集兔红细胞，不能凝集鸡红细胞。经电镜观察，在病毒提纯液中发现有圆形或椭圆形、带花冠状纤突的病毒粒子，初步诊断为火鸡冠状病毒感染。进而设计针对火鸡冠状病毒S2基因引物，进行RT-PCR扩增，结果扩增出预期大小的片段。运用所分离病毒进行动物回归试验，感染火鸡出现与自然病例一致的临床症状和病理变化，并能从发病火鸡分离出该病毒。以上结果表明所分离的病毒为火鸡冠状病毒。此病毒的分离在国内尚属首例。  相似文献   

3.
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed for midazolam in the chicken and extended to three other species. Physiological parameters included organ weights obtained from 10 birds of each species and blood flows obtained from the literature. Partition coefficients for midazolam in tissues vs. plasma were estimated from drug residue data obtained at slaughter. The avian models include separate compartments for venous plasma, liver, kidney, muscle, fat and all other tissues. An estimate of total body clearance from an earlier in vitro study was used as a starting value in the model, assuming almost complete removal of the parent compound by liver metabolism. The model was optimized for the chicken with plasma and tissue data from a pharmacokinetic study after intravenous midazolam (5 mg/kg) dose. To determine which parameters had the most influence on the goodness of fit, a sensitivity analysis was performed. The optimized chicken model was then modified for the turkey, pheasant and quail. The models were validated with midazolam plasma and tissue residue data in the turkey, pheasant and quail. The PBPK models in the turkey, pheasant and quail provided good predictions of the observed tissue residues in each species, in particular for liver and kidney.  相似文献   

4.
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5.
Four hundred twenty turkey and 80 chicken Escherichia coli isolates from colisepticemic birds were examined for the following properties: heat-labile toxin (LT), heat-stable enterotoxin, verotoxin, colicinogenicity, hemolysin, and hydroxamate/aerobactin production. Twenty-four (5.7%) of the 420 turkey isolates and six (7.5%) of the 80 chicken isolates produced an LT that was cytotoxic for both Vero and Y-1 cells. In contrast, 48 (11.4%) of the turkey isolates and 18 (22.5%) of the chicken isolates produced a distinct LT that was cytotoxic only for Vero cells. In addition, 64 (80.0%) of the chicken isolates and 309 (74.0%) of the turkey isolates produced aerobactin. Colicinogenicity occurred in 51 (64.0%) of the chicken isolates, with 41 (51.0%) producing colicin V. By contrast, 254 (61.0%) of the turkey isolates produced a colicin, of which 176 (42.0%) produced colicin V. None of the chicken and turkey isolates produced hemolysin or heat-stable enterotoxin.  相似文献   

6.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of transmembrane and cytosolic proteins, detect microbial patterns, initiating innate immune responses in various organisms. Although they are abundant, genetic characterization and functional differences of TLRs in economically important avian species such as chickens and turkeys have not been investigated in detail. In this study, the putative TLR5 coding region from turkey genome was sequenced, and its homology to other vertebrate species was analyzed. Secondary structure analysis revealed protein motifs typical of the chicken TLR5 protein structure, with 97% amino acid identity between them. mRNA expression profiling in adult turkeys revealed abundant TLR5 expression in a broad range of tissues. Stimulation with the TLR5 ligand flagellin resulted in the production of the inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and nitric oxide in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. To our knowledge, this is the first complete turkey TLR5 coding DNA sequence reported in sequence databases.  相似文献   

7.
A prospective cohort study was conducted in the Brittany region to identify the risk factors related to foot-pad dermatitis (considered an indicator of animal well-being) in chicken and turkey broilers reared under commercial conditions. Factors related to the shed, equipment, litter management and stocking density were recorded; the dependent variable was the prevalence of lesions observed on the slaughterhouse chain. Lesions were scored from 0 (no lesion) to 3 (severe lesion). Our survey lasted from May 1999 to October 2000. Fifty flocks of chicken broilers (15 farms), 27 flocks of female turkey broilers (21 farms) and 41 flocks of male turkey broilers (27 farms) were surveyed. In chicken broilers, 10% of flocks were of high quality (80% of birds with score 0) and this was related to the use of concrete floors with a thin layer of wood shavings. In turkey broilers, 48% of female and 46% of male flocks were of bad quality (>10% of birds with score 3). A poor fan ventilation system (<150 m3/h/kg) was a significant risk factor. Turkey flocks of high quality were not observed. Stocking density had no influence on the prevalence of foot-pad dermatitis. We concluded that it is possible under high commercial stocking densities to have flocks with a low prevalence of foot-pad dermatitis in chicken broilers, whereas it is not in turkey broilers. Hence in chicken broilers, implementing a monitoring system based on the observation of foot-pad dermatitis prevalence at slaughter appears to be more appropriate than to legislate stocking density. In turkey broilers, it would probably be necessary either to reduce the stocking density drastically or to investigate new systems of floor drainage.  相似文献   

8.
Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is a miscellaneous bacterium with ability of extensive antibiotic resistance. A. baumannii strains have also been isolated from animal origins. The objective of our atudy was characterization of A. baumannii antibiotic resistance and virulence traits from turkey and chicken raw meat. Of 576 turkey and 424 chicken specimens during 2017–2019, 200 (120 from turkey and 80 from chicken) isolates were identified as A. baumannii. Virulence factors and antibiotic resistance patterns of A. baumannii were determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique and Kirby-Bauer test. All the isolates were resistant to tetracycline and cefoxitin and 81 % and 56 % of them produced ESBLs and carbapenemases. Also 74 % of them (34 % from chicken and 40 % from turkey) were multidrug-resistant (MDR) A. baumannii. Colistin and fosfomycin non-susceptibility was detected among 12 % and 10 % of them, respectively. The existence of tetA, dfrA, tetB, blaoxa-51-like, blaoxa-23-like, sul1, blaoxa-24-like, blaoxa-58-like, fosA3 and mcr-1 genes accounted for 80 %, 71 %, 70.5 %, 66 %, 62 %, 43 %, 34 %, 22 %, 11 % and 13 % of them, repectively. Additionally, predominant virulence factors included the fimH, afa/draBC, sfa/foc DE, cnfI and cnf2 genes. The rate of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors was not significantly different between turkey and chicken (p > 0.05). High rate of antibiotic non-susceptibility even against last-line resorts in poultry products is a concern and suggest that animals play a potential role as reservoirs of transmission of MDR A. baumannii.  相似文献   

9.
Phylogenetic diversity of parvovirus detected in commercial chicken and turkey flocks is described. Nine chicken and six turkey flocks from Croatian farms were tested for parvovirus presence. Intestinal samples from one turkey and seven chicken flocks were found positive, and were sequenced. Natural parvovirus infection was more frequently detected in chickens than in turkeys examined in this study. Sequence analysis of 400 nucleotide fragments of the nonstructural gene (NS) showed that our sequences had more similarity with chicken parvovirus (ChPV) (92.3%-99.7%) than turkey parvovirus (TuPV) (89.5%-98.9%) strains. Phylogenetic analysis grouped our sequences in two clades. Also, the higher prevalence of ChPV than TuPV in tested flocks was defined. The necropsy findings suggested a malabsorption syndrome followed by a preascitic condition. Further research of parvovirus infection, pathogenesis, and the possibility of its association with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) and runting and stunting syndrome (RSS) is needed to clarify its significance as an agent of enteric disease.  相似文献   

10.
An observational study was conducted of chicken and turkey flocks slaughtered at federal processing plants in the province of Quebec, Canada. The objectives were to estimate prevalence of drug use at hatchery and on farm and to identify antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in cecal Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. isolates and factors associated with AMR. Eighty-two chicken flocks and 59 turkey flocks were sampled. At the hatchery, the most used antimicrobial was ceftiofur in chickens (76% of flocks) and spectinomycin in turkeys (42% of flocks). Virginiamycin was the antimicrobial most frequently added to the feed in both chicken and turkey flocks. At least 1 E. coli isolate resistant to third-generation cephalosporins was present in all chicken flocks and in a third of turkey flocks. Resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazole was detected in > 90% of flocks for E. coli isolates. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was observed to bacitracin, erythromycin, lincomycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and tetracycline in both chicken and turkey flocks for Enterococcus spp. isolates. No resistance to vancomycin was observed. The use of ceftiofur at hatchery was significantly associated with the proportion of ceftiofur-resistant E. coli isolates in chicken flocks. In turkey flocks, ceftiofur resistance was more frequent when turkeys were placed on litter previously used by chickens. Associations between drug use and resistance were observed with tetracycline (turkey) in E. coli isolates and with bacitracin (chicken and turkey), gentamicin (turkey), and tylosin (chicken) in Enterococcus spp. isolates. Further studies are needed to provide producers and veterinarians with alternative management practices and tools in order to reduce the use of antimicrobial feed additives in poultry.  相似文献   

11.
PCR method was applied for the qualitative identification of chicken (Gallus gallus), turkey (Meleagris gallipavo), duck (Anas platyrhynchos x Cairina muschata), and goose (Anser anser) tissues in feed-stuffs, on an individual basis. The assay uses oligonucleotide primers that are specific for each avian species, targeting the 12S rRNA mitochondrial gene. The primers designed generated amplicons of 95, 122, 64, and 98 bp length for chicken, turkey, duck, and goose, respectively. The specificity of the primers was tested against 29 animal species including mammals, birds, and fish, as well as 8 plant species. Analysis of experimental feedstuffs demonstrated the detection of each target species in the range of 0.1 to 100%. The performance of this method was not affected by prolonged heat-treatment (up to 133 degrees C for 20 min at 300 kPa), and consequently, it could be very useful for the accurate identification of tissues from these 4 avian species in products submitted to denaturing technologies, for which other methods cannot be applied.  相似文献   

12.
以雌性籽鹅脑垂体的总RNA为模板,利用特异性引物通过RT-PCR扩增获得长为363 bp的籽鹅促卵泡激素α亚基的cDNA片段,将扩增的促卵泡激素α亚基基因片段克隆至pMD18-T载体后进行测序。将测序结果与鸡、鹌鹑、火鸡、鼠、羊、牛等多种禽类和哺乳动物的该基因核苷酸序列及推导的氨基酸序列进行同源性分析。结果表明,这些物种促卵泡激素α亚基基因序列具有较高的保守性,其中与鸡、鹌鹑、火鸡的核苷酸同源性最高,均为95.9%,推导的氨基酸序列与鸡、鹌鹑、火鸡的同源性最高,均为97.5%。为了对克隆的籽鹅促卵泡激素α亚基基因功能研究提供基础,将籽鹅促卵泡激素α亚基基因克隆至pET-32a(+)原核表达载体。  相似文献   

13.
Turkey viral hepatitis (TVH) was experimentally reproduced in two experiments in 1-day-old poults. In the first experiment, an infectious inoculum was prepared from filtered yolk materials harvested from dead embryonating chicken eggs (ECE) previously inoculated with suspensions of liver and pancreas tissues collected from TVH-affected birds in commercial turkey flocks. One-day-old poults given a yolk-sac inoculation or oral gavage with this preparation developed lesions in the liver and pancreas characteristic of TVH at 20 days postinoculation (PI) in 60% and 14% of the experimentally infected birds, respectively. With the identical inoculum, embryo mortality occurred at 8 and 10 days PI in embryonating turkey eggs (ETE) inoculated into the yolk sac. In the second experiment, an infectious inoculum was prepared from filtered yolk materials from dead ETE harvested in the first experiment. One-day-old poults given a yolk-sac inoculation with this filtered yolk material developed lesions in the liver and pancreas within 5 days PI. At 20 days PI, 67% of the experimentally infected birds had similar lesions. With the inoculum given to these poults, embryo mortality occurred at 6, 8, and 10 days PI in ETE inoculated into the yolk sac. Virus particles 26-28 nm in diameter with icosahedral morphology typical of picornaviruses were identified by EM in the yolk sacs of ETE that died in both experiments, and inoculated ETE that died following passage of filtered suspensions of pancreatic tissues collected from affected birds in the first experiment.  相似文献   

14.
A mixed-antigen agar gel enzyme assay (AGEA) was developed to detect antibodies to poxviruses in chicken and turkey sera. The assay combines the principles of immunodiffusion and enzyme assay. For the detection of antibodies to fowl poxvirus (FP), pigeon poxvirus (PP) and turkey poxvirus (TP) in turkey serum samples, the three antigens were combined to form a mixed-antigen assay. To screen for antibodies to FP and PP in chicken serum samples, the two antigens were combined. When FP and PP viruses were combined as antigens, the sensitivity for chicken sera was 64% but the sensitivity of the agar gel precipitation test (AGPT) was 34% (P<0.001). When antibodies were detected in turkey sera using the mixed antigens, the AGEA had a sensitivity of 66.4% while that of AGPT was 25% (P<0.001).  相似文献   

15.
Interleukin (IL)-8-encoding regions of five avian species were cloned, sequenced and characterized. Each IL-8-encoding region is 312 nucleotides long and encodes IL-8 which is 103 amino acids. Pairwise sequence analysis showed that sequence identities of IL-8-encoding regions ranged from 87% to 100%. The IL-8 protein identities varied from 84% to 100%. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that IL-8-encoding regions and encoded proteins of chicken, duck, goose and turkey clustered together and evolved into a distinct phylogenetic lineage from that of pigeon which evolved into a second lineage. The results from binding reactivities of antiserum against each recombinant IL-8 (rIL-8) protein to homologous or heterologous rIL-8 proteins, chemotactic activities of each rIL-8 protein or reduction levels of the chemotactic activity of rIL-8 protein which was pretreated with homologous or heterlogous antiserum have suggested that all five IL-8 proteins were functionally active, and shared structural and functional identity with each other.  相似文献   

16.
Complementary DNA (cDNA) of prolactin (PRL) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) of the Java sparrow were cloned and sequenced. The proximal region of the PRL promoter was also identified. Java sparrow PRL was found to have 88.3, 88.3, and 89.1% sequence identity at the cDNA level to PRL of chicken, turkey, and duck, respectively. The predicted amino acid sequence had an overall similarity with a comparable region of chicken (91.4%), turkey (88.9%) and duck (92.0%) PRL. Based on the cDNA sequence and genomic structure of the chicken PRL gene, the proximal promoter was characterized. Sequence analysis of the proximal region of Java sparrow PRL promoter revealed a high degree of similarity to that of chicken, turkey and duck PRL promoters. Moreover, cDNA of prepro-VIP was also cloned and sequenced. Java sparrow prepro-VIP shows high similarity to chicken and turkey prepro-VIP. However, the region upstream of the 5' untranslated region of Java sparrow prepro-VIP did not show similarity to that of chicken. These results suggest that the mechanisms, which regulate expression of the VIP gene, may be different between precocial and altricial birds, but expression of the PRL gene may be widely conserved in avian species.  相似文献   

17.
Three experiments were conducted to determine whether replacement of chicken egg yolk, as a component of freezing extenders, with egg yolk from other avian species would improve the post-thaw motility and percentage of intact acrosomes of stallion spermatozoa. In the first experiment, substitution of chicken egg yolk with chukar egg yolk, as a component of the lactose-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid extender, improved (P ≤ .05) the post-thaw motility of stallion spermatozoa. These results were not replicated in (IMV Technologies, Maple Grove, MN, USA) a more expansive study comparing 2%, 4%, 6%, or 8% egg yolk combined with INRA 96 when a “slow freeze” method was used, or the same substitution at levels ranging from 13% to 22% when egg yolk was combined with lactose-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for diluents used for a “fast freeze” method of cryopreservation. In the third study, egg yolks from regular and high omega-3 chicken eggs as well as from turkey, chukar, and mallard duck eggs were analyzed for lipid content and fatty acid profile. The yolk from the turkey eggs was higher (1,300 mg/100 g) and that from mallard ducks was lower (560 mg/100 g) in cholesterol as compared with the two types of chicken eggs and chukar egg yolk (range, 1,046-1,094 mg/100 g). In addition, the high omega-3 eggs did test higher for fatty acids (4.51 g/100 g) than other types of eggs (range, 0.28-0.73 g/100 g). Substitution of chicken egg yolk with turkey, but not duck, egg yolk resulted in higher post-thaw total motility (P ≤ .05) for spermatozoa obtained from two of the three stallions used in the third experiment.  相似文献   

18.
A serologic survey has documented probable infection with reticuloendotheliosis (RE) virus in 21.0% of 101 layer flocks, 23.5% of 85 broiler and broiler-breeder flocks, 2.3% of 43 backyard chicken flocks, and 4.8% of 125 turkey production and breeder flocks. However, no infection was detected in 72 grandparent lines of chicken breeding stocks representing meat-type and layer strains. The existence of natural infection was further supported by isolation of RE virus from one experimental chicken flock and two commercial turkey flocks. This study supports earlier but subsequently discounted data by Aulisio and Shelokov that exposure to RE virus occurs commonly among commercial chickens in the United States, as has also been reported in other countries.  相似文献   

19.
Mycoplasma meleagridis appears to localize primarily in the respiratory tissues of the developing turkey embryo. This was determined by the daily collection throughout the incubation period of smears of embryonic tissues from 261 fertile turkey eggs. The tissues were examined using fluorescent antibody procedures and the earliest detection from positive tissues were: day 6, blastoderm (10%); day 8, sinus (44%) and peritoneum (55%); day 19, lung (11%) and trachea (44%); day 23, air sacs (62%).  相似文献   

20.
Both the native intestinal microflora of chickens that protected chicks against salmonellae and Escherichia coli and native turkey intestinal microflora were evaluated for their reciprocal protective capacity in both species against Salmonella typhimurium and a pathogenic strain of E. coli. Nalidixic-acid-resistant forms of the S. typhimurium and E. coli strains were used in seeder-bird and individual-bird challenge tests. Reciprocal protection was provided by native chicken and turkey intestinal microflora in chicks and poults against S. typhimurium and the pathogenic strain of E. coli. The chicken and turkey microflora appeared to be equally effective in protecting the two species from S. typhimurium, but protection against E. coli was somewhat greater in the chicken than in the turkey.  相似文献   

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