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1.
Tempe, an Indonesian mold fermented food, was prepared from cowpeasand soybeans using the traditional oriental process with modifications whereappropriate. Four complementary foods were developed from whole maizemeal or dehydrated fermented maize (ogi) flour fortified with eithercowpea tempe or soybean tempe. Wholesomeness and potentials of thevanilla-flavored foods as weaning diets were determined. The nutrientcontent of all the developed products were within the range prescribed bythe FAO/WHO pattern for processed weaning foods. The products hadloose bulk densities between 0.40–0.55 g/ml and packed bulk densitiesbetween 0.68–0.75 g/ml; reconstitution indexes were between92.30–104.00 g/ml; viscosities were 34.2–65.0 CP at 70 °C and45.0–76.9 CP at 30 °C. Total plate counts ranged from 3.2 ×103 – 4.3 × 104cfu/g; coliforms staphylococcus, mold, andyeast were absent in some of the products. The results on sensoryattributes showed that tempe-based weaning diets were comparable withMameal, a commercial product. Maize and maize-fortified diets wereslightly higher in packed bulk density. Fortification reduced the viscosityof the diets and the values reduced with increasing temperature. Tempe-based weaning foods reconstituted easily in hot water, while cookingdestroyed most of the microorganisms present. Maize-based tempefortified foods were relatively inexpensive and have potential as weaningfoods.  相似文献   

2.
Chestnut (Castanea sativa) shell and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) bark, waste products of the food and wood industries, respectively, were analysed as potential sources of antioxidant compounds. The extraction yield, the antioxidant activity and total phenols content of the extracts were greater in chestnut shell than in eucalyptus bark for most of the extraction conditions essayed. Extraction of chestnut shell with a 2.5% Na2SO3 aqueous solution led to the highest extraction yield, 25.6%, total phenols, 13.4 g gallic acid equivalent/100 g oven-dried shell, and FRAP antioxidant activity, 80.7 mmol ascorbic acid equivalent/100 g oven-dried shell. Extraction with methanol:water (50:50, v/v) provided the best results for eucalyptus bark. The antioxidant activity and the total phenols content of the extracts had a positive linear correlation. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the higher content of phenolic compounds in chestnut shell extracts compared to eucalyptus bark extracts. Chestnut shell extracts were characterized by the presence of high molecular weight species whereas lower molecular weight species were predominant in eucalyptus bark extracts.  相似文献   

3.
Aflata is a gelatinised maize paste, serving as intermediate in the manufacture of kenkey, a traditional cooked fermented maize product of Ghana. The effect of water uptake during soaking of whole or dry-milled maize, the extent of starch damage, dough pH, fermentation time, and of endogenous and added enzymes on pasting and set-back viscosities of aflata dough were studied. Water uptake by coarsely dry-milled maize (grits) reached 0·63 mL/g dry matter in just 1 h, compared with 0·50 mL/gin 3 days for whole grain. High endogenous activity of proteases and carbohydrases were recorded in both grits and whole maize when soaked at 4 °C or 25 °C. These were significantly reduced after soaking at 60 °C. Soaking of grits at 60 °C with a heat-stable protease, or wet fine-milling of fermented grits resulted in significant (P<0·05) increases in pasting viscosities. Peak viscosities increased with fermentation time up to 24 h. Pasting viscosities decreased with repeated wet milling of fermented dough.  相似文献   

4.
The effects of five rates [0 (control), 1, 2, 4 and 6 Mg ha?1] of calcium silicate on the growth and water consumption by rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth) and sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense Piper) under wet and dry soil water regimes (60 g and 30 g H2O kg?1 soil respectively) were evaluated in a pot experiment. The effect of the application of silicate on plant biomass was similar to that of the control. However, the shoot and root dry mass varied significantly (P < 0.001) according to the soil water regime and plant species. During the first cut, the shoot dry mass was 5.7 g per pot under the wet soil moisture regime, significantly exceeding that under the dry soil water regime proportionately by 0.68. For sudan grass, the shoot dry mass varied from 3.6 g per pot in the control to 4.3 g per pot in the treatment that received 6 Mg ha?1 of calcium silicate. Plant water demand decreased as the rate of calcium silicate application increased, suggesting that an application of calcium silicate could reduce drought stress and enhance water economy. For the soil under study, the reduction in plant water demand represents a water saving ranging from 0.076 to nearly 0.20.  相似文献   

5.
Mixed cropping is a cultivation method widely practiced in tropical regions. The newly developed close mixed planting technique mitigates the flood stress of drought-adapted upland cereal species by co-growing rice (Oryza sativa) plants under field flood conditions. We tested the hypothesis that O2 was transferred from rice to upland crops using the model system of hydroponic culture. To confirm the hypothesis, the phenomena of O2 absorption and release by plants were evaluated in a water culture condition without soil. Experiments were conducted in a climate chamber to estimate the amount of O2 released from the roots of rice and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) under both O2-rich (20.0 ± .0% conc. in phase I) and O2-free dark (.8 ± .0% conc. in phase II) conditions. The total O2 change (between the two phases) in a single planting of rice and pearl millet was significantly higher than that of the mixed planting of rice and pearl millet, which indicated that O2 was transferred from rice to pearl millet under a water culture condition. The result indicated that approximately 7 μM O2 g fresh root weight?1 h?1 was transferred between the two plant species. O2 transfer was confirmed between the two plant species in a mix cultured in water, implying its contribution to the phenomenon that improved the physiological status of drought-adapted upland crops under field flood conditions.  相似文献   

6.
The effects of forage matting on rate of grass drying and silage fermentation, digestibility, and intake were examined using perennial ryegrass swards. Treatments compared were: forage mats, where grass was processed through a laboratory scale macerator prior to matting and wilting to 228 g dry matter (DM) kg?1 (FM treatment); unconditioned grass which was direct ensiled at 163 g DM kg?1 (DE treatment); unconditioned grass which was wilted for the same period as FM to 213 g DM kg?1 (UC treatment); unconditioned grass which was wilted to 234 g DM kg?1 (UC25, treatment). All forages were dried on black plastic sheeting. For each treatment a total of approximately 80 kg grass DM was ensiled in seven 290 I plastic bins for 136 d prior to feeding to wether sheep. A further total of 14 kg grass DM from each treatment was ensiled in twenty-one plastic pipes (152 mm diameter, 762 mm long) to give a total of 84 pipes. Rate of silage fermentation was determined by destructively sampling pipes following 1, 2, 4, 6, 13, 20 and 50 d of ensilage. Over the mean wilting period of 6·9 h, grass from the FM treatment dried significantly faster (P < 0·001) and required less solar energy per unit of moisture loss than unconditioned grass. The rate of grass drying was highly correlated with solar radiation. The FM treatment did not influence the rate or extent of silage fermentation. The intakes and digestibilities of FM, UC and UC25 were not significantly (P < 0·05) different from each other but were higher than for the DE treatment (P < 0·05 for digestibility and NS for intake). In Northern Ireland it is unlikely that there will be sufficient solar radiation to allow forage mats to be made, wilted to a level to prevent effluent production and harvested within one working day. Further work is required to optimize mat-making technology for more rapid drying and to determine the effect of adverse weather on nutrient losses from mats.  相似文献   

7.
Proximate composition and physicochemical analyses were carried out onthe seed, pulp and extracted oil of sour sop (Annona muricata). Theresults showed that the seed contained 8.5% moisture, 2.4% crudeprotein, 13.6% ash, 8.0% crude fiber, 20.5% fat and 47.0%carbohydrate. The seed also contained 0.2% water soluble ash, 0.79%titratable acidity and 17.0 mg calcium/100 g. The pulp was found tocontain 81% moisture, 3.43% titratable acidity and 24.5%non-reducing sugar. Selected physicochemical characteristics includedrefractive indices of 1.335 for the seed and 1.356 for the pulp, specificgravities of 1.250 for the seed and 1.023 for the pulp, pH values of 8.34for the seed and 4.56 for the pulp, and soluble solids contents of1.5 °Brix for the seed and 15 °Brix for the pulp. Theextracted oil (20.5% yield) had a 60.43% unsaponifiable value,23.54 KOH/g acid value, 100.98 K0H/g saponification value, 1.1 K0H/gperoxide value, 1.464 refractive index, 5.77 pH, 69.5 °Brix soslublesolids and 0.2900 specific gravity.  相似文献   

8.
Solid state fermentation (SSF) represents a technological alternative for a great variety of cereals and legumes, orcombination of them, to improve their nutritional quality and to obtain edible products with palatable sensorial characteristics. The objective of this work was to find the best conditions of fermentation temperature and time to obtain tempeh from hardened chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) applying SSF. Response surface methodology(RSM) was applied over three response variables (phytic acid, in vitro protein digestibility and available lysine) to find best conditions of fermentation to carry out the process. A central composite experimental design with two factors [X1 = temperature (31–36 °C) and X2 = time (48–72 h)] in five levels (2 factorials,2 axial, I central) was used. Spores from Rhizopus stolonifer were suspended in distilled water (1 ×106 spores/mL) and used as starter. According to regression models, minimum and maximum levels of the response variables were 1.24–2.66 mg phytic acid/g ofsample DM, 77.6–83.5% in vitro protein digestibility and2.18–4.63 g available lysine/16 g N. The superposition ofcontour plots of each one of the response variables allowedresearchers to find, graphically, the best conditions for the SSF process: 35.8 °C for 42.7 h.  相似文献   

9.
Effects of wilting rate and fermentation stimulators and inhibitors on protein characteristics of forages typical for organic production were assessed using traditional analytical methods and a gas production in vitro assay. The hypotheses were that the proportion of the crude protein (CP) fraction that was soluble would be lowest, and the protein feed value highest, under rapid wilting and restricted fermentation. The solubility of the CP fraction varied according to treatments and between a first and a second cut, with moderate and high content of clover respectively. It was, however, of minor importance for the protein value, both calculated as amino acids absorbed in the small intestine (AAT20) and estimated as effective utilizable crude protein (uCP04) by the in vitro assay. In ensiled herbage, AAT20 was highest in rapidly wilted and restrictedly fermented silages made from a first cut dominated by highly digestible grasses. Silages from the second cut dominated by red clover were far lower in AAT20. The in vitro assay did not separate silages according to herbage composition or wilting rate, but ranked restrictedly fermented above extensively fermented with regard to protein supply. The assay might still have caught the characteristics that determine the true protein value in vivo.  相似文献   

10.
采用自主研制的1ZY-6六行可折叠式苗带重镇压器，单体幅宽20cm，滚动压力650g/cm2，对秸秆深翻还田平播和秸秆覆盖还田免耕播种两种耕作方式播后苗带进行重镇压处理，分析玉米播种后苗带重镇压对土壤温湿环境、土壤紧实度、出苗率和产量等影响。结果表明，秸秆深翻还田平播后苗带重镇压与未重镇压作业相比较，土壤含水率、土壤紧实度和玉米产量显著提高(P<0.05)，土壤含水率增加11.42%，土壤紧实度提高127.90%，玉米产量提高4.31%。秸秆覆盖还田免耕播种后苗带重镇压与未重镇压作业相比较，土壤含水率、土壤紧实度和玉米产量显著提高(P<0.05)，土壤含水率增加23.59%，土壤紧实度提高58.88%，玉米产量提高3.39%。苗带重镇压明显提高土壤紧实度、土壤含水率，为玉米生长创造有利的土壤环境，保墒增产作用显著。  相似文献   

11.
The effects of vegetable type, vegetable dimensions, and solar drier load on dehydration rate; and texture, color, water activity, and carotene content of solar-dried carrots, sweet potatoes, and collard greens were studied. Mean dehydration rates (moisture loss,%/hr) for solar dried loads of 430 g/m2 and 715 g/m2 were 3.3 ± 0.30% and 3.8 ± 0.20% for carrots and sweet potatoes, respectively. Loads of 360 g/m2 and 465 g/m2 of collard greens had dehydration rates of 6.3 ± 0.10% moisture loss per hr. The results showed that vegetable type accounted for significant differences (p < 0.01) in dehydration rate, and beta-carotene content. Vegetable dimensions affected (p < 0.05) water activity. Solar drier load affected water activity (p < 0.01), and hue angle (p < 0.05). Beta-carotene contents (dry basis) of dehydrated carrot, sweet potato, and collard treatments were 10.9–17.4%, 7.6–9.8%, and 11.9–21.5%, respectively. Among the carrot treatments, the 5-mm thick slices packed at a load of 715 g/m2 contained the highest beta-carotene (17.4%, dry basis) and vitamin A activity (362 IU/g, dry basis), and good physical properties. For collard greens, the 2-cm and 3-cm wide strips packed at 360 g/m2 loads had the best combinations of high beta-carotene (21.5% and 17.2%, dry basis, respectively), vitamin A activity (357.2 and 293.1 IU/g, dry basis, respectively), and optimal color, texture, and water activity. Beta-carotene losses due to solar dehydration were 48.9–67.5%, 4.0–5.8%, and 1.9–19.8% (dry basis) in carrots, sweet potato and collard greens, respectively.  相似文献   

12.
The effects of sowing date and nitrogen (N) fertilizer on the inter‐specific competition between dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) in the humid Pampas of Argentina were investigated in two pot experiments where a constant soil moisture content was maintained. Tall fescue and dallisgrass seeds were sown either in the spring (October 2000) or in the autumn (March 2001) in mixed and mono‐specific stands with 0 or 100 kg N ha?1. In the spring, competition from tall fescue depressed dry‐matter (DM) yield of dallisgrass from 1·53 to 0·36 g DM per plant and tiller number from 9·4 to 3·7 tillers per plant in mixed and in mono‐specific stands, respectively, while tall fescue had 3–4 times higher DM yields in mixed stands. Leaf extension rate (LER) of tall fescue was higher (1·3 mm d?1) than that of dallisgrass (0·53 mm d?1). In the autumn, inter‐specific competition did not affect DM yield of dallisgrass and N fertilizer increased DM yield from 0·53 to 2·07 g DM per plant, tiller number from 6·8 to 14·2 tillers per plant and LER at the beginning of autumn from 1·2 to 2·12 mm d?1 in both species. As temperature decreased, LER was reduced in both species to 0·31 mm d?1 by late autumn. The number of leaves per tiller was not affected by treatment. Nitrogen fertilizer increased N concentration of above‐ground tissues of both species (18 g kg?1 DM in autumn and 20 g kg?1 DM in spring). It was concluded that a productive mixed pasture of dallisgrass and tall fescue can be obtained by sowing early in the autumn. The application of N fertilizer in this season is essential to ensure a high herbage yield and quality.  相似文献   

13.
Studies on the improvement of the traditional production of `ugba',a protein-rich fermented African oil bean seed product, were undertaken,by developing starter cultures of Bacillus subtilis cells andspores in association with cowpea granules. The viability of the cellsin association remained stable at 94.5% for 6 months at 30 °C and for up to 10 months at 4 °C while the viability of the sporesin association remained stable at ca. 96% for up to 10 months at both4 and 30 °C. The starter cultures resulted in high increases inprotease activity from ca 2.8 mg N/min to about 51.6 ± 0.4 mg N/minin 48 h and a corresponding increase in amino-nitrogen content of ca2.0 ± 0.2 mg N 100 g dry matter (DM) to ca 18.5 ± 0.3 mg N/100g (DM) during the same period. Changes in the protease activity of thenatural process were gradual and increased from 3.0 mg N/min to 38.0 ±0.8 mg N/min after 5 days of fermentation. The maximum amino nitrogencontent of `ugba' produced by the starter cultures (18.5 ± 0.3 mgN/100 g DM) after 2 days was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than themaximum amino nitrogen content (12.5 ± 0.8 mg N/100 g DM), of `ugba'obtained by the natural process. `Ugba' produced by the starter cultureswere well accepted and compared favorably with the natural product.  相似文献   

14.
Urine [12·3 g nitrogen (N) L?1], collected from native Tan sheep in rangeland of the Loess Plateau in north‐western China, was applied to vegetation patches dominated by Stipa bungeana (C3 grass) or Pennisetum flaccidum, (C4 grass) at either 0, 1·0, 2·0 or 4·0 L urine m?2 in early‐, mid‐, or late‐growing season, and herbage mass and tiller number per sample recorded, allowing calculation of the respective contributions of increases in tiller weight and tiller density to the response from N in urine. Such records were made three times in the growing season of application of urine, and at the end of the following growing season. Responses to urine were of the order of 1 and 5 kg herbage DM kg?1 N applied for S. bungeana and P. flaccidum, respectively. Except for early‐season application, responses of S. bungeana were mainly expressed in the season following urine application whereas responses of P. flaccidum tended to be expressed within the year of urine application, although with a residual response in the following year. The general pattern was for a tiller density‐mediated response in the period immediately after application, followed later by a tiller weight‐mediated response. Taken together with other recent research, S. bungeana can be considered a stress‐tolerating species with a limited response to N application and P. flaccidum an opportunist species able to capitalize on increased N supply.  相似文献   

15.
Thermal degradation behaviors and fire retardant properties of poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole)s (POD) and poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) (PMIA) fibers were investigated. The thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated that POD exhibited higher onset thermal degradation temperature (Tonset) than PMIA, exceeding nearly 80 °C. The thermal degradation kinetics, evaluated by the modified Coats-Redfern method, displayed that the apparent activation energy (Ea) of POD and PMIA fibers was similar when the conversion rate (α) ranges from 0.2 to 0.5, while with the α from 0.6 to 0.8, the Ea of POD was significantly lower than that of PMIA. The fire retardant performance of POD and PMIA fibers were evaluated by cone calorimeter under heat fluxes of 35, 50 and 75 kW/m2, during which the temperature of the fibers were monitored by a thermocouple. Surprisingly, POD fibers showed inferior fire retardant performance in comparison with PMIA, with lower time to ignition (TTI) and higher peak heat release rate (PHRR). The origin of the different fire retardant properties of both fibers was revealed by analyzing the residual chars and gaseous products during thermal pyrolysis. The morphology confirmed that stable and compact chars can be formed in PMIA. In addition, the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization of the residual char revealed that POD can form carbonaceous chars at the heat flux of 50 kW/m2, while the heat flux of PMIA was 75 kW/m2. The pyrolysis products characterized by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) indicated that POD can be pyrolyzed completely at 600 °C, while the temperature of PMIA was 700 °C.  相似文献   

16.
African yam beans were fermented to obtain anowoh-type product. Microorganisms associatedwith the fermentation were Bacilluslicheniformis, B. pumilus, B. subtilis and Staphylococcus sp. Total microbial counts increasedfrom 1.53 × 105cfu/g to 1.51 × 109cfu/g under aerobic conditions, and from 8.0 × 103cfu/g to 1.35 × 107 cfu/g under conditions ofreduced oxygen tension. The pH of the substrateincreased throughout the fermentation, from 6.8 to7.5. A comparison of unfermented seeds with thefermented product showed that there were decreases inthe levels of total nitrogen, crude protein, crudefiber and lipids, and that there were increases in thelevels of carbohydrate and total organic matter.Enzyme activities during fermentation revealed thatamylase production was erratic showing a slightincrease during the first 24 h followed by a steeprise in activity in the next 24 h. By contrast, lipaseactivity increased rapidly throughout the first 72 hwhile proteinase activity followed a type of sigmoidcurve with a steady increase in activity within thefirst 48 h and a relatively high activity until the96th h before plunging downwards.  相似文献   

17.
A new monomer (2-N,N-dimethylamino-4,6-bis(2-furan)-pyrimidine) was synthesized and its homopolymer was successfully prepared by using ferric trichloride as an oxidant. The structure of monomer and polymer were fully characterized by 1H-NMR, FT-IR, UV, fluorescent spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The N,N-dimethylformamide solution of the polymer showed a UV-Vis peak at 387 nm and the PL spectrum gave a peak at 517 nm. We have observed that the polymer was sensitive to inorganic acids and the protonation behavior was investigated applying inorganic acids such as HCI and H2SO4. The corresponding UV-Vis peaks were observed at 464 and 357 nm, respectively. X-ray diffraction data shows that polymer had a certain crystalline region. The polymer exhibited an [η] value of 0.21 dl/g at 25 °C in H2SO4 (w=98 %).  相似文献   

18.
The relationship between rate of water loss of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and crop properties, weather conditions and mechanical treatments were studied on a field scale, as was the importance of the variables and their combined effects on influencing the wilting process. Eleven forage-drying experiments were performed between 1992 and 1994 on diploid and tetraploid cultivars cut at different growth stages, ranging from early elongation to flowering, under environmentally variable conditions. The rate of drying was measured until a moisture content of 1 g water g?1 dry matter (DM) (500 g kg?1) was reached, or for a maximum of 2 days by calculating the rate of water loss from two consecutive hourly weights of swath portions placed on trays. Multiple regression analysis was used to correlate the drying rate (k) with crop properties and with meteorological and mechanical treatment variables. The interaction between potential evapotranspiration (ET0) and the moisture content of grass at cutting (Mgrass appeared to be the most important variable, from the twenty-one tested, in influencing K. This variable shows that the same quantity of energy available for evaportaion acts in different ways when the water content of the crop at cutting differs. The rate of water loss is also influenced by the Mgrass itself, surgacae density of the swath, tedding and the weather conditions on the first day of drying. The value of Mgrass at cutting is greatly greatly dependent on crop maturity and ploidy. The tetraploid cultivars, with a higher inital moisture content, lost water more slowly than diploid cultivars did. Because the date of cutting cannot be delayed, owing to the decline in nutrive value, it is helpful to select for cultivars with low moisture contents at cutting, as well as applying mechanical treatment (spreading and tedding), in order to keep the wilting period as short as possible. A validated drying model can be useful for operational purposes to understand the drying process and to assess technological choices for forage drying.  相似文献   

19.
The effects of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) [bioriented polypropylene (BOPP-1 or BOPP-2)] in combination with antimicrobial agents Bacillus subtilis, 107 colony-forming units (cfu) ml−1; ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, calcium disodium salt hydrate (EDTA) (0.1%); or 4-hexylresorcinol (4-HR) (0.15%) on postharvest decay control and quality retention of litchi cv. McLean's Red were assessed as possible replacements for commercial SO2 fumigation. Fruits dipped in B. subtilis, EDTA or 4-HR (5 min) separately, blow dried (25 °C, 3 min), packed in BOPP-1, held for 18 d at 2 °C, 95% RH, and 2 d at 14 °C, 75% RH were significantly less decayed. The antagonist–BOPP-1 combination also promoted the best bacterial survival during storage. B. subtilis was observed to survive effectively in BOPP-1 (16% O2, 6% CO2; 90% RH), but its survival was adversely affected in BOPP-2 (5% O2, 8% CO2; 93% RH). Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium spp. were the major decay-causing fungi in BOPP-1 treatments, and Candida, Cryptococcus and Zygosaccharomyces were the predominant yeasts in BOPP-2 treatments. Combination treatments EDTA, 4-HR or B. subtilis in BOPP-1 inhibited polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and significantly reduced pericarp browning and severity. Although the combination treatments EDTA, 4-HR or B. subtilis in BOPP were equally effective in controlling decay and browning, the EDTA and 4-HR affected the natural pinkish-red colour of the pericarp by showing higher h° values (orange–pink). Among the combination treatments, B. subtilis+BOPP-1 had the best potential to control decay, retain the colour and the overall litchi fruit quality during a marketing chain of 20 d.  相似文献   

20.
Poly(1-oxo-2-phenyltrimethylene) was successfully synthesized in the presence of palladium acetate and rare earth acetate RE(OAc)3 (RE=Pr, Nd, Eu, Dy, Ho) multiplex catalyst system. The final products were characterized by elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effects of various reaction parameters including molar ratio of rare earth/Pd2+, methanol usage, 2,2-bipyridyl,p-toluensulfonic acid, andp-benzoquinone were studied in detail, and the influence of different rare earths on the copolymerization was also discussed. It is found that the rare earths have favorable co-catalytic properties and palladium-rare earth multiplex catalyst showed higher catalytic activity than palladium catalyst in the copolymerization of carbon monoxide (CO) and styrene (ST).  相似文献   

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