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1.
The poor red blush development on ‘Cripps Pink’ (Malus x domestica Borkh.) apple fruit at commercial maturity (CM) reduces the economic return to apple growers in warmer regions of the world. The effects of delayed harvest maturity up to 6 weeks following CM on the development of red blush and fruit quality of ‘Cripps Pink’ apple were investigated at two locations in Western Australia during 2003 and 2004. The red blush, export-grade fruit, total anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-galactoside, chlorogenic acid, catechin, and epicatechin of apple fruit skin tissues increased with advancement of harvest maturity at both locations in both years, whereas hue angle, concentration of phloridzin, fruit firmness, and titratable acidity (TA) of apple fruit tissues decreased with delayed harvest. The internal ethylene concentration was elevated with the delayed harvest. The concentrations of quercetin 3-galactoside, quercetin 3-arabinoside, quercetin 3-rutinoside, quercetin 3-rhamnoside, and quercetin 3-glucoside increased up to 2 weeks following CM, and then declined in 2003 at both locations and at Perth Hills in 2004. Delayed harvest resulted in improved development of red blush on the fruit surface, accumulation of total anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-galactoside, chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, and quercetin glycosides in fruit skin, SSC:TA ratio and reduced fruit firmness possibly due to the increased ethylene production.  相似文献   

2.
The effect of strain on fruit colour development, chromaticity values and anthocyanin content, fruit quality and consumer acceptance was evaluated on eight ‘Gala’ apple strains (Malus domestica Borkh.) at the IRTA (Spain), during a period from 4 weeks before to 1 week after commercial harvest. Based on fruit colour, measured with a Minolta CR-200 portable tristimulus colorimeter, and anthocyanin content, the most coloured strains were ‘Royal Beaut’, ‘Buckeye Gala’ (both semistriped) and ‘Ruby Gala’ (blushed). ‘Brookfield’ and ‘Schniga’ (both striped) provided an intermediate level of colour, while ‘Galaxy’ and ‘Mondial Gala’ (both striped) were the least coloured ones. The most important increase in colour development was recorded from 2 weeks before the commercial harvest and continued also increasing after harvest. Highly coloured strains developed a red colour on both fruit sides with greater average of fruit surface coloured, while the less coloured strains exhibited different colouration between sides, more bicolour fruits and lower average of fruit coloured.  相似文献   

3.
The effect of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) on internal browning (IB) and keeping quality of early maturing European pears cv ‘Camusina di Genova’ and ‘Camusina di Bonarcado’ was examined over 10 days of storage at 18 °C. AVG was applied at 125 or 250 mg/L 2 weeks before harvest. At harvest fruit treated with AVG was less ripe than control fruit, being significantly firmer and experiencing lower values of maturity stage (based on ground color), maturity index (calculated value) and IB, depending on the AVG dose and cultivar. During storage, there was no treatment-dependent difference in titratable acidity and total soluble solids of juice, while both treatments reduced ethylene and respiration rates, delayed the ripening process and lowered the incidence of IB and the loss of firmness, especially when applied at 250 mg/L. In addition, AVG treatment significantly reduced decay development in both cultivars, mainly when it was applied at 250 mg/L. This effect was related to the delay of ripen and to possible inhibition of ethylene production by the pathogens and/or infected tissues.  相似文献   

4.
In addition to managing soil-borne diseases in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) production, grafting with resistant rootstocks may impact fruit quality. The ethylene antagonist 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) has been shown to extend shelf life of fresh muskmelon fruit. Postharvest characteristics of 1-MCP-treated melon fruit as affected by grafting, however, have not been well examined. This study was conducted to explore the influence of grafting with different rootstocks on ripening and quality attributes of 1-MCP-treated muskmelon fruit during postharvest storage. Grafted ‘Athena’ muskmelon with two commercial squash interspecific hybrid rootstocks including ‘Strong Tosa’ and ‘Tetsukabuto’ as well as non-grafted and self-grafted ‘Athena’ were grown in replicated field plots at the University of Florida Plant Science Research and Education Unit (Citra, FL, USA) during April–June 2010. Half-slip fruit from two harvests were treated with 1.0 μL L−1 1-MCP (18 h, 20 °C) and analyzed during storage at 13 °C. For fruit from the 27 May harvest, whole fruit and mesocarp firmness, titratable acidity, soluble solids, and ascorbic acid content were measured, while production of ethylene and CO2 was determined on fruit from the 29 June harvest. Grafting did not show a significant impact on fruit yield but affected the fruit shelf life significantly. Fruit from non-grafted ‘Athena’ and ‘Athena’ grafted onto ‘Strong Tosa’ demonstrated a shelf life of 31 d for the first harvest and 22 d for the second harvest. Shelf life of fruit from self-grafted ‘Athena’ and ‘Athena’ grafted onto ‘Tetsukabuto’ declined by 6 d and 3 d for the first and second harvest, respectively. Whole fruit firmness decreased by approximately 15.5% on average from 13 to 31 d except day 19 as a result of grafting, but to a lesser extent with ‘Strong Tosa’ rootstock. Mesocarp firmness of grafted melon was reduced by about 30.2% at days 13 and 19 compared to non-grafted ‘Athena’ fruit. In contrast, titratable acidity, soluble solid content, and ascorbic acid concentration were less affected by grafting. All the measurements except for ethylene and CO2 production declined during storage regardless of the grafting treatment. Compared with ‘Strong Tosa’ rootstock, ‘Tetsukabuto’ resulted in a more rapid ripening under 1-MCP application, as reflected by earlier increase in ethylene production and higher respiratory rate. The study demonstrates that grafting effects on postharvest ripening and quality of ‘Athena’ muskmelon can vary markedly with rootstocks used.  相似文献   

5.
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of pre-harvest aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) treatments on fruit quality parameters and bioactive compounds of sweet cherry fruits (Prunus avium L. cvs. ’0900 Ziraat’, ‘Regina’ and ’Sweetheart’). Whole trees were sprayed once with an aqueous solution containing AVG (0, 100 and 200?mg L?1) three weeks before the anticipated commercial harvest. Measurements were performed a week before anticipated harvest date, at anticipated harvest date and a week after anticipated harvest date. AVG treatments significantly maintained flesh firmness of all three sweet cherry cultivars. Harvest was delayed at least for a week through the keeping of flesh firmness with AVG treatments. The treatments slowed down the red skin color development in all three cultivars. The measurements performed over fruits collected at different ripening stages revealed that AVG resulted in decreased total phenolics and total anthocyanin and ultimately decreased antioxidant capacity in sweet cherry fruits. AVG treatments also decreased soluble solids content and increased titratable acidity of the fruits. This study revealed that pre-harvest AVG treatments were more effective in delaying sweet cherry fruit softening. The main advantage is to maintain the firmness of late-harvested fruit by retaining fruit quality attributes of sweet cherry fruit.  相似文献   

6.
Sunburn on apples in the Western Cape region of South Africa can result in yield losses of up to 50%. Application of kaolin-based particle film (Surround® WP) increases leaf and fruit surface reflectivity, thus potentially reducing heat load and sunburn. Trials were performed during 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to assess the effectiveness of kaolin particle film in controlling sunburn on ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Braeburn’, ‘Fuji’, ‘Royal Gala’ and ‘Cripps’ Pink’ apples. Fruit quality and ripening were monitored following 1–4 months in regular atmosphere cold storage at −0.5 °C. Sunburn on exposed fruit was significantly reduced in ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Fuji’. Kaolin treatment improved fruit colour of ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Royal Gala’, and delayed starch conversion in ‘Granny Smith’ at harvest and during the early storage period but not thereafter. Incidence of watercore at harvest was significantly reduced by kaolin treatment, but this disorder disappeared during cold storage in both treatments. There were no effects on skin anthocyanin or phenolic concentrations in any cultivar compared to unsprayed fruit.  相似文献   

7.
Covering apple orchards with nets protects them from hailstorms but this changes the amount and quality of the light supplied to the trees. This study was carried out to assess the effects of shade provided by white protection net on yield and fruit quality of apple orchards in Southern Brazil, along three growing seasons (2002/2003, 2003/2004, and 2004/2005). ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ apple trees (on MM111 rootstock, raised as slender spindles, with a spacing of 5.5 m × 3 m) were left uncovered (control trees) or covered with white net. The white net reduced the photosynthetically active radiation (λ = 400–700 nm) accumulated over the trees’ canopy along a day by 18.4%, leading to a higher leaf chlorophyll content in both cultivars, and a higher specific leaf area in ‘Gala’. The shade provided by the net did not affect yield and increased fruit average weight in both cultivars. At harvest, the number of seeds per fruit and severity of russet were not affected by netting in both cultivars, as well as the incidence of watercore in ‘Fuji’. The main beneficial effects of the white net were the reduced incidence of sunburn on ‘Gala’, reduced incidence of bitter pit during cold storage in both cultivars, and reduced incidence of apple scab at harvest and of decay after cold storage in ‘Fuji’. Fruit fly damage in ‘Gala’ (assessed in one season) was reduced by netting. However, netting affected negatively some fruit quality attributes. ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ apples from trees protected by the net had a poor skin color (pale blush and a more intense green background color) at harvest. The net reduced flesh firmness and SSC, and increased the starch index of ‘Gala’ apples at harvest, and reduced flesh firmness and SSC, assessed after cold storage and shelf life, in fruits of both cultivars.  相似文献   

8.
The effect of temperature on the ability of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon), when applied at 20 mm stage of fruit development, to induce ethylene evolution of fruit and leaves and abscission of fruit and leaves was determined using 9-year-old root-bagged ‘Golden Delicious’/M.27 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees in environment-controlled growth rooms. Ethephon at 400 μL L−1 effectively thinned apples, and its thinning effect was not affected by increasing day/night temperature from 21.1/10 to 32.2/21.1 °C. Fruit ethylene evolution was enhanced by application of ethephon. Peak fruit ethylene evolution occurred 1 day after application of ethephon when day/night temperature was 32.2/21.1 °C whereas it occurred 2 days after application of ethephon at a day/night temperature of 21.1/10 or 26.7/15.6 °C. Ethephon increased leaf ethylene evolution drastically but it did not induce leaf abscission regardless of temperature.  相似文献   

9.
The effect of AVG application on the quality and volatile production of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples, grown in Chihuahua Mexico, was evaluated. AVG (125 g AVG/ha) was applied on apple trees four weeks before harvesting. Apples were harvested 176 days after full bloom and stored at 8 °C for 35 d. Quality parameters and volatile compounds were periodically evaluated. AVG application retarded color changes, and preserved acidity of apples during storage. Ethylene synthesis was also delayed by AVG. Control apples presented higher total soluble solids content than AVG-treated apples at the end of cold storage. Volatile production was affected by AVG application, especially in the case of esters and alcohols, which presented 59% and 33% lower values in AVG-treated apples at the end of storage. A higher concentration of aldehydes was observed at harvest time in AVG-treated apples; however, no difference was observed between treatments during storage. Higher correlations between ethylene production and aldehydes and alcohols were found in control apples (0.98, and 0.98, respectively), than in AVG-treated apples (0.6 and 0.90, respectively). AVG application on ‘Golden Delicious’ apples conferred a variety of benefits, such as delaying maturation, maintaining color, and reducing changes in acidity and total soluble solids. However, AVG treatment negatively affects the production of some volatile compounds.  相似文献   

10.
Partial rootzone drying (PRD) has been evaluated at harvest, but its effects on apple fruit postharvest life is little known for apples grown in semi-arid regions. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that water savings via PRD may affect fruit quality at harvest and postharvest-life of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples grown in a semi-arid region. The experiment was conducted from 2005 to 2007. The irrigation treatments were commercial irrigation as control (CI) and PRD. After 3 years of evaluation, fruit quality at harvest, measured as fruit weight, flesh firmness, and total soluble solids concentration, was similar between CI fruit and PRD fruit. Dry matter concentration (DMC) was higher in PRD fruit than in CI fruit in 2005. The fruit quality after 18 days storage at room temperature (13–18 °C and 51–56% relative humidity) was similar between CI fruit and PRD fruit. The DMC was the highest in PRD fruit in the 2005 and 2007 growing seasons, and tended to be higher in PRD fruit than in CI fruit in 2006. Total soluble solids concentration was ≈8.7% higher in PRD fruit than in CI fruit in 2007. Fruit weight loss was similar between treatments. This study suggests that water deficit via PRD did not damage fruit quality at harvest or after storage at room temperature. Additionally, PRD irrigation saved about 3240 m3 of water per hectare. Therefore, PRD can be recommended for commercial use in semi-arid regions and to those growers interested in either long-term storage or distant markets.  相似文献   

11.
The influence of nectarine cultivar and the harvest date on fruit colour, fruit size, fruit quality parameters, and consumer acceptance were assessed. The analyses were carried on cultivars with different fruit taste (acidity and sweetness), from 5-years-old trees at the IRTA-Experimental Station of Lleida (Spain). The six cultivars were grouped in three pairs in which each had a similar commercial harvest date. Each pair comprised by a non-acid cultivar and an acid cultivar, except the pair of ‘Big Top®’ and ‘Mesembrine®’, which included two non-acid cultivars. The nectarines were harvested at 8 days intervals on five harvest dates, three of which were before the commercial harvest date, one at commercial harvest and another 1 week after commercial harvest.  相似文献   

12.
The influence of Adara, CAB 6P, Gisela 5, MaxMa 14, Saint Lucie GF 64 (SL 64), Saint Lucie GF 405 (SL 405), and Tabel rootstocks onto vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of ‘Van’ and ‘Stark Hardy Giant’ (SHG) sweet cherry cultivars was studied during 10 years after grafting. The experiment was performed in the Ebro Valley (Zaragoza, Spain), on a heavy and calcareous soil. Significant differences in some of these parameters such as vigour, yield, fruit size, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), skin colour and fruit firmness were examined among rootstocks. In general, the highest vigour, annual and cumulative yield were induced by Adara rootstock, whereas Gisela 5 induced the lowest when grafted with both cultivars. The highest yield efficiency was induced by Gisela 5 due to its low trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), together with Adara, CAB 6P and Tabel for ‘SHG’ cultivar. Regarding fruit quality, Adara, CAB 6P and MaxMa 14 showed, in general, the highest fruit weight and the more attractive skin colour for both sweet cherry cultivars. Furthermore, the high yield shown by Adara did not significantly affect its fruit size. Cherries of trees grafted on Adara also showed high firmness, which implies a better resistance to post-harvest damage. CAB 6P showed a tendency to induce higher TA. Despite the higher firmness of fruits on Gisela 5 and its tendency to induce higher SSC and ripening index, the smaller size fruits together with the less attractive skin colour resulted in a non-interesting rootstock in terms of fruit quality for our growing conditions. Interesting correlations were found among quality parameters, such as the positive correlation showed by SSC with fruit weight and TA. The work demonstrates that the scion–rootstock combination influences some important sweet cherry attributes such as vigour, yield, fruit size, acidity, skin colour and firmness.  相似文献   

13.
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14.
Firmness is a primary measure of apple fruit texture, the key determinant of eating quality of apples. Despite the well developed understanding of the process of firmness loss in storage, there is very limited information concerning pre-harvest and at-harvest causes of the variation in fruit quality in the marketplace. The objective of the present study was to investigate the respective roles that the factors of time and intensity of crop thinning, fruit size and fruit dry matter concentration (DMC) each may have in determining fruit firmness of ‘Royal Gala’ apple at harvest and during storage. Loss of firmness during storage of all thinning treatments and of fruit size and DMC categories was described by a bilinear equation. Time of thinning did not influence any aspect of fruit softening during air storage at 0.5 °C. Comparing the crop loads, a lower crop load (100 fruit per tree) resulted in firmer fruit at harvest. The loss of firmness during storage associated with crop load occurred because fruit from the lowest crop load softened more rapidly during the second slow phase of softening. Fruit firmness was positively correlated with fruit size where larger fruit were slightly firmer than smaller fruit at harvest but not after storage. The softening profiles of different sized fruit were similar except for a class of extremely small fruit, which appeared to soften more rapidly during the second slow softening phase of storage. Both at-harvest and post-harvest fruit firmness were influenced by fruit DMC. Fruit firmness at harvest increased significantly as fruit DMC increased from 13% to above 16%. Despite having significantly different initial firmness, all fruit classes with DMC higher than 13% softened at a similar rate during both the initial rapid and second slow softening phases and the transition between the two phases occurred after the same time in storage. In contrast, fruit with very low DMC, less than 13%, had a greater rate of softening in the second phase. These results indicate that variation in fruit firmness at harvest and after storage is influenced by processes that affect and alter fruit DMC during fruit development. In this respect crop load control, which is used to improve fruit size, was also an important factor in altering fruit DMC, thereby affecting firmness at harvest and after storage. Furthermore, the effects of DMC on fruit firmness were independent of fruit size.  相似文献   

15.
An apple orchard consisting of a single cultivar under the condition of natural pollination must have suitable pollinizers such as Crab apples to ensure stable fruit production. We selected ‘Maypole’ and ‘Dolgo’ as pollinizers for the cultivar ‘Fuji’, and investigated the rate of fruit and seeds in ‘Fuji’ fruits produced by pollen of the pollinizers. We developed a method for tracing pollen flow based on the leaf color of progeny and S-RNase allele of ‘Maypole’, and on Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) analyses of ‘Maypole’ and ‘Dolgo’. These were powerful tools for determining the distance insects (mainly Osmia cornifrons) carry pollen from the pollinizers to ‘Fuji’. Although the fruit set of ‘Fuji’ apples was not reduced with increasing distance between ‘Fuji’ apple trees and pollinizers (probably due to pollen flow from other commercial cultivars planted outside the area), the rate of ‘Fuji’ apple fruit produced by the pollen of the pollinizers decreased with increasing distance. The rate of fruit produced by the pollinizers was 84% and 77% when ‘Fuji’ was 2.5 m from ‘Maypole’ and ‘Dolgo’, respectively, and 71% and 64% when ‘Fuji’ was 5 m from ‘Maypole’ and ‘Dolgo’, respectively, but was reduced to 47% and 39% when ‘Fuji’ was 10 m from ‘Maypole’ and ‘Dolgo’, respectively. However, the spacing could cause reduced fruit size, and require extra fruit thinning for producing large fruits. It could also cause reduction of the yield for increasing the planting area of pollinizers. We recommend that pollinizers should be planted not more than 10 m from ‘Fuji’.  相似文献   

16.
 为了阐明‘金冠’苹果果锈形成的时间与原因,探索防止果锈形成的方法,以‘金冠’及 其无锈芽变品种‘丰帅’为试材,利用体视显微镜和扫描电镜观察了果面果锈形成过程,测定了果皮色 素和次生代谢产物组分和含量。结果表明,花后4 周‘金冠’苹果果面尚无肉眼可见的果锈时,表皮细 胞蜡质层已经开裂、脱落;花后5 周表皮细胞角质层大量开裂,细胞壁木栓化;花后6 周,大量果锈出 现在果实表面。据此推断,花后4 ~ 6 周是‘金冠’苹果果锈形成的关键时期。另一方面,‘丰帅’果皮 叶绿素和类萝卜素含量显著低于‘金冠’,而总黄酮和绿原酸含量显著高于‘金冠’,特别是在花后4 ~ 6 周。花后4 周利用0.05 ~ 5 mmol · L-1 外源绿原酸处理,可以显著降低‘金冠’果皮果锈指数,且对果实 品质没有不良影响。因而,适当浓度外源绿原酸可望用于苹果防锈实践。  相似文献   

17.
Alternate bearing, the occurrence of high yield ‘on’ year followed by low yield ‘off’ year, is striking in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). Floral buds of pistachio are formed a year before bloom, but abscise during the years with heavy crop (‘on’ year). Abscission of floral buds is due to competition between growing seeds on 1-year-old shoots and developing buds on current season growth. We studied the effects of chemical fruit thinning on alternate bearing and nut characteristics in a commercial orchard of ‘Owhadi’ pistachio cultivar during 2003–2004 in Rafsanjan, Iran. In both years, ethephon (100 and 200 mg l−1), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (125 and 250 mg l−1) and urea (2.5 and 5%) were applied to the branch units of each individual ‘on’-year trees. The results showed that ethephon at both concentrations significantly increased fruit thinning and floral bud retention for the subsequent year. Other treatments also increased fruit thinning and floral bud retention but were inferior to ethephon.  相似文献   

18.
The ‘Pluk Mai Lie’ papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a promising cultivated fruit for use in fresh and processed products due to its firm flesh, but the aroma it releases is flat. Changes in quality and volatile profiles were analyzed during on- and off-tree fruit ripening. Detached fruit ripened faster than attached fruit, accumulating high internal ethylene levels. Aside from peel color, which was redder in on-tree ripened fruit, most quality attributes changed similarly in the two ripening situations. A slight increase in total soluble solids (TSS) was measured from the onset of the preclimacteric stage, whereas titratable acidity (TA) remained stable throughout the development. Whereas 2-ethyl-1-hexanol was found specifically in green fruit, ethyl octanoate emerged only in fully-ripe fruit. Furthermore, benzyl isothiocyanate was the most abundant volatile and was present in fruit at every stage except full ripening. The production of total esters, highly correlated with a loss of firmness and an increase in cavity ethylene accumulation, was about 10-fold higher in off-tree ripened fruit. The levels of methanol and ethanol sources in fruit increased steadily throughout ripening, with esters formed from ethyl alcohol predominating from the half-ripe through the senescence phases. The alcohol dehydrogenase activity in the mesocarp increased dramatically during the early ripening stages, whereas alcohol acetyltransferase was active throughout ripening. No difference in volatile profiles was found in the papaya fruit during on-tree and postharvest ripening.  相似文献   

19.
This study examined the effects of leaf pruning intensities at flowering on the green and yellow life and fruit quality of bananas (Musa AAA, cv. Grande Naine). The fruit from banana plants that retained 7, 9, 11 and 13 leaves after pruning were packed in carton boxes of 13.7 kg and stored in a cold room at 14 °C for 21 days to simulate transportation conditions. During this period, eight visual evaluations of fruit peel colour were made. Next, fruits were induced to commercial ripening using ethylene at 100 μl/ml. Four evaluations (every 2 days) on fruit firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, fruit weight and peel colour were made to assess fruit yellow life. No interaction between evaluations and number of leaves retained was found for pulp firmness, soluble solid percentage, fruit acidity, fruit weight and maturation grade. The fruit green life and peel colour was similar for plants retaining different number of leaves. After the application of ethylene, there were no differences in fruit firmness (P > 0.62), percentage of soluble solids (P > 0.24) nor in the percentage of acidity (P > 0.32). No difference in fruit weight (P > 0.07) and ripening grade (P > 0.17) were observed among plants retaining different number of leaves. The results suggest that in tropical commercial banana plantations, producing for international markets, it is possible to defoliate the banana plants to seven leaves at flowering without causing a reduction on the green and yellow life and quality of fruit.  相似文献   

20.
‘Reinette du Canada’ (RC) and ‘Reinette Grise du Canada’ (RG) apple (Malus × domestica Borkh) cultivars declared throughout the Community as Protected Designation of Origin ‘Manzana Reineta del Bierzo’ are severely affected by bitter-pit during storage. Pre-harvest treatments with calcium carbonate, authorized in organic production, and bio-activator Harpin protein were used to assess the effect on quality at harvest and during cold storage in both apple cultivars during 2007 and 2008. Bitter-pit at the end of storage was higher in ‘RC’ than in ‘RG’, due to the fact that K/Ca ratio in fruit was higher in ‘RC’. Harpin protein did not improve the quality of ‘Reinette’ apple cultivars. Calcium carbonate pre-harvest treatments were useful to decrease external and internal bitter-pit incidence of ‘Reinette’ apple cultivars after 90 days of storage, but differences at the end of storage were not significant. Therefore, calcium carbonate would be a useful product in organic production in order to decrease bitter-pit incidence in ‘Reinette’ apple cultivars during medium term storage.  相似文献   

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