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1.
The purpose of this study was to determine underlying causes of prolonged neonatal icterus. Icterus or jaundice is an important common problem in neonatology. When this condition persists beyond 14 days, it is called prolonged or protracted neonatal icterus. Determining underlying causes of this problem is a pivotal step for management, because a delay in treatment may lead to serious complications or even death. In a prospective study, newborns with diagnosis of prolonged icterus were evaluated during a six-month period in Tabriz Children Teaching Hospital. Data regarding the past medical history, physical examination and appropriate laboratory and paraclinical investigations were gathered and accordingly, the underlying cause of jaundice was documented. One hundred newborns, 67 males and 33 females with a mean age of 21.5 +/- 4.5 days were enrolled. Breastfeeding, urinary tract infection, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and hypothyroidism were found as the main underlying causes in 75, 7, 7 and 4% of the cases. The exact etiology was unknown in 4% of newborns. ABO incompatibility, sepsis and Down syndrome were underlying etiologies in remaining three patients. Present study showed that the underlying causes of prolonged neonatal jaundice could be determined in majority of cases and breastfeeding is the most common one in this regard.  相似文献   

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3.
Widespread use of highly toxic pesticides primarily for agricultural purpose has generated increasing concerns about the negative impact of pesticides on human health and the environment. Integrated pest management (IPM) usually seeks to minimize the use of pesticides and can be utilized to solve pest problems while minimizing risks to people and the environment. A total of 220 vegetable farmers in Nakhon Ratchasima Province of Thailand was interviewed with the objective of investigating the factors determining their adoption or non-adoption of IPM practices. The findings demonstrated that farmers had different uncompromising reasons for determining the use of IPM for their insect pest management. Higher costs of insecticides (91%), adverse effects of insecticides on human health and the environment (80%), and a greater risk of insect pests developing resistance to insecticides (28%) were the primary reasons for the adoption of IPM by vegetable growers in the study area. The reasons for the rejection of IPM practice were unsuitability of IPM for a large farm (52%), implementation difficulties (80%) and a greater belief in synthetic insecticides and their efficacy for target pest control (39%). A comparison between the IPM and the non-IPM farmers showed a significant difference (P < 0.01) in farmers' knowledge of pest management, which influenced IPM adoption or non-adoption. The IPM farmers had greater knowledge about identifying natural enemies and their beneficial role in controlling insect pests, about plant extracts and their efficacy in controlling insect pests and about sticky traps and their efficacy in monitoring natural enemies and controlling insect pests. For example, 24% of IPM farmers had knowledge of natural enemies whereas it was only 4% for the non-IPM farmers. A logistic regression model was fitted which showed that lower cost of pest management, better knowledge on IPM after training and availability of extension services were the factors which influenced farmers' adoption of IPM practice. The non-IPM farmers rejected adoption of IPM due to the common belief that natural enemies would not be effective in controlling insect pests and yields of vegetables would not be increased by practicing IPM.  相似文献   

4.
Dr. Abolghasem Bahrami was among the generation of Iranian scientists in the early twentieth century who gained most of their knowledge through resources available inside the country. Educated at Dar-ul-Funun Medical School, he was a physician with a great talent in learning, especially self-teaching natural sciences and European languages. He joined the Pasteur Institute of Iran (IPI) at the early days of its foundation and became an integral contributor to this institution during the first twenty-five years of its mission. One of his first assignments at IPI was to help initiating an anti-rabies department by bringing back the rabies vaccine and its manufacturing equipment from Institut Pasteur of Paris. During his IPI years, aside from managerial tasks, he actively participated in upgrading the medical treatments and protocols used for controlling many infectious diseases. He functioned twice as the provisional director of IPI (1925-1926 and 1937-1946) and is considered as the first Iranian director of the Institute. Meanwhile, Dr. Bahrami was a significant contributor to the public health system and assumed several responsibilities such as Chief Quarantine Medical Officer, Chief of Public Health, and the Head of Public Health Administration, in order to improve public health planning throughout the country.Key Words: History of medicine, Iran, Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Public health  相似文献   

5.
Approximately 50% of all pesticides registered in Iran are insecticides with potential risk to human health and the environment. The environmental impact quotient (EIQ) is a pesticide risk indicator that was used to rank the inherent risk of 48 insecticides in use in 28 Iranian provinces and evaluate their environmental impact (EI) at the field and provincial scales over three growing seasons from 2001 to 2005. The results indicate that the introduction of new insecticides over the past decades has produced a negligible decrease in inherent risk. About 75% of provinces had low EI scores of 0.62–11.3. The highest EI and EI/ha scores were found in Kerman and Mazandaran provinces, mainly from increased usage (amount of active ingredient) rather than increased toxicity of insecticides. Inherent toxicity (EIQ) was not significant for increased EI in contrast to the increase in pesticide usage. On average, diazinon comprised 37% of total usage, carbaryl 12.2% and teflubenzuron 8% of total usage. The toxicity of these insecticides ranked lower for EIQ. In contrast, the total usage of environmentally high-risk insecticides (imidacloprid, fipronil, lindane) was relatively lower during the study period. Overall, the increased use of insecticides was not related to the increase in the area under cultivation, but to the type of crop grown (pistachios, vegetables) and to inappropriate spraying equipment and inadequate storage practices, both of which are common problems in developing countries.  相似文献   

6.
The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of mental disorders among shift work hospital nurses in Shiraz. One thousand one hundred and ninety five nurses from 12 general hospitals were investigated by Persian version of General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) as screen tool. Using a checklist, structured observations were made to assess working environment. Selecting a score of 6 in GHQ-28 as cut-off point, 45.4% of nurses were found to suffer from mental disorders and this was more common among females. Similarly, anxiety and somatic symptoms were more prevalent than other types of mental disorders (43.2 and 34.5%, respectively). The prevalence of depression and social dysfunction were 11.2 and 79.5%, respectively. Shift work was significantly associated with anxiety (p < 0.05). Likewise, marital status was significantly associated with depression and social dysfunction (p < 0.001). It was concluded that the mental health pattern in hospital nurses was similar to that of general Iranian population as the referent population. However, the prevalence rates of social dysfunction, somatisation and anxiety symptoms among the nurses were higher than the referent population.  相似文献   

7.
Pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum L.) is one of the most serious insect pests of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) in Ethiopia. A survey of 400 farmers was conducted in four main pea-growing districts in north and north-western Ethiopia. The objectives were to assess farmers' knowledge and perceptions of pea weevil, to examine their current pest management practices and to identify challenges to pea weevil control, so that participatory integrated pest management for smallholder farmers in Ethiopia can be developed. The results revealed that most (71%) of the farmers surveyed had knowledge about pea weevil and were able to identify damaged seeds based on common visible symptoms of weevil infestation. However, most farmers did not know that pea weevil attacks plants in the field, but rather considered it a storage pest. The results also showed that farmers' cultural practices influence the incidence and spread of pea weevil and that most farmers did not check seed for pea weevil symptoms before planting. Only a minority of farmers (19%) harvested peas early and some harvested late, unintentionally promoting infestation and carryover of weevils. In addition, most farmers (74%) were not aware of the source and means of weevil spread on their farm and some did not clean up fallen and shattered peas during harvesting and threshing. The majority (63%) of the farmers surveyed relied on chemical insecticides, namely actellic dust and phostoxin, to treat harvested peas in storage. However, the results revealed a knowledge gap in that farmers were well aware of the problem of pea weevil, but lacked knowledge of cultural practices affecting pea weevil and of problems in the use of pesticides. This highlights the need for farmer training and for development of participatory integrated pest management methods for pea weevil.  相似文献   

8.
Increased consumption of whole grain products has been associated with decreased risk of health problems such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. Phytate however, has always been a matter of concern, since it chelates minerals such as iron. Sangak is very popular Iranian flat bread invented five hundred years ago, made from 95% extraction flour. The bread is fermented but usually fermentation is not able to remove all phytate from the dough. In this study flours were first debranned; resulting bran was subjected to a hydrothermal process. The hydrothermaled (HT) brans were then incorporated in the Sangak flour. In the next step, physicochemical, rheological and microstructural characteristics of Sangak flour and dough prepared from two Iranian wheat varieties, Tajan and Back Cross of Roshan were investigated. Results indicated a reduction in phytate up to 55% in the samples. The resulting dough containing HT bran showed a higher development time and valorimetric value and was more stable than doughs made with normal bran. Dough made with HT bran showed a kind of protein matrix in which proteins and starch granules are oriented in a more non-ordered structure.  相似文献   

9.
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Although inducible defences have been studied extensively, only little is known about how the presence of parasites might interfere with these anti-predator adaptations. Both parasites and predators are important factors shaping community structure and species composition of ecosystems. Here, we simultaneously exposed Daphnia magna to predator cues (released by the tadpole shrimp, Triops, or by a fish) and spores of the yeast parasite Metschnikowia sp. to determine how life history and morphological inducible defences against these two contrasting types of predators are affected by infection. RESULTS: The parasite suppressed some Triops-induced defences: Daphnia lost the ability to produce a greater number of larger offspring, a life-history adaptation to Triops predation. In contrast, the parasite did not suppress inducible defences against fish: induction (resulting in smaller body length of the mothers as well as of their offspring) and infection acted additively on the measured traits. Thus, fish-induced defences may be less costly than inducible defences against small invertebrate predators like Triops; the latter defences could no longer be expressed when the host had already invested in fighting off the parasite. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, our study suggests that as specific inducible defences differ in their costs, some might be suppressed if a target prey is additionally infected. Therefore, adding parasite pressure to predator-prey systems can help to elucidate the costs of inducible defences.  相似文献   

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11.
Asthma is a common chronic disease of childhood which causes considerable morbidity. Asthma affects 1 in 13 school-age children and is a leading cause of office and emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and school absenteeism. Estimating the prevalence of asthma in the community is important in assessing the impact of asthma at the level of population. Since the pooled prevalence of asthma in Iranian elementary school age children (6-12 years old) was not identified, we decide to conduct a meta-analysis study to estimate the prevalence of asthma in elementary school age children in Iran. In order to gather the data, we searched a number of international electronic sources such as Pub Med, Embase, science direct, and ISI for English articles, and Iranian National Knowledge Infrastructure (scientific information) sources such as Iranmedx, Iran-doc, and SID for Persian articles from February 1995 to January 2010 to access the data. We used the words childhood, asthma, prevalence, and Iranian for searching relevant papers and used a data extraction form for the extracted data. The outcome in this Meta analysis study was response to the question, "Ever had asthma", based on the ISSAC program questionnaire. Eleven relevant articles were included for the Meta analysis. The pooled prevalence for girls, boys, and the two genders was obtained as 3.2% (CI; 2.5 to 3.9%), 4.3% (CI; 3.5 to 5.1%) and 3.9% (CI; 3.2 to 4.7%), respectively. The pooled prevalence of asthma in Iranian elementary school age children is low in comparison to the other reports.  相似文献   

12.
Extensive use of highly toxic pesticides for pest management has generated concerns over the negative impact of these chemicals on both human health and the environment. The use of integrated pest management (IPM) can address some of these concerns, but studies on the adoption behavior of growers are generally limited. A survey of 171 olive growers was conducted to analyze factors determining adoption of IPM practices for the control of olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae) in Roudbar county of Guilan province, Iran. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with randomly selected olive growers of the study area using a structured questionnaire. Some growers (9.9%) did not adopt any IPM practice for olive fruit fly control, while the majority of the growers (almost 54%) showed some low level of adoption. Twelve variables were found to be strongly correlated with adoption of IPM practices for olive fruit fly control. The strongest link was demonstrated with growers' annual income, land area under cultivation, farming experience, extension activities, technical knowledge, and average olive fruit production. Discriminant analysis was used to identify the variables with the greatest power of classifying growers in three groups of IPM adopters (low, medium, and high level of adoption). The variable: farming experience and especially the olive farming experience along with the variables: family size and extension activities gave an overall classification accuracy of 72.1%, implying a strong capability of correctly differentiating growers in the IPM groups. Understanding growers' characteristics and behavior concerning the adoption of IPM can be a first major step for boosting adoption rates among olive growers of the study area or among growers of other areas with a similar profile. To this end, government policies should strengthen growers' technical knowledge of IPM concerning olive fruit fly through extension services and community involvement, particularly among inexperienced small-scale growers.  相似文献   

13.
Background: Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA) triplet expansions in the FXN gene. Its product, frataxin, which severely reduces in FRDA patients, leads to oxidative damage in mitochondria. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the triple nucleotide repeated expansions in Iranian FRDA patients and to elucidate distinguishable FRDA clinical differences in these patients. Methods: A number of 22 Iranian patients (8 females and 14 males) from 16 unrelated families were studied. DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood of patients. The frequency and length of (GAA)n repeats in intron 1 of the FXN gene were analyzed using long-range PCR. In this study, the clinical criteria of FRDA in our patients and the variability in their clinical signs were also demonstrated. Results: An inverse relationship was observed between GAA repeat size and the age of onset. Although some distinguishable clinical features (such as limb ataxia and lower limb areflexia) were found in our patients, 90-95% of them had extensor plantar response and dysarthria. The results showed only one positive diabetes patient and also different effects on eye movement abnormality among our patients. Conclusion: The onset age of symptoms showed a significant inverse correlation with allele size in our patients (P>0.05). Based on comparisons of the clinical data of all patients, clinical presentation of FRDA in Iranian patients did not differ significantly from other FRDA patients previously reported. Key Words: Friedreich ataxia (FRDA), Frataxin, Mitochondria  相似文献   

14.
The ever-increasing importance of vegetable natural fibers on the global scale, the comparatively low production of this group of fibers, and the growing fiber imports by the Iranian textile industry have required numerous studies in recent years to be carried out on long natural cellulosic fibers extracted from Typha australis plant leaf. In this study, such tensile properties of the fiber under study as tenacity, modulus, elongation and work of rupture, X-ray and FTIR are investigated by alkali retting at 100 °C for 2 and 4 h. It is found that Leafiran is lignocellulosic with a tenacity approximately 25–40 cN. Tex-1, a linear density of about 4 tex, and a crystallinity of about 60 %, which are all considered to be suitable properties compared to those of other natural cellulosic fibers.  相似文献   

15.
This study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of and epidemiological factors associated with, head lice infections in Iranian primary schools in 2006 and evaluate data on the therapeutic efficacy of lindane shampoo. A total of 40586 children (19774 boys (48.72%) and 20812 girls (51.28%)] from 198 Governmentprimary schools in Kerman, were screened for head lice between March and June 2006. The diagnosis of head lice infestation was confirmed by clinical inspection of scalp and hair for the presence of adult lice nymphal stage, or eggs (nit) by line-toothed head lice comb. All children infested with lice were treated with lindane shampoo (1% gamma benzene hexachloride). The overall prevalence of head lice infestation was 1.8%. The prevalence of infestation was significantly higher in girls (2.9%) than in boys (0.6%) (p = 0.000). The infestation rate was greater among pupils who were living in rural areas (4.6%) than in urban areas (1.5%). Of the 721 children with a positive examination result, 424 pupils (58.8%) were reported as having been infested with head lice in the previous 6 months. Mother's education level was a significant risk factor in this model (p < 0.05). At 2 weeks after the primary treatment, the success rates of treatment were 49%. Comprehensive survey in our work showed the better future of the disease and related factors. Education campaigns by health care officials, physicians and teachers are expected to be helpful for head lice control. It is essential that governments should be supported form cooperation between the school authorities and public health centers to successful control head lice infestation in primary school. Also there is an urgent need to identify safe, novel insecticides for proved efficacy.  相似文献   

16.
This study was done to evaluate if nursing mothers of infants with rickets have vitamin D deficiency, and to evaluate the relationship between maternal vitamin D levels with hypocalcemic seizures in infants with rickets. We selected a cohort of breastfed infants with rickets. Infants were included in this study if they were breastfed and presented with any of the following clinical criteria: delayed motor milestones or delayed teething, were found to have specific rachitic bony signs, or presented with hypocalcemic seizures. We checked serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), alkaline phosphatase, 25 hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in both infants and their mothers. Out of 32 children who met the clinical criteria for rickets, 23 (72%) had vitamin D level less than 20 ng mL(-1). Twenty two mothers (69%) had vitamin D deficiency (25 hydroxy vitamin D < 20 ng mL(-1)). Mothers of nine infants who presented with hypocalcemic seizures had severe vitamin D deficiency, (p = 0.005). We conclude that maternal vitamin D deficiency is common in nursing mothers of infants diagnosed with rickets. Invariably mothers of infants presenting with hypocalcemic seizures have severe vitamin D deficiency. Hypocalcemic seizures in infants secondary to maternal vitamin D deficiency might be prevented by supplementation of vitamin D.  相似文献   

17.
This study investigated the impact of diets containing various levels of avocado (5, 10 and 15%) on gut health in rats fed for six weeks. Avocado-fed rats had significantly higher food intakes while their body weights remained similar to the control diet-fed rats. No significant changes in intestinal bacterial populations (ileum, cecum and colon) were found in rats fed avocado diets compared to the control diet. Ileum and colon tissues of rats fed avocado diets showed significantly higher expression of genes (β-defensin 1, mucin 3 or mucin 4) and a greater number of mucin-producing goblet cells in the colon. The percentage of avocado in the diet had varying effects in altering the biomarkers, whereby diet containing 15% avocado was the more effective diet. This study delivers new knowledge on the role of avocado on gut health in rats.  相似文献   

18.
Lepidium meyenii (Maca) is a plant that grows at over 4,000 m above sea level in the central Peruvian Andes. The hypocotyls of this plant are traditionally consumed for their nutritional and medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to determine the health status based on a health related quality of life (HRQL) questionnaire (SF-20) and serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in subjects that are maca consumers. For this, a cross-sectional study was designed to be performed in 50 subjects from Junin (4,100 m): 27 subjects were maca consumers and 23 were non-consumers. The SF-20 survey is used to obtain a summary measure of health status. The stand up from a chair and sit down (SUCSD) test (to assess lower-extremity function), hemoglobin measurement, blood pressure, sexual hormone levels, serum IL-6 levels and the score of chronic mountain sickness (CMS) were evaluated. Testosterone/estradiol ratio (P?<0.05), IL-6 (P?<?0.05) and CMS score were lower, whereas the health status score was higher, in maca consumers when compared to non-consumers (P?<?0.01). A greater proportion of maca consumers successfully completed the SUCSD test compared to non-consumers (P?<?0.01), showing a significant association with lower values of serum IL-6 (P?<?0.05). In conclusion, consumption of maca was associated with low serum IL-6 levels and in turn with better health status scores in the SF-20 survey and low chronic mountain sickness scores.  相似文献   

19.
This study aims at determining the prevalence of neonatal hypoglycemia and its underlying causes. In this prospective study 14168 newborns delivered in Tabriz Alzahra Hospital during 2 years were evaluated in regard to blood glucose level at first 24 h of life. Glucose oxidase method with 4-aminophenazone with a Greiner G-300 was the used method for determining the blood glucose level. Cases with blood glucose < 50 mg dL(-1) were considered as hypoglycemic newborns. Underlying causes of this condition, as well as the short-term mortality rate were determined. Prevalence of neonatal hypoglycemia was 0.4% (52 newborns). Underlying causes of hypoglycemia were prematurity (61.5%), diabetic mother (13.6%), septicemia (9.6%), perinatal asphyxia (9.6%), stress (3.8%) and neonatal hyperinsulinism (1.9%). The mortality rate was 53.8%, with prematurity as the leading cause of death.  相似文献   

20.
This study aimed to provide the analysis of clinical presentation, results of laboratory and imaging investigations as well as clinical outcome of children with cholestasis. Infants with neonatal cholestasis referred to Children's Hospital from 2002 to 2007 were participated in the study in a cross-sectional prospective study. Appropriate diagnostic criteria and tests were employed for diagnosis the underlying etiologies of neonatal cholestasis. One year mortality rate was determined. One hundred twenty one infants, 75 males and 46 females, with the mean age of 58.3 +/- 15.3 (14-120) days were enrolled in study. Jaundice (94.2%) and hepatomegaly (66.1%) were the most frequent symptom and signs on admission. Idiopathic neonatal hepatitis (36.4%), extrahepatic biliary atresia (24.8%), metabolic disease (20.7%), intrahepatic ductal paucity (10.7%), intrauterine infection (3.3%) were the most frequent causes of neonatal cholestasis. One year mortality was 5.8%. There is still not one effective and specific diagnostic method in differentiating between the causes of cholestasis in the newborns and infants. Some potentially important differences in the disease pattern, initial presentation and long-term outcome are suggested from the present study when compared to previous reports from other parts of the world.  相似文献   

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