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1.
本文研究了5个不同恒温条件下伪钝绥螨取食二斑叶螨时的发育和繁殖情况,并对该实验种群的生命参数进行了分析。结果表明,在19~31℃范围内,伪钝绥螨各螨态和整个未成熟期的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,发育速率随温度的升高而加快;运用直线回归法计算出了伪钝绥螨各螨态的发育起点温度及有效积温。伪钝绥螨产卵期在22℃时最长,在31℃时最短;日均卵量随温度的升高而增大。伪钝绥螨净增殖率Ro在28℃时最高(60.256),在19℃时最低(4.174);内禀增长率rm和周限增长率λ皆是在31℃时最高,在19℃时最低;31℃时种群加倍时间t最短(2.79 d),19℃时最长(15.868 d)。 相似文献
2.
为了研究斯氏小盲绥螨［Typhlodromips swirskii (Athias Henriot)］取食3种不同花粉和椭圆食粉螨［Aleuroglyphus ovatus (Troupeau)］的发育和繁殖,为斯氏小盲绥螨人工大量饲养提供理论依据,在光照L∥D=10 h∥14 h、相对湿度85%,温度(25±1) ℃的条件下, 研究斯氏小盲绥螨取食向日葵花粉、丝瓜花粉、玉米花粉和椭圆食粉螨的生物学特性,并组建其实验种群生命表。结果表明,斯氏小盲绥螨取食向日葵花粉、丝瓜花粉、玉米花粉和椭圆食粉螨均能从卵发育至成螨并繁殖后代,雌螨发育历期分别为10.42、8.32、9.18、14.43 d;平均每雌总产卵量分别为31.20、65.30、40.17、9.62粒;内禀增长率分别为0.134 3、0.150 2、0.144 9、0.089 5;取食丝瓜花粉的净增殖率（R0=45.057 0）、内禀增长率(rm=0.150 2)和周限增长率 （λ=1.162 0）都最大;取食玉米花粉的雌雄性比最大（2.27∶1）;取食椭圆食粉螨的雌雄性比（0.91∶1）、净增殖率（4.578 8）和内禀增长率（0.089 5）都最小。 相似文献
3.
环境的温湿度变化对昆虫病原真菌侵染害虫造成直接的影响。本文研究了在不同温湿度变化下,球孢白僵菌Bb2352对梨网蝽和东亚飞蝗侵染率的变化动态与趋势。结果表明,在1.0×107孢子/mL悬浮液接种、25℃饲养条件下,2种不同昆虫的死亡率均随着湿度的增加而增加。经检验湿度效应对死亡率的数量影响吻合时间-剂量-死亡率模型（TDM模型）,拟合得到的新的时间-湿度-死亡率（THM）模型能准确地描述球孢白僵菌Bb2352侵染的湿度效应。THM模型显示,当相对湿度达到85%以上时,梨冠网蝽的死亡率增速明显快于蝗虫;梨冠网蝽死亡率随湿度变化的时间效应参数γ在第8 d（γ8）达到最大,而东亚飞蝗死亡率随湿度变化的时间效应参数γ在第11 d（γ11）达到最大,显示出球孢白僵菌Bb2352侵染不同昆虫的湿度效应有所差异。在温度效应研究中,当环境相对湿度>95%时,菌株Bb2352侵染2种目标昆虫的累计死亡率均在25℃达到最大,增加或降低温度均会降低菌株Bb2352的侵染效率。Logistic模型拟合显示该模型能准确反映球孢白僵菌Bb2352侵染目标害虫的温度效应。本文中湿度THM模型和温度Logistic模型的构建是数学描述昆虫病原真菌对害虫侵染温湿度效应的有益尝试。 相似文献
4.
加州新小绥螨对朱砂叶螨的控制作用 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为明确加州新小绥螨Neoseiulus californicus（McGregor）国内种群对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus（Boisduval）的控制潜力,应用功能反应、数值反应及实验种群生命表参数评价了该捕食螨对朱砂叶螨的控制能力。加州新小绥螨对朱砂叶螨的功能反应能很好地拟合Holling Ⅱ方程。在25℃,加州新小绥螨雌成螨对朱砂叶螨卵、幼螨、若螨和成螨的功能反应参数a/Th值分别为42.4195、81.6275、54.3044和17.9399,对朱砂叶螨幼螨、若螨和卵的控制力高于成螨。在19~31℃,加州新小绥螨对朱砂叶螨雌成螨日均捕食量和对猎物的控制能力a/Th随温度升高而增大,在31℃时达最大值,分别为10.80头和29.5364。在28℃时,加州新小绥螨的净增殖率和内禀增长率分别为26.1522和0.2213。表明加州新小绥螨国内种群表现出重要的生物防治潜能。 相似文献
5.
在评述国内外近十几年来昆虫种群发育模拟模型研究的基础上,充分考虑了不同昆虫的种群发育特点,建立了以种群发育温度为驱动变量,以昆虫种群生命表资料为基础数据的具有发育阶段和年龄结构的通用发育模型。模型可用于模拟具有不同虫态数及各虫态没年龄烽的种群发育进程。在与天气耦联的情况下,可用于昆虫种群发生动态的预测和不同防治策略的风险分析,对玉变螟生命表资料的模拟结果表明,模型具有良好的模拟性能。 相似文献
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在19、22、25、28及31℃ 5种恒温条件下测定的结果表明:尼氏钝绥螨的卵、幼螨、若螨、雌成螨的发育起点温度分别为21.1、10.7、8.4、7.4℃,有效积温分别为25.4、12.2、34.4、530.9日度。该螨的最适生长发育温度为22～25℃。在25℃恒温条件下,其卵、幼螨、若螨、雌螨的发育历期分别为:1.96、0.89、2.09和30.47天。卵的孵化率,幼螨、前、后期若螨的存活率可达96％以上。雌成螨在25℃条件下,总产卵量和日平均最高产卵量,分别为42.9和2.4粒;其实验种群的内禀增长率、周限增长率、世代平均周期及种群净增殖率分别为0.1819、1.1994、3.8116和28.0265。 相似文献
7.
研究昆虫杆状病毒流行病模拟模型,对确定基因工程改造杆状病毒的主攻方向,明确病毒病田间流行的机制与关键因素,以及制定生物防治策略,均具有重要的理论与实践意义。本研究研制了用于昆虫杆状病毒流行病模拟的数学模型和Java模拟软件,该模型包括描述种群动态的一个微分方程组,描述气温变化、作物生长及病毒动态的若干模型等。模拟软件用工具包JDK和JavaScript开发,由主计算类、图形类、结果显示类、参数输入界面类、警告信息类、主页、用户指南页、版权页、计数页等组成。在参数文件中编入有关作物、病毒、害虫等方面的参数,输入初始的各龄健康、染病虫量、叶面积、病毒密度等,运行后可输出各龄健康、染病及病死的虫量,作物损失,病毒积累等动态,以及图形等等。该模型适用于各种杆状病毒,各种有叶作物,各种食叶性的全变态昆虫。应用该模拟模型,对温度、病毒施用虫龄、病毒施用时间、病毒施用剂量等进行了灵敏度分析,得到了一些重要结论。 相似文献
8.
真桑钝绥螨捕食朱砂叶螨的实验种群生命表及捕食作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为评价真桑钝绥螨Amblyseius makuwa Ehara防治害螨的可能性,本试验在(25±1)℃、RH 80%±5%、光周期16L:8D的条件下,组建了真桑钝绥螨以朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduv为食的实验种群生命表,研究了真桑钝绥螨雌成螨对朱砂叶螨卵、若螨和雌成螨的捕食作用。结果表明,真桑钝绥螨以朱砂叶螨为食,未成熟期发育历期分别为卵期1.90 d,幼螨期0.62 d,前若螨期0.82 d,后若螨期1.26 d。试验条件下真桑钝绥螨净增殖率为11.80,内禀增长率为0.175,世代平均周期为14.12 d,周限增长率为1.191,种群倍增时间为3.96 d,雌成螨日均产卵量为1.22粒,平均总产卵量为22.12粒。真桑钝绥螨对朱砂叶螨3个螨态的捕食功能反应均属于HollingⅡ型圆盘方程,拟合圆盘方程显示真桑钝绥螨对朱砂叶螨卵的捕食数量最大,其次为若螨和雌成螨,a/Th值分别为12.5162、5.8730和4.4009。综上研究结果,真桑钝绥螨具备优良天敌的基本特性,是朱砂叶螨的潜在天敌之一。 相似文献
9.
甲氰菊酯和螺螨酯对二斑叶螨实验种群的亚致死效应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在室内研究了甲氰菊酯和螺螨酯亚致死剂量对二斑叶螨实验种群成螨和卵的影响。结果表明,甲氰菊酯亚致死剂量LC10处理成螨后,二斑叶螨的卵期、幼螨期、若螨期、成螨期及寿命均显著缩短,处理卵后各发育历期均显著低于对照;亚致死剂量LC20处理成螨后二斑叶螨的卵期、若螨期、成螨期及寿命均显著缩短,处理卵后各发育历期均低于对照,处理后F1代种群的内禀增长率rm由0.191 9增至0.193 4～0.205 9,对种群有刺激增殖作用。螺螨酯亚致死剂量LC10处理成螨后,卵期、若螨期显著延期长,处理卵后卵期、若螨期、产卵前期均长于对照;亚致死剂量LC20处理成螨后卵期、幼螨期显著延长,处理卵后卵期、若螨期、产卵前期均长于对照,螺螨酯两亚致死剂量处理成螨和卵后成螨期和寿命均缩短,处理后F1代种群的内禀增长率rm由0.191 9降低至0.149 9～0.150 8,对种群有抑制作用。 相似文献
10.
采用室内观察的方法,在15~30℃,相对湿度为80%~90%条件下,研究了智利小植绥螨以土耳其斯坦叶螨为猎物时,不同螨态的发育和试验种群生命表。结果表明智利小植绥螨在此温度范围内能完成世代发育,世代发育历期随着温度的升高而逐渐缩短,在15℃下发育历期最长,为12.81 d,30℃时最短,为4.02 d。各螨态的发育历期、成螨寿命均随着温度的升高而缩短。智利小植绥螨产卵期在15℃时最长,在30℃时最短;日均卵量随温度的升高而增大。智利小植绥螨净增殖率R0在25℃时最高(42.78),在30℃时最低(18.69);内禀增长率rm和周限增长率λ皆是在30℃时最高,分别为1.516和0.416,在15℃时最低。种群倍增时间t在30℃下最短为1.665 d。 相似文献
11.
Over the past two decades, an ecophysiological model has been developed for annual horticultural crops and weeds, which has the powerful ability to predict the growth of plants in monoculture and mixed species stands from parameter values derived from plants grown in isolation, even if the species display contrasting canopy architecture. The model can also simulate the effects of different spatial arrangements on plant growth. The purpose of the model is to describe, in simple yet mechanistically‐based terms, the effects of contrasting environments and competitive interactions on the growth of individual plants. In the simplest form of the model, growth is described by an empirical growth equation, using time calculated from an integration of the growth‐promoting effects of environmental factors. More complex versions of the model include a self‐shading component, which provides an algorithm for inter‐plant competition based on crown zone areas. This model is termed the ‘Conductance model’ and this article outlines its development, applications to date, goodness of fit to experimental data, and discusses its strengths and weaknesses and scope for further testing and application. This article, which is dedicated to the late David Aikman, also sets out how the model can be applied to simulating weed–crop competition from simple data sets. 相似文献
12.
ABSTRACT Eleven previously published models of plant disease epidemics, given as differential equations with a rate and a shape parameter, are compared using general model characteristics as well as their usefulness in fitting observed data. Six out of the eleven models can be solved analytically resulting in epidemic growth functions, while the others can be solved only numerically. When all 11 differential equations were fitted to two data sets, all models showed a similar goodness of fit, although the shape parameter in some models could not be estimated very precisely. With respect to useful characteristics (exponential population growth at the beginning, ability to generate monomolecular disease progression, and flexibility of the inflection point), the models of Fleming, Kosman-Levy, Birch, Richards and Waggoner, and Rich are recommended. Formulas were established to calculate the point of inflection as well as the weighted absolute and relative rate, respectively, depending on the shape and rate parameter. These formulas allow transformation of the parameter values of one model into those of another model in many cases. If the two models are required to have the same temporal position of the disease progress curve, then the initial disease level at the start of the epidemic or the time when the inflection point is reached have to be transformed. 相似文献
13.
BACKGROUND: In the NAFTA regulatory community, a currently consistent methodology used to estimate dissipation times for environmental fate data is not applied. RESULTS: This work demonstrates through a case study that the inappropriate use of pseudo-first-order regression models can result in inaccurate estimates of soil degradation rates, and it proposes some statistical tools that can be used to identify an appropriate statistical model to fit a particular environmental fate dataset. Diagnostic procedures have been proposed to identify the appropriate scale, and statistical testing procedures have been proposed to select the appropriate model within that scale. CONCLUSION: Results from this work demonstrate that, unless the proposed diagnostic and statistical procedures are used, inaccurate estimates of dissipation times may result. 相似文献
14.
Hydrotime threshold models are used to describe the dynamics of seed germination in response to reduced water availability. Although these models provide several biologically relevant parameters, it is unclear which statistical technique is best suited to their estimation. Most commonly, these models are fitted to the observed cumulative proportions of germinated seeds, using nonlinear regression. However, this approach has been questioned, due to its inability to account for some characteristics of data sets obtained from germination assays, such as interval censoring and correlated observations. We used Monte Carlo simulations to determine the bias and precision of nonlinear regression estimators for a wide range of experimental designs and hypothetical plant species. Results showed that point estimates of model parameters were almost unbiased, while standard errors obtained from nonlinear regression were on average 3–4 times smaller than the Monte Carlo precision. Standard errors obtained by nonparametric resampling methods were comparable to Monte Carlo precision and provided good coverage (very close to the nominal 95% value), with at least 4–8 treatments by four replicates and 50 seeds per Petri dish. With 10 seeds per Petri dish, a higher number of replicates were necessary to achieve good coverage. In particular, good results were obtained with the grouped jackknife (delete‐a‐Petri‐dish), which accounts for repeated observations on the same Petri dish. It is suggested that nonlinear regression may be used to fit the hydrotime model, in association with resampling methods, particularly when the purpose is to compare ‘hydrotime’ parameters across treatments or plant species. 相似文献
15.
通过对储存玉米霉变初期的感官症状观察、分离菌的PCR检测及在不同环境条件下的生长预测模型建立,探讨了识别、预防储存玉米发生黄曲霉毒素及其主要产生菌污染的实用方法。结果表明:籽粒色泽及致密性改变、表面有潮湿感、粮堆内局部发热等症状的出现可表征储存玉米有可能发生真菌污染。以毒素合成相关的全局性调控因子veA基因为靶标,对污染玉米样品分离菌进行PCR检测,扩增出约1.9kb的条带,与预期大小相符,证明污染菌是黄曲霉或寄生曲霉。污染曲霉在不同玉米水分活度和环境温度下的生长数据,经Baranyi函数拟合、估测其最大生长速度,并建立了生长速度随玉米水分活度和环境温度变化的多项式回归模型;模型显示玉米水分活度和环境温度对污染曲霉的生长影响具有协同性;要确保储存玉米安全,储存参数的限值选择应远离适合污染菌生长的区域。本研究为储存玉米安全管理决策、玉米水分活度和环境温度限值的选择及调控提供支持,利于降低储存玉米的黄曲霉毒素及其主要产生曲霉(黄曲霉或寄生曲霉)的污染风险。 相似文献
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揭示杨树人工林在生长特性方面的变化规律对进一步挖掘杨树人工林的生产潜力和保证林木速生丰产具有十分重要的意义。以新疆准噶尔盆地农田防护林21a生青杨为研究对象,运用树干解析法对其树高、胸径、材积的生长规律进行调查研究。结果表明:青杨生长过程可以分为三个时期,第0～6a为幼树期,第7～15a为速生期,第16～21a为成熟期。树高速生阶段集中在第3～14a,胸径速生期为第6～16a,材积速生期为第7～15a。在胸径快速增长期间适当进行施肥管理,有利于培育优质大径材。青杨数量成熟年龄约为18a,初始防护成熟龄在第8a。建立的青杨树高、胸径和材积生长的六种模型:幂函数型、对数型、指数型、二/三次多项式回归型以及Logistic生长方程均取得较好的模拟效果(R2>0.809),三次多项式方程是模拟青杨树高和胸径生长进程的最佳模型,Logistic模型是模拟青杨材积生长进程的最佳模型。 相似文献
18.
J. Meltzer 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1972,78(3):77-88
The antibiotic MYC 8005, known as an acaricide, appeared to possess strong growth inhibiting properties, not only in immature stages of spider mites but also in larvae of several insect species. Adult mites and insects seemed not to be affected. However, the fecundity of femaleTetranychus cinnabarinus was strongly reduced by deposits of MYC 8005 on the leaves of bean plants. The feeding of adult houseflies and Colorado potato beetles with MYC 8005 resulted in complete or almost complete sterilization of the insects. The sterilizing effect appeared to be caused by inhibition of maturing processes, in particular of yolk formation in the eggs, whereas follicles looked normal. These facts, and the strong reduction of the fat body in treated insects, suggest that the lipid and protein metabolism are disturbed by MYC 8005. 相似文献
19.
ABSTRACT Breeding plants to improve the effectiveness of biocontrol agents is a promising approach to enhance disease suppression by microorganisms. Differences in biocontrol efficacy among cultivars suggest there is genetic variation for this trait within crop germplasm. The ability to quantify host differences in support of biological control is influenced by variation in host response to the pathogen and the dose of pathogen and biocontrol agent applied to the host. To assess the contribution of each of these factors to successful biocontrol interactions, we measured disease over a range of pathogen (Pythium) and biocontrol agent (Bacillus cereus UW85) inoculum doses. We fit dose-response models to these data and used model parameter estimates to quantify host differences in response to the pathogen and biocontrol agent. We first inoculated eight plant species separately with three species of Pythium and evaluated three dose-response models for their ability to describe the disease response to pathogen inoculum level. All three models fit well to at least some of the host-pathogen combinations; the hyperbolic saturation model provided the best overall fit. To quantify the host contribution to biological control, we next evaluated these models with data from a tomato assay, using six inbred tomato lines, P. torulosum, and UW85. The lowest dose of pathogen applied revealed the greatest differences in seedling mortality among the inbred lines, ranging from 40 to 80%. The negative exponential (NE) pathogen model gave the best fit to these pathogen data, and these differences corresponded to model parameter values, which quantify pathogen efficiency, of 0.023 and 0.091. At a high pathogen dose, we detected the greatest differences in biocontrol efficacy among the inbred lines, ranging from no effect to a 68% reduction in mortality. The NE pathogen model with a NE biocontrol component, the NE/NE biocontrol model, gave the best fit to these biocontrol data, and these reductions corresponded to model parameter values, which quantify biocontrol efficiency, of 0.00 and 0.038, respectively. There was no correlation between the host response to the pathogen and biocontrol agent for these inbred lines. This work demonstrates the utility of epidemiological modeling approaches for the study of biological control and lays the groundwork to employ manipulation of host genetics to improve biocontrol efficacy. 相似文献
20.
F. S. Ramalho P. A. Wanderley J. B. Malaquias K. C. V. Rodrigues J. V. S. Souza J. C. Zanuncio 《Phytoparasitica》2009,37(1):17-25
The duration of development of Bracon vulgaris Ashmead, parasitoid of the boll weevil Anthonomus grandis Boheman, was determined at nine constant temperatures between 18°C and 38°C. Nonlinear regression analysis was used to test
the fit of temperature-dependent development rates to the Sharpe and DeMichele and Lactin et al. models. At the highest tested
temperature (38°C) all the parasitoid eggs died before hatching and no evidence of development was observed. The high values
of R
2 for the models of Sharpe and DeMichele (0.8432 to 0.9834), and Lactin et al. (0.9071 to 0.9795) indicated that these models
are suitable to estimate the development rate of B. vulgaris as a function of temperature. B. vulgaris showed tolerance to high temperature which is represented by the high value of H
H (change in enthalpy associated with high-temperature inactivation of the enzyme) for the prepupa stage of this insect obtained
with the Sharpe and DeMichele model. According to that model, B. vulgaris exhibits thermal stress at 35.7°C, which indicates that maximum thermal stress estimated by this model was close to the real
one. 相似文献