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1.
基于GIS的土壤盐分时空变异及分区管理研究--以浙江省上虞市海涂围垦区为例 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
采用传统统计学和地统计相结合的方法，在GIS支持下研究了浙江省上虞市海涂围垦区一块面积为10．5hm^2的棉田在3个不同耕作时期上盐分的时空变异性，在此基础上进行了该棉田的精确分区管理研究。结果表明，海涂围垦区盐碱地土壤表层盐分具有较高的变异性，盐分变异的空问结构在时间上保持了相对稳定。盐分分布的空问趋势图显示该棉田东部地区的盐分含量较高，而北部和西部地区盐分含量相对较低。时间稳定性图显示了盐分在时间上的稳定和不稳定区域。将空间趋势图和时间稳定性图叠加所产生的管理分区图，显示了4个潜在的管理子区。最后棉花产量数据被用来验证所划分的管理子区的适用性。研究表明，根据划分的管理分区，可以对海涂围垦区土壤盐分进行精确的田问管理。 相似文献
2.
利用遥感数据时空融合技术提取水稻种植面积 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4
为解决水稻种植面积提取过程中的数据缺失问题,提出了一种利用遥感数据时空融合技术提取水稻种植面积的方法。该方法从时序MODIS数据中提取地物的时间变化信息,结合早期Landsat-ETM+影像的纹理信息,融合出具有MODIS时间分辨率和ETM+空间分辨率的影像,再利用关键期的高时空分辨率融合影像,利用光谱角分类法进行水稻种植面积的提取。以江苏省南京市江宁区为研究区对该方法进行了测试。结果显示,该方法能够有效的提取水稻种植面积,水稻种植面积提取精度为93%,Kappa系数为0.96。 相似文献
3.
Abstract. The laboratory, spatial and temporal components of variation associated with sampling soil for the measurement of pH, organic matter and extractable P, K, Mg, S, Cu, and Co were studied over two years using soil samples from 15 farms in S.E. Scotland. On each farm a selected field was divided into 4–8 sectors, and sampled three times each year, in June, August and October, by bulking 25 cores taken in a 'W' pattern. Analysis of variance showed that inter-field variation was greater than that between sampling dates for most of the properties measured. Restricted Maximum Likelihood Estimation showed that for all elements except K and S the variation between fields was greater than that within a field. Temporal variation was usually smaller than spatial, but K and Co showed similarly small temporal and spatial variations. Variation associated with laboratory procedures was much less than either spatial or temporal variation except for S, most of the total observed variation of which resulted from laboratory error. It is suggested that the most cost effective field sampling technique is to split a field into sectors, sample each individually and analyse a bulked sample made up from the sectors. 相似文献
4.
P.B.I. Akponikpè J. MinetB. Gérard P. DefournyC.L. Bielders 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2011,151(2):215-227
The rainfall pattern in the Sahel is very erratic with a high spatial variability. We tested the often reported hypothesis that the dispersion of farmers’ fields around the village territory helps mitigate agro-climatic risk by increasing yield stability from year to year. We also wished to evaluate whether this strategy had an effect on the yield disparity among households in a village. Based on a network of approximately 60 rain gauges spread over 500 km2 in the Fakara region (Southwest Niger), daily rainfall was interpolated at 300 m × 300 m resolution over a 12-year period. This data was used to compute, by means of the APSIM crop simulation model, millet biomass and grain yields at the pixel scale. Simulated yields were combined with the land tenure map of the Banizoumbou village in a GIS to assess millet yield at field and household level. Agro-climatic risk analysis was performed using linear regression between a spatial dispersion index of household fields and the inter-annual (instability) and inter-household (disparity) millet yield variability of 107 households in the village territory. We find that the spatial variability of annual rainfall induces an even higher spatial variability of millet production at pixel, field and household levels. The dispersion of farm fields reduces moderately but significantly the disparity of millet yield between households each year and increases the inter-annual yield stability of a given household. The less the household fields are scattered, the more the presence of a fertility gradient around the village enhances the inter-annual stability but also the disparity between households. Our results provide evidence that field dispersion is an effective strategy to mitigate agro-climatic risk, as claimed by farmers in the Sahelian Niger. Although the results should be confirmed by further research on longer term rainfall spatial data, it is clearly advisable that any land reforms in the area take into account the benefits of field dispersion to mitigate climatic risk. 相似文献
5.
以英国Hillsborough农业研究所附近的一块7.9 hm2的牧草田为研究区，采用地统计方法研究分析连续3年的牧草干物质产量在3个收割季节的空间变异，并研究了第一、二季其空间分布的变异在时间上的稳定性，在此基础上制作了牧草干物质产量分级管理地图。第三季由于天气原因未能收集到2001年的数据而未做时间稳定性研究。结果表明，牧草产量在第一季的空间变异最小且在时间上基本稳定，因此，在第一季，根据牧草干物质产量分级管理地图对该牧草地进行精确管理，特别是精确肥料管理，是可行的；而在第二季，牧草产量的空间分布非常零散，且在时间上表现为不稳定，目前还很难对该牧草地进行精确管理。 相似文献
6.
The Representative Soil Sampling Scheme of England and Wales: the spatial variation of topsoil nutrient status and pH between 1971 and 2001 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Representative Soil Sampling Scheme (RSSS) has monitored the soil of agricultural land in England and Wales since 1969. Here we describe the first spatial analysis of the data from these surveys using geostatistics. Four years of data (1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001) were chosen to examine the nutrient (available K, Mg and P) and pH status of the soil. At each farm, four fields were sampled; however, for the earlier years, coordinates were available for the farm only and not for each field. The averaged data for each farm were used for spatial analysis and the variograms showed spatial structure even with the smaller sample size. These variograms provide a reasonable summary of the larger scale of variation identified from the data of the more intensively sampled National Soil Inventory. Maps of kriged predictions of K generally show larger values in the central and southeastern areas (above 200 mg L?1) and an increase in values in the west over time, whereas Mg is fairly stable over time. The kriged predictions of P show a decline over time, particularly in the east, and those of pH show an increase in the east over time. Disjunctive kriging was used to examine temporal changes in available P using probabilities less than given thresholds of this element. The RSSS was not designed for spatial analysis, but the results show that the data from these surveys are suitable for this purpose. The results of the spatial analysis, together with those of the statistical analyses, provide a comprehensive view of the RSSS database as a basis for monitoring the soil. These data should be taken into account when future national soil monitoring schemes are designed. 相似文献
7.
基于土壤电导率时空变异性的管理分区技术研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A coastal saline field of 10.5 ha was selected as the study site and 122 bulk electrical conductivity （ECb） measurements were performed thrice in situ in the topsoil （0-20 cm） across the field using a hand held device to assess the spatial variability and temporal stability of the distribution of soil electrical conductivity （EC）, to identify the management zones using cluster analysis based on the spatiotemporal variability of soil EC, and to evaluate the probable potential for sitespecific management in coastal regions with conventional statistics and geostatistical techniques. The results indicated high coefficients of variation for topsoil salinity over all the three samplings. The spatial structure of the salinity variability remained relatively stable with time. Kriged contour maps, drawn on the basis of spatial variance structure of the data, showed the spatial trend of the salinity distribution and revealed areas of consistently high or consistently low salinity, while a temporal stability map indicated stable and unstable regions. On the basis of the spatiotemporal characteristics, cluster analysis divided the site into three potential management zones, each with different characteristics that could have an impact on the way the field was managed. On the basis of the clearly defined management zones it was concluded that coastal saline land could be managed in a site-specific way. 相似文献
8.
Quantification of the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of soil fauna is a relatively new area of research, and has been proposed as the key to understanding the high diversity typical of soil fauna communities. Field research on the relationships among the spatial distribution patterns of trees, litter and earthworm surface casting was carried out in two agroforestry fields in a rugged area of western Honduras. Grid-based sampling at a scale of 2-20 m was employed to determine whether any spatial relationships existed among these variables at this fine scale. Each field was sampled twice at either 2 or 3 week intervals, to determine the short-term stability of spatial relationships. The spatial distribution of litter showed a strong pattern of aggregation, whereas earthworm cast distribution did not exhibit strong spatial autocorrelation. However, the spatial distribution patterns of each of these variables were well explained by the spatial arrangement of trees in both sites. Fitted model cross-semivariograms explained between 70% and 90% of the total variation in cross-semivariance between tree density and litter cover, and between tree density and earthworm cast weight. The results of the study suggest that farmers may be able to manipulate populations of earthworms indirectly by managing the spatial arrangement of trees within their crop fields. Planning the distribution of trees could allow farmers to create ‘patches’ of organic resources within fields, while minimising the negative effects of trees on crop growth due to competition for light, water and nutrients. Over the short time scale of the study, unusually heavy rainfall led to substantial changes in spatial distribution patterns of earthworm cast activity and litter cover, which may otherwise not have occurred. This result emphasises the need to take into account short-term temporal change during ecological studies at fine spatial scales. 相似文献
9.
Scale-dependent correlation between topsoil copper and cobalt concentrations in Scotland 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
The soil of south-east Scotland is locally deficient in copper and cobalt. Measurements from nearly 3000 fields for which the soil association is known were analysed to study the coregionalization of the two elements and to assess the influence of parent material on the metals' concentrations. The experimental auto- and cross-variograms revealed distinct local (1.5 km) and regional (20 km) scales of spatial variation. A combination of indicator variograms of the soil associations had the same spatial structures, suggesting that parent material influences the concentrations of the metals. The coregionalization between copper and cobalt was modelled as a linear combination of three spatial structures. The resulting structural correlation coefficients showed the two elements to be fairly strongly positively correlated at the regional scale. Kriging allowed determination and mapping of each spatial component; these maps were then compared with the spatial distribution of soil associations in the region. An analysis of variance was performed before and after filtering out the nugget and short-range spatial components. Classification by soil association (parent material) accounted for a large proportion of the variance at the regional scale, suggesting that the parent material contributes substantially more to the trace element content of the soil than had been thought earlier. 相似文献
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红壤区土壤有机碳时间变异及合理采样点数量研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
相对于土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)空间变异性及合理采样点数量的研究,其时间变异性及揭示特定时段SOC变化所需采样点数量的研究较少。选择红壤丘陵区的江西省余江县为研究区,分析了1982—2007年SOC含量的时间变异特征,并估算了揭示该时段SOC变化所需土壤采样点数量。结果表明,1982—2007年SOC含量均值由14.18增至16.27 g kg-1,增幅为14.74%,其变异系数则由0.22上升为0.44。各土地利用方式中,水田和林地SOC含量分别增加了2.93和3.12g kg-1,而旱地则降低了2.55 g kg-1;同时各利用方式的SOC含量变异系数均出现较大幅度的提高。基于两时段的全部样点,在95%和90%置信区间上,计算得到揭示该时段全县SOC时间变异所需的采样点数量分别为186和147。基于各土地利用方式的SOC变化,计算得到水田、旱地和林地所需采样点数量分别为68、44和144(95%置信区间)及54、34和112(90%置信区间);揭示旱地SOC变化所需采样点数量应为水田的60%以上,而林地所需样点则为水田的2倍以上。该研究结果可为红壤区SOC时间变异性及其调查采样提供参考。 相似文献
13.
Alfonso Llanderal Pedro García-Caparrós Juana Isabel Contreras María Luz Segura 《Journal of plant nutrition》2019,42(4):333-343
The aim of this trial was to study the spatial and temporal variability of the leaf nutrient concentration in tomato intensive crop under greenhouse, to know the number of sub-samples needed to be taken to obtain a representative sample and the influence by the position in the greenhouses. The experiment consisted on the selection of 20 sample points over the greenhouse with one tomato plant per sample point. One fully expanded leaf by sample point with an interval of a week were taken. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), sodium (Na), and chloride (Cl) were determined in each sample. According to these results, N, P, K, S, Cl, and Na concentration showed no variation over the time. The spatial variability of N, P, and K could be related with the light intensity and yield. The suggested number of leaf sub-sample ranging from 25 to 126 depending on nutrient. 相似文献
14.
Dennis Timlin Yakov Pachepsky Charles Walthall Sara Loechel 《Soil & Tillage Research》2001,58(3-4):219-231
Crop yield maps may contain substantial corollary information regarding the distribution of yield related soil properties across a landscape. One of these properties is water holding capacity (WHC). Since WHC is an important parameter for crop models and is also critical for crop yield, our objective was to determine if WHC could be estimated by matching simulated yield with yield map data. We collected soil cores for water retention measurements and recorded plant phenological stages from 60 plots on four transects over two growing seasons (1997 and 1998). Soil cores were also sampled on 40 other locations set out on a grid pattern. We utilized a simple water budget model that uses the relative transpiration ratio to calculate relative yield from available water in the soil profile. Rainfall, potential evapotranspiration and soil water holding capacity are input. An optimization program varies the WHC to produce a grain yield similar to the one from the yield map at a particular location. This analysis was carried out over several scales by averaging yields over 55 m×71 m, 27 m×35 m, and 11 m×14 m areas. Yield data from 2 years were used. Yields from the transects in both years were significantly related to measured WHC in the surface 0–10 cm of soil. The calculated stress indices from the water budget model and estimated available WHC calculated for the 1997 data were similar to those calculated for the 1998 data where data were aggregated in 27 by 35 m or larger blocks. The contour map of estimated WHC was similar to the map of measured WHC for some features though there were also some differences. Use of multiple years of yield data are required to give stable results for estimated water holding capacities.. This information could be used in a farm management plan by allowing a producer to classify a field into areas that are buffered against drought and areas more susceptible to drought. 相似文献
15.
F. S. Mairura D. N. Mugendi J. I. Mwanje J. J. Ramisch P. K. Mbugua J. N. Chianu 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2008,19(1):77-90
The following study was conducted to determine smallholders' land use management practices and agricultural indicators of soil quality within farmers' fields in Chuka and Gachoka divisions in Kenya's Central Highlands. Data on cropping practices and soil indicators were collected from farmers through face‐to‐face interviews and field examinations. Farmers characterised their fields into high and low fertility plots, after which soils were geo‐referenced and sampled at surface depth (0–20 cm) for subsequent physical and chemical analyses. Farmers' indicators for distinguishing productive and non‐productive fields included crop yield, crop performance and weed species. Soils that were characterised as fertile, had significantly higher chemical characteristics than the fields that were of poor quality. Fertile soils had significantly higher pH, total organic carbon, exchangeable cations and available nitrogen. Factor analysis identified four main factors that explained 76 per cent of the total variance in soil quality. The factors were connected with farmers' soil assessment indicators and main soil processes that influenced soil quality in Central Kenya. Soil fertility and crop management practices that were investigated indicated that farmers understood and consequently utilised spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability in soil quality status within their farms to maintain and enhance agricultural productivity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
Exploring the spatial relations between cereal yield and soil chemical properties and the implications for sampling 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Abstract. In general, agricultural management has focused on differences between fields or on the gross differences within them. Recent developments in agricultural technology, yield mapping, Global Positioning Systems and variable rate applications, have made it possible to consider managing the considerable variation in soil and other properties within fields. This system is known as precision agriculture. More precise management of fields depends on a better understanding of the factors that affect crop input decisions. This paper examines the spatial variation in crop yield, soil nutrient status and soil pH within two agricultural fields using geostatistics. The observed properties vary considerably within each field. The relation between yield and the measured soil properties appears to be weak in general. However, the range of spatial correlation for yield, shown by the variogram, is similar to that of the soil chemical properties. In addition the latter changed little over two years. This suggests that information on the scale of variation of soil chemical properties can be derived from yield maps, which can also be used as a guide to a suitable sampling interval for soil properties. 相似文献
17.
Stratification of a region based on soil map delineations followed by within-stratum interpolation is sometimes used to combine soil maps and spatial interpolation. However, not all delineations are equally suitable to subdivide an area into precisely located mutually exclusive strata. This paper proposes a flow-path to characterize the nature of soil map delineations and a methodology to integrate the properties of map delineations into ordinary kriging.Four types of delineations were distinguished based on three criteria: the nature of transition (discontinuous or gradual), the mapping accuracy, and the structure of the within-unit spatial variation. For each type of delineation the ordinary kriging algorithm was modified to integrate its properties in the interpolation.As a test case, the sand content of the topsoil in the province of West-Flanders (Belgium) was mapped, using independent test data for validation. Inside the mapping units and at delineations identified as gradual transitions, our procedure, termed ordinary kriging integrating properties of map delineations (OKPD) , performed similarly to stratified ordinary kriging (SOK). However, close to the delineations identified as inaccurately mapped discontinuities the mean square prediction error of OKPD was 0.64 times that of SOK. Moreover, near these delineations, the prediction variance was largely underestimated by SOK (relative variance = 5.1), whereas OKPD produced a more realistic value (relative variance = 1.5). 相似文献
18.
Microbial population dynamics related to temporal variations in nitrification in three arable fields 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
R. E. Wheatley † S. Caul D. Crabb T. J. Daniell B. S. Griffiths & K. Ritz 《European Journal of Soil Science》2003,54(4):707-714
It seems possible that soil potential nitrification rates (PNRs) are determined by the size and structure of both the eubacterial and nitrifier populations. We have examined this possibility by comparing the structure of the eubacterial community with the subcomponents and dynamics of the ammonium‐oxidizer population, within and between three arable fields. PNRs were significantly different between the three fields and also showed significantly different temporal patterns within each field. The use of eubacterial primers in polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (PCR–DGGE) analyses indicated that the bacterial community structure in each field was significantly different from that in the others, and that the bacterial components of these communities changed with time through the season. In contrast, PCR–DGGE analyses specific to ammonium oxidizers suggested that the populations in all three fields were similar in types and did not vary with time. Competitive PCR suggested that there were large and biologically significant differences in the size of the nitrifier population between the three fields, but that within each individual field populations did not change over time. Sequencing identified the ammonium oxidizers in the Nitrosospira spp. cluster. There was also no relation between the size of the nitrifier populations and PNR. Functional expression, as PNR, apparently responded to changes in eubacterial community structure. 相似文献
19.
Management of agricultural fields based on yield patterns may help farmers adopt environmentally friendly farming practices. Our objective was to investigate landscape and hydrologic attributes that affect spatial clusters of corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) yields. The study was conducted at Iowa State University's northeastern research center near Nashua, Iowa, from 1993 to 1998. The yield data, normalized for annual climatic variability, were used in cluster and discriminant analysis, and the landscape and hydrologic data were overlain using ArcGIS software. Three clusters of low, medium and high categories were formed using 10 iterations with zero convergence options and satisfying the R2, pseudo F-statistic and cubic clustering criteria. The spatial clusters, however, varied greatly over space and time domain for the study period. The map overlay analysis using ArcGIS showed that high yield clusters were affected by soil and lower elevation levels in the below average precipitation year of 1994. The annual normalized subsurface drainage volume, nitrate leaching losses, soil type and topographic attributes of slope, aspect, and curvature were used in stepwise discriminant analysis to identify the variables significantly related to the clusters. Soil and topographic attributes of curvature and aspect contributed significantly in cluster formations for four of the six years at P ≤ 0.15. The results suggest that cluster and discriminant analysis can be useful for identification of soil and topographic attributes affecting corn and soybean yield patterns, which can help in delineation of management zones for site specific management practices. 相似文献
20.
乡镇尺度烟田土壤有机质时空变异性研究——以襄城县紫云镇为例 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为探明田块尺度烟田土壤有机质(SOM)的时空变异特征,本研究采用地统计学和地理信息系统(GIS)相结合的方法,分析了豫中襄城县紫云镇某个约4 hm2的烟田2013年和2014年4月、7月、10月合计6个时期耕层SOM的时空变异特征。结果表明:该田块各个时期SOM的变异系数差异较小;每年不同时期SOM的平均含量表现为先降后升的变化趋势,7月的含量显著低于4月和10月。各时期SOM空间最大相关距离范围在26~203 m;2013年4月和2014年7月SOM具有中等的空间自相关性,其他时期均表现为强烈的空间自相关性。研究田块SOM的稳定高值区主要分布在西部,稳定低值区主要集中在中部;SOM的时间稳定和较稳定级别区域面积很广,占总面积的90.89%。在时空变异研究的基础上,辅以时间稳定性分析能够更好地量化烟田SOM的时空分布,可为研究区更为精确、高效的施肥和田间管理提供决策依据。 相似文献