共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 515 毫秒
1.
A rapid, straightforward starch dissolution method was developed to facilitate analysis of starch by size-exclusion chromatrography (SEC). Soft wheat starch was dispersed in 6 M urea and 1 M KOH and subjected to heating for 35, 45, or 60 s in a microwave oven as a potential means of starch dissolution. An increase in microwave heating time enhanced starch solubility but resulted in a steady decrease in amylopectin peak area and a consequent, artifactual increase in the amylose peak area due to molecular degradation. However, microwave heating for 35 s afforded a reasonable separation of starch fractions by SEC while minimizing molecular degradation of starch in comparison to a traditional starch dissolution procedure. This procedure provides a fast (<30 min), simple, and reproducible starch dissolution method for preparation of starches for SEC analysis and represents the first successful report of direct dissolution of granular starch via microwave heating. 相似文献
2.
The effects of various salts on the gelatinization and rheological properties of sago starch have been studied using differential scanning calorimetry, small deformation oscillation, and large deformation techniques. The presence of salts affected the gelatinization peak temperature, T(p), gelatinization enthalpy, DeltaH, swelling properties, storage modulus, G', gel strength, GS, and gelation rate constants, k, depending on the type of salt and the concentration. Their influence followed the Hofmeister series, and the effect of anions was more pronounced than that of cations. Sulfate ions increased T(p), G', GS, and k and reduced the swelling properties, whereas iodide and thiocyanate ions reduced T(p), G', GS, and k but increased the swelling properties. For all of the salts studied except for Na(2)SO(4), T(p) increased to a maximum and then decreased again at higher salt concentrations while DeltaH reduced with concentration. In the presence of MgCl(2), CaCl(2), and LiCl complex behavior was observed such that at approximately 3.5 M MgCl(2) and CaCl(2) and 8 M LiCl the starch samples were gelatinized at room temperature, whereas at much higher concentration T(p) increased again and the transition became exothermic. 相似文献
3.
The small deformation rheological properties of wheat flour doughs in relation to their structure and hydration were studied by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and electron spin resonance. The effect of salt and triglycerides was also examined and compared with results we obtained previously on starch dispersions. Moisture content was adjusted to 48 or 60% (w/w, wb). Samples contained 0–16% NaCl (g/100 g of flour‐water) and 0–18% triolein or lard (g/100 g of flour‐water). The obtained results suggested that starch has an active role in determining the evolution of dough rheological characteristics during heating. The main factors controlling rheological behavior during thermal treatment are the volume fraction and deformability of starch granules. Gluten changes the viscoelasticity of the continuous phase and competes with starch for water. The addition of sodium chloride to flour dispersions shifted the structural disorganization and rigidity increased during heating to higher temperatures. At >7% NaCl, the reverse effect was observed. The mechanism controlling the effect of salt on dough rheological behavior was explained in terms of effect on water properties and on starch structure and hydration. Triglycerides had a lubricant effect (i.e., lowering G′ modulus) on the wheat flour dough system. These effects are of great importance for production and quality of bakery products. 相似文献
4.
Changes in pH and pasting properties of instant‐noodle formula dry‐mix suspensions containing each of 12 phosphate salts were investigated. The pH values of solutions alone and then solution and flour suspensions decreased as the level of phosphate salts increased, except that of trisodium phosphate, which increased the pH value. The changes in the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) pasting parameters of instant‐noodle formula suspensions were not consistent with the respective changes in pH, but the change trends of the RVA parameters for the two different wheat flours (hard red winter and soft white wheat) were similar. Five of the phosphate salts gradually increased the RVA peak viscosity (PV) as phosphate concentration increased. Seven other phosphate salts increased the PV at 0.05% and then decreased PV as the phosphate concentration increased. The change in trough viscosity owing to phosphate salt and concentration was similar to that of PV. The final viscosity (FV) gradually declined, to varying degrees, as the phosphate concentration increased for some of the phosphate salts. However, seven of the phosphate salts caused slight increases in FV as their concentrations increased. The response of starch gelatinization and pasting behavior, as measured by RVA, indicated that phosphate salts exert an influence on starch during heating in water. Because RVA parameters have been linked to instant‐noodle processing and textural properties, phosphate salt identity and concentration can likely be manipulated to affect end‐product quality. 相似文献
5.
6.
加入不同量生物质炭盐渍化土壤盐分淋洗的差异与特征 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
生物质炭作为土壤调理剂,能够显著地改良培肥土壤,但对盐渍化土壤盐分淋洗的影响缺乏研究和了解。本研究采用土柱模拟试验,将蘑菇棒生物质炭按照不同的质量比(0%、2%、5%、10%),添加到内蒙古河套地区硫酸盐盐渍化土壤0～20 cm的土层中,并进行淋洗,测定淋出液和土壤盐分及主要盐分离子含量,以期了解生物质炭对土壤盐分和主要盐分离子洗脱的影响。结果表明:加入生物质炭的土柱,淋洗液出现的时间提前了5～36 d,电导率降低至5 mS cm-1缩短了41～100 d;生物质炭加入量越大,淋洗液出现的时间越早,电导率降低至5 mS cm-1所需的时间也越少。其中,生物质炭用量2%的处理,淋洗结束表层脱盐效果较好,含盐量与对照相比降低了34.25%。显然,向盐渍化土壤加入生物质炭,不仅能够缩短盐分洗脱时间,而且提高洗盐效率,但对盐分离子洗脱先后顺序及其速率,并没有表现出明显的影响。 相似文献
7.
为探究一维饱和介质中考虑密度驱动条件下的盐分迁移规律，在室内开展了从土柱顶端释放NaCl盐溶液的密度驱动下盐分迁移试验，结果表明：浓度为100 g/L的盐溶液从顶部释放后仅720 min土柱底部浓度即达到最大值；土柱顶部释放的盐分浓度越高密度驱动效果越明显，迁移到土柱底部（深度70～100 cm）的盐分含量占比越高；释放盐分浓度为6、12、40、60、100、150 g/L时底部盐分含量占比分别为33.3%、36.7%、38.0%、40.0%、40.2%、47.1%。为对比密度驱动和浓度弥散作用下的盐分迁移规律差异，开展了从土柱底部释放高浓度盐溶液的反向弥散试验，结果表明：试验期内密度驱动对盐分迁移的影响效果远大于浓度弥散作用，试验进行30 d后弥散作用仅对土柱底部20 cm范围内的浓度分布产生影响；底部释放盐分浓度越高，向上的弥散通量越大，但对浓度的重分布影响不明显，浓度为6、40、60、100 g/L的NaCl溶液试验进行15 d后土柱底部20 cm范围内含盐量占比依次增大，分别为37.5%、62.4%、72.7%、82.7%。该研究量化分析了在密度驱动和弥散作用下盐分的迁移规律，可为干旱灌区盐分平衡规律的研究提供一定的理论依据。 相似文献
8.
滨海盐土脱盐过程中pH变化及碱化问题研究 总被引：25，自引：0，他引：25
对滨海重盐土室内淋洗模拟脱盐过程的分析研究结果表明：随着含盐量的下降,Ｎａ＾＋、Ｃｌ＾－、ＳＯ４＾２－、Ｃａ＾２＋和Ｋ＾＋的绝对含量都逐渐减少,ＨＣＯ３＾－逐渐增加;Ｃｌ＾－和Ｎａ＾＋的相对含量逐渐下降,而ＳＯ４＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｋ＾＋特别是Ｃａ＾２＋、ＨＣＯ３＾－的相对含量逐渐增加,当含盐量降至１ｇ／ｋｇ以下时结果更加明显。由于各离子的迁移能力不同,导致土壤的盐分化学类型由Ｃｌ－Ｎａ向ＨＣＯ３－Ｃａ转化。淋洗试验中淋洗液的盐分化学类型变化滞后于土样。ｐＨ值在整个脱盐过程中先上升后下降,ｐＨ值下降时的土壤含盐量在小于１ｇ／ｋｇ范围。在ｐＨ值先上升后下降的变化过程中,Ｃａ＾２＋含量是先下降后上升,而ＨＣＯ３＾－含量是先上升后下降,残余碳酸钠（ＲＳＣ）的变化趋势也与ＨＣＯ３＾－一样,土壤ｐＨ值与可溶性Ｃａ＾２＋含 相似文献
9.
Ayaz Mehmood Arshad Hussain Bilal Beig Zaib Jahan Nida Zafar 《Journal of plant nutrition》2019,42(10):1218-1229
To address nitrogen (N)-related environmental pollution, development of an economical, slow-release urea fertilizer is the need of the hour. A study was conducted on the reduction of nitrogen released from granular urea fertilizer by applying sulfur, gypsum, bentonite, and starch as coating material. Paraffin wax was used as a binder. The dissolution rates were studied by changing the composition of coating mixture using high-performance liquid chromatography. SEM was used to study the morphology of coated urea in terms of smoothness and uniformity. The ultraviolet spectroscopy analysis further authenticated the release behavior of coated urea in terms of nitrogen concentration. Coating material reduced the release rate of nitrogen from urea fertilizer, significantly. Mixture of sulfur and gypsum coating on urea gave slowest release rate of nitrogen from urea fertilizer, i.e., 37%, as compared to uncoated urea and thus seems to be the most promising binding material for product development. 相似文献
10.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(8):883-895
When evaluating phosphate rock (PR) dissolution, previous to the extraction with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), dry soil samples with PR were extracted with three solutions to remove exchangeable and solution calcium (Ca) [sodium chloride (NaCl) 1 M, buffered NaCl with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (NaCl–EDTA), and NaCl buffered at pH 7 with triethanolamine (TEA) (NaCl–TEA)] for comparison with the extraction of soil samples without any prewash. In acidic soils, up to 51% of applied P was recovered during the NaCl extraction because of the high exchangeable acidity released during the extraction. In soils with exchangeable Ca>2 cmol(+)kg?1, high EDTA quantities also promoted PR dissolution. The NaCl–TEA solution efficiently removed Ca, avoiding PR dissolution and P retention by calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] during the NaOH extraction. Thus, when evaluating PR dissolution we recommend the use of NaCl–TEA to remove Ca. We also recommend the same procedure when applying the Chang and Jackson fractionation to calcareous soils and soils submitted to PR application. 相似文献
11.
F. D. Mikayilov 《Eurasian Soil Science》2007,40(5):544-554
Analytical solutions were given for the problem of dissolution and leaching of salts in waterlogged regions with deep and shallow water tables under surface salinization and with account for equilibrium sorption (characterized by a linear exchange isotherm) and the problem of nonequilibrium irreversible sorption (characterized by biological transformation in the soil solution, which follows the first-order kinetics). A method was developed for determining the hydrochemical parameters (mixing step and dissolution rate coefficient of solidphase salts) from the average salt contents of water-saturated soils of given thickness before and after leaching determined under laboratory and field conditions. 相似文献
12.
Szymońska J Wieczorek J Molenda M Bielańska E 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(11):4054-4059
Potato and wheat starch granules were soaked in 1% aqueous solutions of copper(II) salts: acetate, chloride, and sulfate. Such treatment caused sorption of Cu(2+) ions at the granule surface and their penetration into the granule interior as was proven, for sectioned granules of investigated starch, by scanning electron microscopy combined with an X-ray microanalysis system (energy dispersive spectroscopy). Copper ions incorporated into the granules influenced the starch thermal stability. Uptake of Cu(2+) by potato, determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, was much higher than obtained for the wheat starch. Moreover, it was dependent on copper counteranions present in the solution. In all investigated granules, the most effective sorption occurred in the acetate solution. Starch dehydration or/and freezing and thawing, affecting the water-dependent inner structure of the granules, also influenced the amount of Cu(2+) taken from the solutions. Thus, compared to that in native starch, this value was considerably higher in Cu(CH 3COO)2, almost unchanged in CuSO4, and significantly lower in the case of CuCl2 solution. The influence of chloride and sulfate anions seemed to correlate with their water structure-making and structure-breaking ability, affecting the migration of Cu(2+) in the amorphous parts of the granules. However, high Cu uptake observed for acetate solution could be explained on the basis of acetate anion hydrolysis activating the polysaccharide matrix for cation binding. The obtained results provide new information about interactions of starch granules with salt solution and therefore support our understanding of starch properties. 相似文献
13.
利用放射性I131和S35研究松沙土土体和地下水盐分的运动 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
盐碱土表土盐分积累的来源,不仅与地下水埋深及其矿化度有关,而且与土体盐分再分配有关。本试验是利用放射性I131(NaI131)和S35(Na2S35O4)的示踪方法,探讨在含盐地下水正常补给情况下,土体和地下水盐分运行的一些规律,有助于全面了解表土积盐的过程。 相似文献
14.
R L Smith D M Sullivan E F Richter 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1987,70(5):912-915
A positive bias in the gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of butter for beta-sitosterol was discovered when attempting to confirm values by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The source of the problem was traced to an interfering material that was not effectively separated by packed column GC. Because capillary columns are known to provide superior separation, they were substituted for packed columns in the assay, and instrument parameters were modified accordingly. A compound with a similar retention time, identified by GC/MS as lanosterol, was separated from beta-sitosterol by the capillary column. The capillary column technique was applied to over 300 butter samples. The results indicate that the method can accurately quantitate beta-sitosterol in butter with no known interferences. The limit of detection for this method is 1 mg/100 g. Recoveries at a level of 3 mg/100 g averaged 98% with a coefficient of variation of 3.45%. 相似文献
15.
Branch chain-length distribution of amylopectin plays an important role on the characteristics of starch. One of the adapted protocols for determining the chain-length distribution and mass proportion of starch molecules is that starch is debranched with isoamylase and then analyzed by using high-performance size-exclusion chromatography coupled with multiangle laser-light scattering and refractive index detection (HPSEC-MALS-RI). However, ammonium sulfate in commercial isoamylase and acetate in debranching buffer give significant interferences on the chromatograms because of their undesirable ionic interactions with column sorbent materials. This study deals with development for correcting those interferences. A weak anion-exchange resin or selective precipitation with barium acetate was employed to remove sulfate prior to HPSEC determination. The interference of acetate was overcome by means of high ionic strength eluent, 0.3 M sodium nitrate. The specific refractive index increment (dn/dc) of amylodextrin was determined to be 0.147 using the modified conditions and was applied to calculate the molecular weight distribution of debranched starch molecules. 相似文献
16.
A DSC study on the gel-sol transition of a starch and hsian-tsao leaf gum mixed system 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Differential scanning calorimetric analysis was performed on the admixture of 4% hsian-tsao leaf gum and 8% wheat starch as a function of salt types and concentrations. The salt concentrations (C(s)) studied were 5-100 mM for sodium and potassium chloride, and 3.4-34 mM for calcium and magnesium chloride. It was found that hsian-tsao leaf gum or starch alone did not present a readily recognizable exothermic peak or endothermic peak during cooling or heating in DSC. However, mixing these two polymers promoted the intermolecular binding and subsequent gelation of the mixtures as evidenced by the DSC exothermic and endothermic peaks during cooling and heating, respectively. The setting and melting temperatures of such a mixed system shifted progressively to higher temperatures with increasing concentrations of added salts. It was considered that the aggregated mixed polymers formed thermally stable junction zones with higher binding energies. The thermal behavior change was more remarkable by the addition of K(+) than by Na(+), and by Ca(2+) than by Mg(2+). For monovalent cations, the DSC heating and cooling curves showed a single endothermic and exothermic peak. For divalent cations at low concentration, the DSC curves showed a single peak. However, with sufficient divalent cations, the DSC curves eventually developed a bimodal character. A mixed system with sufficient Ca(2+) could form firm gel that was difficult to remelt completely upon heating to 130 degrees C, indicating the possibility of the formation of ionic bonds through cross-links with the carboxyl groups in hsian-tsao leaf gum. 相似文献
17.
The effects of extrusion variables (moisture, screw speed, and temperature) and chemicals (urea and sodium bicarbonate) on the properties of starch-based binders (water absorption, bulk density, binder yield, expansion ratio, solubility, pH) and processing conditions (die temperature and pressure, feed rate, and specific mechanical energy) were studied using a central composite design. All quadratic regression models, except the models for bulk density and pH, were significant at the P ≤ 0.06 level. These models can predict the binder properties and processing conditions when extrusion variables and the chemical concentrations are known. Optimum combinations of the chemical concentrations (g/100 g of starch) and extrusion variables to achieve high water absorption in the binders were 15–20 g of urea /100 g of starch, 0–4 g of sodium bicarbonate/100 g of starch, 35–40 g of moisture/100 g of starch, 100–120 rpm screw speed, and 185–215°C barrel temperature. The molecular degradation of the starch occurred during extrusion, especially when the moisture content of starch was <30 g/100 g of starch. 相似文献
18.
J J Nelson 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1976,59(2):243-250
Quantitation of o- and p-sulfamoylbenzoic acid residues in saccharin and its sodium salt is achieved by a method comprising methanolic extraction and high-performance ion exchange chromatography. A commercially available anion exchange column was employed with an aqueous buffered (pH 9.2) mobile phase. As little as 80 ppm of the ortho-isomer and 25 ppm of the para-isomer can be accurately determined. The levels of detectability (2 times noise) are estimated as 8 ppm (0.16 mug on column) and 2.5 ppm (0.05 mug on column), respectively. Recoveries from saccharin ranged from 92.7 to 96.5% (ortho) and from 92.2 to 103.3% (para). Recoveries from the sodium salt ranged from 93.1 to 104.4% (ortho) and from 93.5 to 97.8% (para). Of 9 other potential saccharin impurities tested separately, only one was found to interfere slightly in the chromatographic part of the procedure. 相似文献
19.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(17-18):1745-1752
Abstract The potassium salts used as extracting solutions to determine soil inorganic nitrogen contain nitrogen impurities which could introduce a small error into the analysis. Ammonium nitrogen can be removed from the extracting solutions by raising the pH of the solution to pH 11.0 by the addition of 1 Molar potassium hydroxide and then boiling and stirring for a period of 15 minutes to expel all the ammonia. The pH can be readjusted to 6.0 with an appropriate dilute acid depending on the potassium salt being purified. As there is no simple method for the removal of nitrate it is suggested that the potassium salts are tested and a batch with a low level of nitrate selected for use where soil nitrate levels are expected to be low. 相似文献
20.
David Santiago‐Ramos Juan de Dios Figueroa‐Crdenas Jos Juan Vles‐Medina Rosalía Reynoso‐Camacho Minerva Ramos‐Gmez Marcela Gaytn‐Martínez Eduardo Morales‐Snchez 《Cereal Chemistry》2015,92(5):475-480
The objective of the present work was to study the effect of annealing and concentration of Ca(OH)2 (lime) and calcium salts on the thermal and rheological properties of maize starch during an ecological nixtamalization process. Thermal and rheological properties of maize starch changed during the ecological nixtamalization process because of three main causes: the annealing phenomenon, type of calcium salt, and calcium salt concentration. In all treatments thermal properties (To, Tp, and Tf) of nixtamal starch increased owing to the annealing process, whereas the type of salt or lime increased thermal properties and decreased pasting properties in this order: CaCl2 > CaSO4 > Ca(OH)2 ≈ CaCO3. This behavior was because of the dissociation of each salt or lime in water. Anions (OH−) can penetrate much more easily into the starch granule and start the gelatinization process by rupturing hydrogen bonds. Additionally, amylose‐lipid complexes were formed during the nixtamalization processes, as indicated by an increasing peak at 4.5 Å in X‐ray diffraction patterns. 相似文献