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1.
Individual and combined effects of light‐trapping, biological and chemical control on Lycoriella solani (Winnertz) populations in experimental mushroom production cubicles were examined. During three weeks following the introduction of recorded numbers of adult L solani into experimental cubicles, light‐traps caught a maximum 74% of flies initially released. However, light‐trapping stimulated adult fly activity and immature stages in the growing substrate throughout the experiment. Consequently, no yield improvements, independently or in combination with biological control agents, were recorded. Incorporation of diazinon (25 mg AI kg−1) to compost following pasteurisation did not significantly reduce subsequent emergence of adult sciarids. Additional drench application of diflubenzuron (1 g AI m−2) to the casing layer reduced the number of immature sciarids during the first cropping period by 99% (P < 0.001). However, inclusion of chemical insecticides reduced the mushroom yield during this period by 14% (P < 0.001). Introduction of the predatory mite Hypoaspis miles (Berlese) to the compost during its colonisation by mycelium of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) reduced emergence of adult sciarids by 87% (P < 0.05). Later introduction of H miles at the beginning of the case‐run period was less effective. Application of the parasitic nematode, Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev (=S bibionis Bovien, after Poinar, 1990)) to the compost during its colonisation by mycelium of A bisporus had no immediate effect on sciarid emergence and provided only limited reduction at later crop stages. Similar application immediately after casing reduced sciarid emergence at first flush by 82% (P < 0.05). Irrespective of application time, a formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) var israeliensis had no significant effect on sciarid emergence or mushroom yields at any production stage. © Crown copyright 2000. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
2.
Afsheen Shamshad 《Pest management science》2010,66(10):1063-1074
Mushrooms are susceptible to a range of diseases and pests that can cause serious crop loss. Effective pest and pathogen control is a very important factor for the maintenance of efficient production of cultivated mushrooms. Integrated pest management in mushrooms is reliant upon four main principals/elements: sanitation, exclusion, monitoring and pest control. Bradysia ocellaris (Comstock) and Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour) (Diptera: Sciaridae) are major pests of cultivated mushrooms, Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. These pests cause losses in yield through larval damage of the compost, mycelium and sporophores, and affect the structural features of the compost itself. Adult flies of these species also act as vectors for the introduction of mites and fungal diseases in cultivated mushrooms. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
3.
BACKGROUND: Mushroom cultivation may be adversely affected by insect pests, including sciarids (Lycoriella spp.), which were previously controlled by application of chemical pesticides. However, owing to food safety and environmental concerns, availability of pesticides for use during mushroom cultivation has diminished. Consequently, it is imperative to investigate alternative control strategies, not reliant on chemical pesticides, which may be used in an integrated pest management system. RESULTS: Application of the predatory mite Hypoaspis miles Berlese to commercial mushroom‐growing beds at the beginning of spawn run or just prior to casing (830 mites m?2) significantly reduced immature sciarids, Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour), in the growing substrate and also adult activity towards the conclusion of cropping. A trend towards lower sciarid emergence from substrates and reduced adult sciarid activity was observed following the application of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (1.5 × 106 nematodes m?2) at casing. No significant treatment effects on mushroom yield were observed. However, contamination of the mushroom crop by adult sciarids increased in untreated controls. Application of H. miles required a 12‐fold increase in labour when compared with application of S. feltiae. CONCLUSION: Contingent upon the development of an effective application system, H. miles has potential for the biological control of sciarids in commercial mushroom production. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
4.
BACKGROUND: The triazole-based antiviral nucleoside ribavirin exhibited significant in vitro insecticidal effects against Spodoptera litura, a finding that has prompted further investigations into its in vivo insecticidal properties and mode of action against this insect pest. RESULTS: Ribavirin showed delayed insecticidal effects on third-instar larvae of S. litura at a concentration of 1 mg mL−1. When incorporated into an artificial diet, ribavirin caused various effects, depending on the concentration used. Compared with controls, food intake was lower, larval growth was reduced and larval development prolonged. Pupae weight was reduced, and adult morphology was also affected. Relative to the untreated group, treated groups showed higher mortality at larval and pupal stages, which was generally caused by moult disruption. Results of this study with ribavirin resemble those found in treatment with insect growth regulators. CONCLUSION: This work shows that ribavirin merits further study as a lead compound in a novel class of potential insect control agents or for managing field populations of Lepidoptera pests on cruciferous crops. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
5.
In laboratory tests, chlorfenvinphos granules were distributed in various ways in mushroom casing (a peat/chalk mixture) to relate efficiency of mixing to effectiveness against larvae of Lycoriella auripila. Amounts giving complete control when thoroughly mixed, killed only 40% when “clumped”. Whenever untreated patches were provided, some larvae survived. Pulverising granules, however, improved control in thorough mixes. By using fluorescent granules it was found that insecticide incorporation in mushroom compost was very irregular after mixing in a spawning machine. At best, only half the compost was acceptably treated; that is, it received between a half and double the intended dose. 相似文献
6.
BACKGROUND: The worldwide need to produce an inexpensive and abundant food supply for a growing population is a great challenge that is further complicated by concerns about risks to environmental stability and human health triggered by the use of pesticides. The result is the ongoing development of alternative pest control strategies, and new, lower‐risk insecticidal molecules. Among the recent technological advances in agricultural science, nanotechnology shows considerable promise, although its development for use in crop protection is in its initial stages. RESULTS: This study reports for the first time the insecticidal effect of nanostructured alumina. Two species were used as model organisms, Sitophilus oryzae L. and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), which are major insect pests in stored food supplies throughout the world. Both species experienced significant mortality after 3 days of continuous exposure to treated wheat. Nine days after treatment, the median lethal doses (LD50) observed ranged from 127 to 235 mg kg?1. CONCLUSION: Comparison of these results with recommended rates for commercial insecticidal dusts suggests that inorganic nanostructured alumina may provide a cheap and reliable alternative for control of insect pests. This study expands the frontiers for nanoparticle‐based technologies in pest management. Further research is needed to identify its mode of action and its non‐target toxicity, and to determine the potential of other nanostructured materials as pest control options for insects. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
7.
Residues of carbofuran ( 1 ) and 2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate ( 2 ) in and on mushrooms, cultivated on casing soils containing added carbofuran granular insecticide, were determined. The quantitative estimations in cleaned mushroom extracts were done on thin-layer plates using a cholinesterase inhibition method. Samples were analysed, which had been harvested at different times from cultures, to which different amounts of carbofuran were added. Residues in washed and unwashed mushroom samples were compared. Residues did not exceed 0.5 mg (carbofuran) kg?1 and 0.25 mg (compound 2 ) kg?1 for fresh unwashed mushrooms grown on casing soil treated with carbofuran granules 1 g (a.i.) m?2. 相似文献
8.
A series of known agonists of the mammalian muscarinic receptor were prepared and evaluated for their insecticidal potential. It was discovered that pests such as Nilaparvata lugens (brown planthopper), Nephotettix cincticeps (green leafhopper), Tetranychus urticae (two-spotted spider mite) and Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid) were particularly sensitive to most of these compounds. Several analogs proved to be extremely active, surpassing commercial standards in some of the laboratory bioassays. These compounds exhibited a range of potencies for the insect (Musca) muscarinic receptor. Addition of GTP significantly reduced the affinity of the most potent analog for the Musca mAChR, indicating the compound functions as an agonist in insect tissue. Regression analysis indicated that significant relationships exist between displacement of [3H]QNB at the Musca muscarinic receptor and whole organism toxicity to three insect and one mite species. The results suggested that the insect muscarinic receptor represents a viable target site for insecticidal action. © 1997 SCI. 相似文献
9.
氟啶虫酰胺作用靶标—内向整流钾离子通道研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
氟啶虫酰胺是一种高选择性杀虫剂,主要用于防治刺吸式口器害虫。有关该杀虫剂的分子靶标长期未知。近年来随着研究的逐渐深入,相关作用靶标已逐步得到明确。早期研究表明,氟啶虫酰胺通过抑制剌吸式口器害虫的取食,造成害虫因饥饿而死亡;最新研究发现,其作用靶标是内向整流钾离子(Kir)通道,纳摩尔浓度级的氟啶虫酰胺即可阻断褐飞虱的Kir通道。氟啶虫酰胺通过抑制昆虫Kir通道,干扰昆虫细胞的离子稳态与平衡电位,尤其是破坏马氏管与唾液腺的正常分泌功能,从而影响昆虫的取食与排泄过程,最终导致害虫死亡。文章对氟啶虫酰胺的作用靶标、作用机制及应用等方面的研究进展进行了综述,总结分析了昆虫Kir通道的结构及其所参与的生理功能,分析了氟啶虫酰胺通过抑制该离子通道致使害虫死亡的具体作用机制,并介绍了针对靶向Kir通道药物的高通量筛选方法与研究进展,可为杀虫剂新靶标挖掘与靶向此类新靶标药剂的创制提供研究思路。 相似文献
10.
采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱内标法检测灭蝇胺及其代谢物三聚氰胺在双孢蘑菇 Agaricus bisporus 子实体和覆土中的残留量,以及两者在双孢蘑菇工厂化栽培中的变化规律。样品经 V (甲醇) : V (水) = 4:1混合溶液提取,MCX固相萃取柱净化,HILIC 色谱柱分离,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定,三聚氰胺-13C同位素内标法定量。结果表明:灭蝇胺和三聚氰胺的检出限均为0.001 mg/kg。在0.02~1 mg/kg添加水平下,灭蝇胺在双孢蘑菇子实体和覆土样品中的回收率为86%~102%,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 为2.7%~5.3%;三聚氰胺在子实体和覆土样品中的回收率为98%~103%,RSD为1.5%~2.4%。在有效成分为1、10、50和250 mg/kg施药水平下,灭蝇胺消解规律符合一级反应动力学,在覆土中的平均半衰期为31.3 d。在覆土中灭蝇胺会转化为三聚氰胺,第2潮蘑菇采摘结束后,覆土中灭蝇胺的转化率为8.58%~13.87%。在施药水平较高 (50、250 mg/kg) 时,灭蝇胺和三聚氰胺在第1潮菇中的残留量高于在第2潮菇中的,其最高检出量灭蝇胺为2.36 mg/kg,三聚氰胺为1.75 mg/kg。综合考虑环境和产品安全,建议灭蝇胺的使用量不宜超过50 mg/kg。 相似文献
11.
P. N. Richardson 《Phytoparasitica》1992,20(Z1):S61-S65
Entomopathogenic rhabditid nematodes of the generaSteinernema and Heterorhabditis are ideal biological control agents for use against insect pests living in soils, composts or other cryptic habitats. The
protected crops industry provides particularly favourable conditions for the survival, dispersal and recycling of rhabditids.
The parasites are an effective and economic alternative to chemicals for the control of black vine weevil in ornamental pot
plants. Their ability to infest a wide range of insects has also enabled them to be used successfully against several fly
pests of mushrooms. In mushroom culture they not only control sciarid flies but also stimulate significant increases in crop
yield. 相似文献
12.
Satish Lodha S.K. Sharma R.K. Aggarwal 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2002,108(3):253-261
Survival of a heat-tolerant pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina, causing dry root rot of clusterbean, was studied by incorporation and retrieval of infected residue samples at various stages of the composting process of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) residues. During the heating phase, temperatures varied from 48–51°C at 30cm and 60–62°C at 60cm depth in compost pits. Reduction in survival of M. phaseolina propagules (13–23%) was significantly higher in the residues enriched with 4% urea-N and kept at 60cm compared to 2% urea-N and at 30cm. However, a heat phase (48–62°C) was not enough to completely eradicate M. phaseolina propagules from infected residues. Further reductions (54–61%) in survived propagules were achieved by sub-lethal temperatures (48–53°C) when moistened compost materials were exposed to heat during summer days. Beneficial effects of composts were ascertained on dry root rot intensity, seed yield of clusterbean and densities of M. phaseolina,
Nitrosomonas and antagonists in soil. In a two-year field study, all the composts significantly reduced plant mortality due to dry root rot and increased the yield of clusterbean. The highest disease suppression and yield promotion were recorded in soil amended with pearl millet compost and cauliflower leaf residue compost, respectively. Soil amendment with compost also lead to a significant reduced density of M. phaseolina and an increased density of antagonistic actinomycetes, lytic bacteria and Nitrosomonas. Among composts, greater potential of cauliflower compost in enhancing population of antagonists in soil was discernible. 相似文献
13.
Susan A. Lee Barry S. Clarke Donald W. Jenner Francis A. Williamson 《Pest management science》1990,28(4):367-375
Flufenoxuron (“Cascade”) is a novel acylurea with acaricidal and insecticidal properties. It acts in a similar manner to diflubenzuron (DFB) by impairing chitin incorporation into insect cuticle. Chitin can be localised cytochemically using the lectin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), which binds specifically to N-acetylglucosamine-containing polymers. WGA adsorbed to monodisperse colloidal gold (WGA-gold) was used as an electron-dense marker for localising chitin in the cuticle of sixth-instar Spodoptera littoralis. In the cuticle of control insects, the deposition zone and endocuticle were heavily labelled. In flufenoxuron- and DFB-treated insects, only the endocuticle (formed before treatment) was labelled, the deposition zone being devoid of label. These results show that flufenoxuron and DFB act in similar manner in reducing chitin incorporation in the cuticle of S. littoralis. 相似文献
14.
P. N. Richardson 《Phytoparasitica》1992,20(1):S61-S65
Entomopathogenic rhabditid nematodes of the generaSteinernema and Heterorhabditis are ideal biological control agents for use against insect pests living in soils, composts or other cryptic habitats. The protected crops industry provides particularly favourable conditions for the survival, dispersal and recycling of rhabditids. The parasites are an effective and economic alternative to chemicals for the control of black vine weevil in ornamental pot plants. Their ability to infest a wide range of insects has also enabled them to be used successfully against several fly pests of mushrooms. In mushroom culture they not only control sciarid flies but also stimulate significant increases in crop yield. 相似文献
15.
扇吸式太阳能杀虫灯在鲜食玉米田的应用效果及对节肢动物生物多样性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确扇吸式杀虫灯在鲜食玉米田间的应用效果及对节肢动物生物多样性的影响,采用抽样鉴定方法调查扇吸式杀虫灯的诱虫谱,通过田间试验调查其对主要害虫亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis的控制范围和防控效果,并采用黄板、糖醋酒液和陷阱法取样调查其对玉米田间节肢动物生物多样性的影响。结果表明,扇吸式杀虫灯在鲜食玉米田可诱集9目40科的昆虫,对亚洲玉米螟的有效控制距离在60 m左右,单灯控制面积约1.1 hm2。在大喇叭口期,灯光防控处理对亚洲玉米螟的株防效为25.83%,显著低于化学防控处理的76.74%;在乳熟期,化学防控处理的虫孔减退率为75.29%,显著高于灯光防控处理的21.18%,灯光防控处理、化学防控处理和对照的茎秆活虫数、虫孔隧道长度和雌穗防效差异均不显著。距灯80 m范围内不同距离的主要害虫与天敌种群数量基本一致,玉米不同生育期节肢动物群落多样性指数、均匀性指数、优势集中性指数和相似系数变化较大,但在同一生育期不同距离间均无显著差异,说明田间节肢动物群落主要受玉米生育期的影响,扇吸式杀虫灯对田间主要害虫和天敌种群无显著影响。表明扇吸式杀虫灯对亚洲玉米螟的防治效果有限,对田间节肢动物多样性无显著影响,可作为鲜食玉米田防治亚洲玉米螟的辅助手段,但无法替代化学防治。 相似文献
16.
Laboratory evaluation of the insect growth regulator lufenuron againstHelicoverpa armigera on cotton
An insect growth regulator (IGR), lufenuron (Match 5EC), was tested for its toxicity toHelicoverpa armigera on cotton. Potency of the IGR against the larval stage of the pest was demonstrated with respect to larval instars; the LC90 values of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instar larvae were 5.63, 7.89, 8.03, 11.39 and 14.76 mg a.i.l
−1, respectively. However, different larval instars did not differ significantly with respect to LC50 and LC10. IGR-treated larvae had swollen heads and were significantly smaller (1.5–2.3 mm) than the untreated control (2.9 mm). Larval
weight was significantly reduced from 190 mg in the control to 50–70 mg in the lufenuron treatment. IGR treatment in the larval
stage significantly affected both pupal length and pupal weight. Pupal duration of the test insect was significantly extended
by IGR treatment. Pupal deformities, including an inability to shed the last larval skin and formation of larval-pupal intermediates,
occurred following treatment. A significant reduction in adult emergence was recorded. In addition, abnormalities in the form
of development of cavities in the forewings of adult were evident. A significant decline in fecundity was noted in the studies.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Feb. 3, 2003. 相似文献
17.
This study aims to characterize and improve the insecticidal activity of nanostructured alumina dusts. To accomplish these goals, multiple solution based synthesis routes utilizing standard aluminum salt precursors were utilized to synthesize three unique types of alumina dust. These were compared with regards to morphology, particle size and surface area using electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering particle size analysis. Insect toxicity of the various dusts was assessed using two insect species that are pests of stored grain, Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica. The dust synthesized using a modified glycine-nitrate combustion process consistently yielded greater mortality rates, and all dust types were more effective on S. oryzae than on R. dominica, although the difference varied across dust types. The data show that insecticidal activity is dependent on particle size, particle morphology and surface area but also indicated that minimizing particle size and maximizing surface area are not the sole dominant factors influencing efficacy. This study does however suggest that pesticide dusts can be engineered through modified synthesis to better target different insect species. 相似文献
18.
Elane Fishilevich Ana M Vélez Nicholas P Storer Huarong Li Andrew J Bowling Murugesan Rangasamy Sarah E Worden Kenneth E Narva Blair D Siegfried 《Pest management science》2016,72(9):1652-1663
The western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, is the most important pest of corn in the US Corn Belt. Economic estimates indicate that costs of control and yield loss associated with WCR damage exceed $US 1 billion annually. Historically, corn rootworm management has been extremely difficult because of its ability to evolve resistance to both chemical insecticides and cultural control practices. Since 2003, the only novel commercialized developments in rootworm management have been transgenic plants expressing Bt insecticidal proteins. Four transgenic insecticidal proteins are currently registered for rootworm management, and field resistance to proteins from the Cry3 family highlights the importance of developing traits with new modes of action. One of the newest approaches for controlling rootworm pests involves RNA interference (RNAi). This review describes the current understanding of the RNAi mechanisms in WCR and the use of this technology for WCR management. Further, the review addresses ecological risk assessment of RNAi and insect resistance management of RNAi for corn rootworm. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
19.
茚虫威属于噁二嗪类杀虫剂,与大多数杀虫剂不同的是其进入害虫体内需要经活化代谢转变成N-去甲氧羰基代谢物（decarbomethoxylated metabolite,DCJW）后不可逆地阻断钠通道,进而发挥杀虫活性。茚虫威由于其作用机制不同于常见的使钠离子通道延迟关闭的菊酯类药剂而被广泛用于鳞翅目和一些同翅目、鞘翅目害虫的防治。抗药性是任何杀虫药剂使用后面临的问题,茚虫威也不例外,许多害虫对其产生了不同程度的抗性。昆虫对茚虫威产生抗性的机制包括酯酶活性、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（glutathione S-transferase,GST）和P450活性的增加以及分子靶标F1845Y、V1848I、L1014P的突变,这些对茚虫威抗性机制的研究基本都是基于抗性种群和敏感种群开展的,需要进一步验证其对抗性研究的贡献度。针对我国田间害虫种群对茚虫威的抗性现状,及时实施对茚虫威有效的抗性治理是迫切的。对于茚虫威的抗性治理除了传统的杀虫药剂轮用、混用外,需要利用其作用机制特点开展抗性治理策略研究。一是充分利用其活化代谢的特点,开展组合药剂的研究应用;二是菊酯类药剂和茚虫威的作用机制均与钠离子通道有关,但是前者是使钠离子通道关闭延迟,而后者是阻断钠离子通道,开展相关基础研究,使菊酯类药剂与茚虫威合理地用于抗性治理中。本文综述了茚虫威的抗性现状、抗性机制与交互抗性、茚虫威的抗性风险评价,针对茚虫威的抗性特点提出了抗性治理策略。 相似文献
20.
Ten insect growth regulators (IGRs): four juvenile hormone analogs (JHAs) — fenoxycarb, MV-678, R-20458 and dofenapyn, and
six molt inhibitors (MIs) — triflumuron, chlorfluazuron, hexaflumuron, teflubenzuron, Dowco 439 and flufenoxuron; and the
organophosphate malathion, were evaluated for residual activity in stored grain for 2 years against the rice weevil,Sitophilus oryzae (L.). Triflumuron, flufenoxuron, teflubenzuron, chlorfluazuron, hexaflumuron and fenoxycarb, each at a concentration as low
as 1 ppm a.i., were superior to 10 ppm malathion throughout the experiment. The six MIs, each tested at 50 and 100 ppm a.i.,
gave complete control for 2 years. Moreover, a concentration as low as 1 ppm a.i. of triflumuron, teflubenzuron, flufenoxuron
and chlorfluazuron had good residual activity for 1 year post-treatment and provided almost complete grain protection during
this period. Among the JHAs, fenoxycarb had the best residual activity. It gave almost complete control (96.6%) ofS. oryzae at 10 ppm for 18 months post-treatment. The other JHAs at the four test concentrations failed to produce this level of control.
The viability of the wheat grain was not affected by any of the insecticidal treatments, with 90% germination recorded in
treated and control, grains at all intervals tested. 相似文献