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1.
From measurements of rectal temperature (Tre) at 06:00h (06:00Tre) and at 14:00h (14:00Tre), meteorological stress was determined in six Yankasa ewes in terms of per cent rise of 14:00Tre over 06:00Tre reference values during the harmattan and hot-dry seasons. Absolute and mean Tre values were significantly higher (P<0.05) during the harmattan than the hot-dry season. In both seasons, mean 14:00Tre was significantly higher (P<0.01) than 06:00Tre. The mean diurnal difference between 14:00Tre and 06:00Tre, i.e. ΔTre was about 1°C during the harmattan but ranged between 0.5 and 0.7°C during the hot-dry season. All animals were observed to shiver during harmattan nights.  相似文献   

2.
Six Nubian pack donkeys were used to determine variations in rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR), and heart rate (HR) during the early rainy season. The donkeys exhibited a diurnal range of RT, RR, and HR of 34.7 to 38.7°C, 15 to 75 breaths/minute, and 36 to 72 beats/minute, respectively, with peak mean values at 2:00 pm and a trough shortly after sunrise (7:00 am). The amplitude of the diurnal rhythm of RT and RR was not correlated with the diurnal range of ambient temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH). Although mean diurnal RTs were positively correlated with corresponding ATs, mean daily RTs were not significantly correlated with corresponding ATs. Diurnal and daily variations in RT of donkeys, like those of other ungulates, therefore, appear to reflect an endogenous rhythm, which may be largely independent of fluctuations in environmental thermal load. The mean maximum AT and RH, and the corresponding RR and HR values, fell above the normal range for donkeys in the tropics. The season was meteorologically stressful to the donkeys, imposing significant changes in the RT, RR, and HR parameters requiring responses to maintain homeostasis. The values of the amplitude in RT, RR, and HR obtained in individual donkeys were higher than the corresponding values obtained during the hourly recordings, indicating that it is more important to evaluate the individual's vital parameters in reaching conclusion of fitness for work in donkeys. The hourly recordings have shown the hours of the day (11:00 am to 4:00 pm) that are potentially meteorologically stressful for donkeys to be used for packing during the season.  相似文献   

3.
The study investigated concomitant effect of gestation and high ambient temperature under a tropical environment on rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) responses in Yankasa ewes. Twenty Yankasa ewes, consisting of ten pregnant and ten non-pregnant ewes, were used for the study. Ewes were synchronised and bred, such that each gestation phase coincided with different periods of the dry-seasons, early-gestation (cold/harmattan), mid-gestation (peak hot-dry) and late-gestation (late hot-dry). The RT, RR and HR were recorded thrice, 2 days apart at middle of each gestation period at 06:00, 14:00 and 18:00 h, concurrently with dry- (DBT) and wet-bulb temperatures of the experimental pen. The DBT was positively correlated with RT, RR during the different gestation stages. The RT significantly (P < 0.001) increased with the hour of day, regardless of the physiological status of the ewes, with peak at 14:00 h. Values of RT and RR were higher (P < 0.05) in pregnant than non-pregnant ewes at mid- and late-gestation, respectively. Mean RT was lower (P < 0.001) at 06:00 h in pregnant than non-pregnant ewes at early-gestation (cold-dry). The HR was (P < 0.05) higher in pregnant than non-pregnant ewes during the different gestation phases. In conclusion, ambient temperature and gestation concomitantly modulate diurnal thermoregulatory responses of the ewes to hot-dry season. Adequate measures should be adopted to mitigate adverse impact of prolonged high RR on the dam and the foetus during the peak of ambient temperature prevailing in the tropical Savannah environment.  相似文献   

4.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the sweating responses of three breeds of goats to exercise at 30 degrees C. DESIGN: Factorial experiment with two goats of each of three breeds exercised for 60 min at 3 km/h and 30 degrees C on 6 days. PROCEDURE: Two mature females of the Anglo-Nubian, Saanen and Toggenburg breeds were used. Rectal temperature, respiration rate and sweating rate at three sites were recorded every 20 min during six replicates of exercise at 48 h intervals on a treadmill. RESULTS: Respiration rate varied with time and breed (P < 0.01) and increased from 20 +/- 2 breaths/min to 135, 195 and 260/min after 60 min exercise in Anglo-Nubian, Saanen and Tottenburg goats, respectively. Bread differences in rectal temperature were small but significant (P < 0.001), and mean values increased from 38.9 degrees C before exercise to 39.7 degrees C after 1 h exercise. The breed x sites interaction for sweating was significant (P < 0.01). On the rump breed differences in sweating rate were not significant. On the loin, Toggenburg goats started to sweat most rapidly and reached maximal values of 80.2 +/- 10.6 g/m2/h after 20 min and then decreased to 70.0 +/- 4.3 g/m2/h at 60 min. Sweating rate on the ear was highest in Toggenburg goats, followed by those of Saanen and Anglo-Nubian goats (P < 0.05), but the differences were small (7 g/m2/h); peak values of 67.3 to 76.1 g/m2/h were recorded after 20 min. CONCLUSION: Respiration and sweating rates increased significantly during exercise in all three breeds of goats, but breed differences were marked only for respiration rate. The goats sweated more on the rump than on the loin on ear, with peak values after 40 min of exercise.  相似文献   

5.
OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of repeated aerosol exposures to fly ash dust on respiratory tracts of tent-confined goats. ANIMALS: 12 weanling Boer-Spanish crossbred goats. PROCEDURE: Goats were randomly assigned to 2 groups: fly ash treatment group (principal goats, n = 6) or control group (control goats, 6). Aerosolized fly ash dust was provided during a 4-hour period for each of 6 applications given over 3 months and one 2-hour application prior to necropsy. Fly ash particle diameters ranged from 0.1 to 130 microm and averaged 17.8 microm, with 1.5% of fly ash particles in the 0.1- to 5-microm-diameter range. A mean +/- SD of 748 +/- 152 g/treatment was delivered inside a tent containing principal goats; control goats were placed inside a similar tent for 4-hour treatments without dust. Following treatment, rectal temperatures were taken at 0, 4, 6, 8, 24, and 72 hours; Hcts were recorded at 0, 24, and 72 hours. RESULTS: Rectal temperatures were significantly increased at 4, 6, and 8 hours and decreased at 72 hours, compared with 0 hours. Mean +/- SEM Hct values were significantly increased for principal goats (3747 +/- 0.39%), compared with control goats (36.17 +/- 0.42%). A significant increase in the mean area of gross atelectatic lung lesions (1,410 mm2) was found in principal goats (n = 6), compared with control goats (440 mm2; 5). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: An increase in atelectatic lung lesions was observed in principal goats, compared with control goats; however, overall, fly ash dust effects were nontoxic.  相似文献   

6.
Reproductive performance of 12 Kenyan pig breeding units (56-299 sows per unit) of similar feeding, genetics and health status were evaluated from October 2003 to October 2004 during hot and cooler periods. Sows during cooler months of the year (April to October, average temperature between 08:00 and 17:00: 25.2 +/- 2.2 degrees C) had shorter (P < 0.01) weaning to service intervals (7.9 +/- 2.2 days vs. 12.7 +/- 2.7 days, respectively), less (P < 0.01) regular returns to service (5.7 +/- 1.9% vs. 9.9 +/- 1.9%, respectively), higher (P < 0.01) farrowing rates (80.1 +/- 4.4% vs. 70.8 +/- 3.8%, respectively), and larger born (10.0 +/- 1.1 vs 9.1 +/- 1.7, P < 0.05) and weaned litter sizes (9.2 +/- 1.2 vs. 8.0 + 1.3, P < 0.05) compared with the time periods of high ambient temperature (November to March, between 08:00 and 17:00: 37.2 +/- 3.3 degrees C). It was concluded that a high ambient temperature is a risk factor for reproductive performance in pig breeding units.  相似文献   

7.
Some biochemical indices in naturally occurring fascioliasis in goats   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Some biochemical indices were assayed in goats naturally harbouring Fasciola gigantica infection and compared with uninfected control goats. Infected goats had significantly lower levels of serum glucose (47.6 +/- 1.8 mg dl-1) and albumin (3.1 +/- 0.1 g dl-1) and reduced albumin:globulin ratio (1.1 +/- 0.1). Total lipid (526.8 +/- 2.4 mg dl-1), serum glutamate dehydrogenase (15.3 +/- 0.9 iu litre-1) and serum alkaline phosphatase (31.6 +/- 1.9 Kind's and King's unit dl-1) were high in infected goats. No significant changes could be recorded in serum total protein, cholesterol and phospholipids.  相似文献   

8.

The experiment investigated the ameliorative effects of l-glutamine administration on rectal temperature (RT), erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF), serum antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in Red Sokoto goats during the hot-dry season. Twenty eight healthy Red Sokoto goats, comprising 14 experimental (administered 0.2 g/kg of l-glutamine dissolved in 10 mL of distilled water, once daily for 21 days) and 14 control (administered equivalent of distilled water) goats served as subjects. Rectal temperature (measured at 6:00, 13:00 and 18:00 h) and blood samples (taken at 8:00 h) were obtained from all subjects weekly, before, during and after l-glutamine administration. Data obtained were compared using one-way repeated-measures ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. The dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity and temperature-humidity index for the study period ranged between 24.0 and 37.5 °C, 26.0 and 84.0% and 73.0 and 86.3, respectively. l-glutamine administration decreased (P < 0.05) RT, EOF and MDA and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in experimental group, compared to controls during weeks 1, 2 and 3. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase activities were higher (P < 0.05) in the experimental group than in the controls only during week 1 of l-glutamine administration. In conclusion, l-glutamine administration mitigated increases in RT, EOF and serum MDA concentration and enhanced serum SOD, GPx and catalase activities and may be beneficial in heat-stressed goats during the hot-dry season.

  相似文献   

9.
The aim of the present study was to determine the physiological responses of transported Red Sokoto goats (RSG) treated with ascorbic acid (AA). Ten RSG treated orally with ascorbic acid served as experimental subjects, while seven goats treated with sterile water served as the control. The goats were transported for 8 h. The ambient temperature and relative humidity during the study period fluctuated between 21 and 38°C and 51 and 91%, respectively, which indicated that the season was thermally stressful and did not favor transportation of goats. The rectal temperature obtained in the control goats was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than the value in the experimental goats after transportation. There was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in eosinophil counts and an increase (P < 0.01) in neutrophil counts and neutrophil : lymphocyte ratio recorded in the control goats after transportation, which suggested that the control goats were physically and emotionally stressed. The control goats lost 11.9% of their initial liveweight, while the experimental goats lost only 1.04% after transportation. Multiple stresses, including extreme meteorological factors, acted upon the transported goats and impaired their homeostatic mechanism. In conclusion, AA administration in goats reduced the adverse effects of road transportation stress.  相似文献   

10.
The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of 4-h load carrying (packing) on donkeys administered with ascorbic acid (AA) during the harmattan season. Six donkeys administered orally with ascorbic acid (200 mg/kg) and subjected to packing served as experimental animals, while six others given only distilled water served as control animals. The rectal temperature (RT) of each donkey and dry-bulb temperature (DBT) and relative humidity (RH) of the research pen were recorded at 0600 hours pre-packing; while post-packing, the values were obtained at 1430, 1600 and 1800 hours. The DBT values (ranges) recorded before, during and after packing were 13.7?±?1.3 °C (11–15 °C), 28.4?±?1.0 °C (22.7–30.3 °C) and 30.6?±?3.0 °C (19.8–45 °C), respectively. The highest temperature–humidity index (THI) of 83.4?±?6.9 was obtained at 1430 hours after packing, and the value decreased to 64.2?±?5.8 at 1800 hours. The thermal environmental conditions were outside the thermoneutral zone for the donkeys. The RT values recorded immediately after packing did not differ (P?>?0.05) in experimental and control donkeys; but at 1600 and 1800 hours, values obtained in control donkeys (38.48?±?0.12 and 38.12?±?0.12 °C, respectively) were significantly higher (P?<?0.05) than those recorded in experimental donkeys (38.16?±?0.14 and 37.85?±?0.14 °C, respectively). In conclusion, administration of ascorbic acid reduced the rise in RT due to packing and may be of value in the amelioration of adverse effects of heat stress associated with work in donkeys.  相似文献   

11.
BACKGROUND: Blood samples collected from farm animals for hematology testing may not reach the laboratory or be examined immediately upon collection, and in some cases may need to be transported for hours before reaching a laboratory. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the artifactual changes that may occur in PCV, hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration, and cell counts in bovine, caprine, and porcine blood samples stored at room (30 degrees C) or refrigerator (5 degrees C) temperature. METHODS: Baseline values for PCV, Hgb concentration, and RBC and WBC counts were determined immediately after blood collection from 36 cattle, 32 goats, and 48 pigs using manual techniques. Blood samples were split into 2 aliquots and stored at 30 degrees C or 5 degrees C. Hematologic analyses were carried out at specified intervals during 120 hours of storage. Results were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA; results at different temperatures were compared by paired t-tests. RESULTS: Compared to baseline values, there were no significant changes in Hgb concentration, RBC count, or WBC count in samples from cattle; in Hgb concentration and RBC count in samples from goats; and in Hgb concentration and WBC count in samples from pigs throughout the 120 hours of storage at both 30 degrees C and 5 degrees C. Significant changes (P <.05) from baseline occurred in PCV after 14 hours of storage at 30 degrees C and after 19 hours of storage at 5 degrees C in cattle and goats; and after 10 hours of storage at 30 degrees C and 14 hours of storage at 5 degrees C in pigs. Significant changes also were observed in Hgb concentration at 96 hours at 30 degrees C and 5 degrees C, and in RBC counts at 48 hours at 30 degrees C and 96 hours at 5 degrees C in porcine samples; and in total WBC counts at 120 hours at 30 degrees C and 5 degrees C in caprine samples. Artifactual changes were more pronounced in the samples stored at 30 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: At both 30 degrees C and 5 degrees C, blood samples from cattle and goats can be stored for up to 12 hours, while blood samples from pigs can be stored for up to 8 hours without any significant changes in PCV. Blood samples from all 3 species can be stored for more than 24 hours without significant changes in Hgb concentration, RBC count, and total WBC count.  相似文献   

12.
The aim of this work was to determine the pharmacokinetics of intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) ceftazidime administered to lactating (LTG; n=6) and non-lactating (NLTG; n=6) healthy Creole goats in 2 trials (T1 and T2). During T1 and T2, goats randomly received a single dose of i.m. or i.v. ceftazidime (10 mg/kg). Serum concentration of iv ceftazidime in NLTG and LTG goats is best described by 2 and 3 compartment models, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters of iv and im ceftazidime administered to LTG and NLTG showed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in the constants (lamda(z), T1 vs. T2 [i.v.] 0.5 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.3 +/- 0.1/h; T1 vs. T2 [i.m.] 0.5 +/- 0.2 vs. 0.3 +/- 0.1/h) and in the mean times (t(1/2), T1 vs. T2 [i.v.] 1.6 +/- 0.3 vs. 2.3 +/- 0.6 h; T1 vs. T2 [i.m.] 1.6 +/- 0.7 vs. 2.6 +/- 0.9 h) of elimination. The bioavailability of ceftazidime in LTG and NLTG was 113.0 +/- 17.8 and 96.0 +/- 18.0%, respectively. Ceftazidime concentration in milk at 2 h was: i.v. = 1.9 +/- 0.2 and i.m. = 2.4 +/- 0.5 microg/ml; the penetration in milk was i.v. = 18.3 +/- 13.5 and im = 14.3 +/- 10.6%. Ninety-six hours after i.v. and i.m. administration, residues of the drug were not found in milk. In conclusion, ceftazidime, when administered to goats, showed high concentration times in serum, good penetration into milk and a bioavailability that makes it suitable to be used by the i.m. route.  相似文献   

13.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate effects of sample handling, storage, and collection time and season on plasma alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) concentration in healthy equids. ANIMALS: 11 healthy Standardbreds and 13 healthy semiferal ponies. PROCEDURE: Plasma alpha-MSH concentration was measured by use of radioimmunoassay. Effects of delayed processing were accessed by comparing alpha-MSH concentrations in plasma immediately separated with that of plasma obtained from blood samples that were stored at 4 degrees C for 8 or 48 hours before plasma was separated. Effects of suboptimal handling were accessed by comparing alpha-MSH concentrations in plasma immediately stored at -80 degrees C with plasma that was stored at 25 degrees C for 24 hours, 4 degrees C for 48 hours or 7 days, and -20 degrees C for 30 days prior to freezing at -80 degrees C. Plasma alpha-MSH concentrations were compared among blood samples collected at 8:00 AM, 12 noon, and 4:00 PM. Plasma alpha-MSH concentrations were compared among blood samples collected in January, March, April, June, September, and November from horses and in September and May from ponies. RESULTS: Storage of blood samples at 4 degrees C for 48 hours before plasma was separated and storage of plasma samples at 4 degrees C for 7 days prior to freezing at -80 degrees C resulted in significant decreases in plasma alpha-MSH concentrations. A significantly greater plasma alpha-MSH concentration was found in September in ponies (11-fold) and horses (2-fold), compared with plasma alpha-MSH concentrations in spring. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Handling and storage conditions minimally affected plasma alpha-MSH concentrations. Seasonal variation in plasma alpha-MSH concentrations must be considered when evaluating pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in equids.  相似文献   

14.
The aim of this study was to determine whether the sexual activity of local male Creole goats in subtropical Mexico can be induced during the non-breeding season by a long-day treatment followed by insertion of two melatonin implants. The experiment was carried out in the Laguna region in the State of Coahuila, Mexico (26 degrees N). Fourteen male goats were allocated to two balanced groups (n = 7 each) according to body and testicular weights. Males were kept together in two separate groups and fed lucerne hay for ad libitum intake and 300 g of commercial concentrate and had free access to water and mineral blocks. The control group remained in open sheds under natural photoperiod and ambient temperature conditions. The experimental group was placed in a light-proof building and exposed to 2.5 mo of long days (16 h of light/d) from November 1 to January 15. On January 16, each male received two s.c. melatonin implants and was exposed to natural photoperiodic changes in an open shed. In the control group, testicular weight exhibited seasonal variations; the highest value occurred on May 30 (146 +/- 10 g). Treated males reached maximum testicular weight earlier (March 15; 147 +/- 11 g), and sperm quality from January to March was higher than that observed in the control group (P < 0.05). Treatment caused an increase in LH pulse frequency (2.0 +/- 0.5 vs 0.3 +/- 0.2 pulse/8 h in February, 4.6 +/- 1.1 vs 0.1 +/- 0.1 pulse/8 h in March; experimental vs control group, respectively). In the control group, plasma testosterone remained low until mid-June and increased thereafter to remain elevated until the end of the study. In the experimental group, elevated plasma testosterone was observed from February to April and from July to November. Treating male goats in subtropical latitudes with artificial long days and melatonin can induce an intense sexual activity during the natural nonbreeding season.  相似文献   

15.
Changes in physiological and behavioral responses of goats to road transportation have been demonstrated, but effects of lairage and grazing on transported goats and the role of ascorbic acid (AA) on the effects have not been elucidated. The aims of the experiment were to investigate physiological, behavioral, lairage and grazing responses of goats transported by road and administered with AA. Experimental goats (n = 20) were administered with AA, whereas control goats (n = 20) were given sterile water before transportation by road for 12 hours. The goats were either grazed or held in lairage after the transportation. Excitability scores, grazing time, liveweight, and activities of serum enzymes were evaluated in goats that were grazed and those kept in lairage. The results obtained post-transportation showed that 12 hours of road transportation and lairage was stressful to the goats, and it decreased (P < 0.05) their excitability scores, grazing time, and liveweight. The activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatine phosphate kinase rose after the transportation, especially in the control goats, kept in lairage. Overall, the results showed that extensively raised goats, transported for 12 hours during the hot-dry season, require a lairage period of 7-11 days for their metabolism, behavior, and liveweights to return to baseline values. Goats that were allowed to graze after transportation required 3 days to return to baseline values, but those administered with AA before transportation and grazed after transportation required only 2 days to recover. The results demonstrated that keeping goats in the lairage after transportation was not beneficial. In conclusion, AA administration ameliorated stress because of transportation by road, and post-transportation grazing facilitated the recovery of the goats from the stress.  相似文献   

16.
Daily rhythms of serum and salivary parameters in goats   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
Objective   Determine the daily rhythms of urea, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphorus secretion in the serum and saliva of goats and whether there is a relationship between them.
Design   Ten non-gravid, non-lactating does underwent a 30-day preconditioning period (natural 24-h photoperiod, environmental temperature 19–21°C, relative humidity 40–50%, the same feeding regimen, offered as a single meal at 07:00 hours, and water ad libitum), following which saliva and blood samples were collected from each subject every 4 h for 2 days (starting at 08:00 hours) for measurement of urea and electrolytes.
Results   Data analysis was conducted by one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and by the single cosinor method. ANOVA showed a significant effect of time (0.001 < P < 0.01) on all the studied parameters in saliva and serum on both days. Cosinor analysis identified the periodic parameters and their acrophases (expressed in hours) during the 2 days of monitoring. Serum and salivary acrophases were all diurnal and were observed between 11:40 and 16:24 hours. No circadian rhythmicity was found for bicarbonate, magnesium or potassium in either saliva or serum.
Conclusion   There was a daily rhythm of secretion for the majority of the measured parameters, suggesting the potential role of saliva as an additional, reliable index for physiological, clinical, nutritional and chronophysiological studies.  相似文献   

17.
Ten horses, a pony, and 13 cats were used to evaluate base-line blood ammonia, bilirubin, and urea nitrogen concentrations and to determine The effects of prolonged cold storage (-20 degrees C) before assay. Base-line plasma ammonia concentrations in cats (0.992 +/- 0.083 [SE] micrograms/ml) did not change significantly after 48 hours of storage (0.871 +/- 0.073 micrograms/ml); however, they were increased 4.2- and 13-fold after 168 and 216 hours of storage, respectively. In contrast to base-line plasma-ammonia values in cats, those of horses were significantly (0.265 +/- 0.044 micrograms/ml) lower, and significantly increased from base-line values after 48 hours of storage (0.861 +/- 0.094 micrograms/ml) and continued to increase 25.6-fold at 168 hours and 18.4-fold at 216 hours. Plasma urea nitrogen concentrations in cats (25.8 +/- 1.06 mg/dl) and horses (11.2 +/- 0.749 mg/dl) did not change significantly during 168 hours of storage. Total plasma bilirubin values from both cats (0.19 +/- 0.049 mg/dl) and horses (0.75 +/- 0.064 mg/dl) also did not change significantly during storage. These results indicate that feline plasma samples for ammonia determinations may be stored at -20 degrees C for up to 48 hours, whereas equine plasma ammonia values tend to increase during that time. The reason for the increase remains unexplained. Both feline and equine plasma urea nitrogen and total bilirubin are stable for at least 168 hours of storage at -20 degrees C.  相似文献   

18.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate disposition of fentanyl in goats after IV and transdermal administration. ANIMALS: 8 healthy 2-year-old goats weighing 31.8 to 53.6 kg (mean+/-SD, 40.4+/-7.5 kg). PROCEDURE: Each goat was given 2 treatments consisting of fentanyl administered IV (2.5 microg/kg of body weight) and via a transdermal patch (50 microg/h). There was a 2-month interval between treatments. Blood samples were collected at specified times and analyzed in duplicate to determine plasma fentanyl concentrations. Pharmacokinetic values were calculated, using a computerized modeling program. RESULTS: Administration of fentanyl was tolerated by all goats. Intravenous administration of fentanyl resulted in a transitory increase in rectal temperature that was not clinically important. Terminal elimination half-life after IV administration was 1.20+/-0.78 h, volume of distribution at steady state was 1.51+/-0.39 L/kg, and systemic clearance was 2.09+/-0.62 L/kg/h. Transdermal administration of fentanyl resulted in variable plasma concentrations, with peak plasma concentrations ranging from 1.12 to 16.69 ng/ml (mean+/-SD, 6.99+/-6.03 ng/ml) and time to peak concentration ranging from 8 to 18 hours (mean+/-SD, 13+/-4.5 hours). After removal of the transdermal patch, mean+/-SD terminal elimination half-life was 5.34+/-5.34 hours. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Intravenous administration of fentanyl (2.5 microg/kg) in goats results in a relatively short half-life that will limit its use for management of pain. Transdermal administration of fentanyl (50 microg/h) in goats results in variable plasma concentrations that may exceed those anticipated on the basis of a theoretical delivery rate, but stable plasma concentrations of fentanyl may not be achieved.  相似文献   

19.
BACKGROUND: The effect of storage temperature and time on blood gas and acid-base values has been investigated intensively in cattle and dogs; however, data are lacking in other species. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate changes in gas composition and acid-base values in venous blood stored at different temperatures and for different times in 4 domestic species in Italy. METHODS: Blood samples from Comisana sheep (n = 10), Maltese goats (n = 10), Ragusana donkeys (n = 10), and Thoroughbred horses (n = 10) were analyzed after storage at 23 degrees C (room temperature) for 15 minutes (group I), 23 degrees C for 1 hour (group II), 37 degrees C for 8 hours (group III), and 4 degrees C for 24 hours (group IV). Results were analyzed using a 1-way repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: In all species no statistically significant differences in pH values were present in samples stored at 4 degrees C for 24 hours. This also was true for PCO2 in all species except the horse. Except for HCO3- concentration in the horse, significant changes in PO2, HCO3- concentration, base excess, and the standard bicarbonate concentration were observed for all species in samples stored at 4 degrees C. In samples stored for only 1 hour at room temperature, significant changes in most analytes were detected. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study underline the need for rapid assessment of acid-base samples, because any delay, even for 1 hour, may affect the results.  相似文献   

20.
OBJECTIVE: To establish reference values for protein-bound, ionized, and weak-acid complexed fractions of calcium and magnesium in equine serum and determine stability of ionized calcium (iCa) and ionized magnesium (iMg) in serum samples kept under various storage conditions. ANIMALS: 28 clinically normal horses. PROCEDURE: Total calcium (tCa) and magnesium (tMg) in equine serum were fractionated by use of a micropartition system that allows separation of protein-bound calcium (pCa) and magnesium (pMg) and ultrafiltrable calcium (microCa) and magnesium (microMg) fractions. Serum concentrations of iCa and iMg were measured in the ultrafiltrate by use of selective electrodes. Serum concentration of complexed calcium (cCa) or magnesium (cMg) was calculated by subtracting iCa or iMg from microCa or microMg, respectively. RESULTS: Mean +/-SE serum tCa concentration was 3.26 +/- 0.06 mmol/L. Calcium fractions were as follows: pCa, 1.55 +/- 0.03 mmol/L (47.4 +/- 0.9%); iCa, 1.58 +/- 0.03 mmol/L (48.5 +/- 0.7%); and cCa, 0.13 +/- 0.02 mmol/L (4.1 +/- 0.9%). Serum tMg concentration was 0.99 +/- 0.04 mmol/L. Magnesium fractions were as follows: pMg, 0.33 +/- 0.04 mmol/L (33.3 +/- 4.2%); iMg, 0.57 +/- 0.02 mmol/L (57.6 +/- 1.7%); and cMg, 0.09 +/- 0.02 mmol/L (9.1 +/- 1.9%). Refrigeration (4 degrees C) did not affect iCa values, whereas iMg declined by 8% after 120 hours. Neither iCa nor iMg was affected by freezing (-20 degrees C). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In equine serum, iMg is less stable than iCa; thus, when serum samples are not going to be analyzed promptly, freezing may be preferable to refrigeration for storage.  相似文献   

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