共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
1.
西南喀斯特地区普遍发育的生物结皮，对土壤侵蚀有显著的抑制作用。以贵州喀斯特坡面不同退耕年限地块(0,3,5,8,11年)生物结皮为研究对象，对不同流量水平(0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5 L/s)和坡度(5°,12°,17°,23°)条件下生物结皮对土壤抗蚀性能的影响机制进行研究。结果表明：(1)生物结皮发育能够促进土壤颗粒胶结，增强土壤团聚体稳定性，改善土壤结构，提高土壤持水和透水能力。(2)生物结皮发育可增强土壤抗崩解和抗剪切能力，与去除结皮处理相比，结皮存在时的土壤抗崩解和抗剪切能力分别提高24.83%～46.62%和25.77%～37.73%。(3)发育年限内(3～11年)结皮层抗拉力变化范围为1.95～5.76 N,随着生物结皮发育年限增加，结皮层结构越趋稳定，其抵抗破坏的能力也越强。(4)生物结皮可明显提高土壤抗冲性能，且受流量和坡度的双重制约，流量和坡度都存在临界值，分别为0.4 L/s和17°,超过临界值后，其保护作用显著减弱。研究结果对于喀斯特地区准确估算土壤流失和生态恢复建设正确评价具有重要意义。 相似文献
2.
贵州省石漠化综合治理人工种草对土壤侵蚀的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,对贵州省盘县哮天龙小流域和晴隆县孟寨小流域坡耕地、人工草地和天然草地3种土地利用方式下土壤理化性质、抗剪强度和崩解速率进行研究,以揭示石漠化综合治理工程草地建设对土壤侵蚀的影响程度.结果表明:(1)在坡耕地上实施人工种草可有效改善土壤容重,调节土壤孔隙度,增加土壤保水能力,0-10 cm,10-20 cm和20-30 cm土壤容重分别降低0.07％,17.83％和15.08％,土壤孔隙度分别增加0.01％,16.06％和13.26％,土壤含水量分别增加43.45％,43.61％和30.46％.(2)坡耕地实施人工种草措施后,土壤有机质含量相对增加77.24％,其中0-10 cm,10-20 cm和20-30 cm土层土壤有机质含量分别增加48.06％,85.58％和107.78％,土壤全氮含量相对增加42.64％,土壤全磷含量相对增加45.24％,土壤全钾含量相对降低43.28％.(3)人工草地和天然草地相对坡耕地表现出良好的土壤抗侵蚀性能,人工草地土壤抗剪强度是坡耕地的2.08倍,天然草地是坡耕地的2.06倍.坡耕地0-10 cm土层土壤表现出较高的崩解速率,随着土层深度的增加而减小.与此相反,人工草地和天然草地0-10 cm土层土壤表现出较低的崩解速率,但随着土层深度的增加崩解速率表现出逐渐增大的趋势.(4)人工草地土壤相对坡耕地具有较小的容重、较高的土壤孔隙度和较强的抗剪强度,土壤整体的抗侵蚀性能强于坡耕地,在坡耕地上实施人工种草,蓄水保土效益非常明显. 相似文献
3.
陕北毛乌素沙地生物结皮发育特征的初步研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过野外采样和室内分析相结合,掌握了陕北毛乌素沙地不同采样点生物结皮层的理化性质以及该地区生物结皮的发育特征,为以后进一步研究毛乌素沙地生物结皮的防风固沙效应奠定了理论基础.结果表明:随着生物结皮的发育,结皮层厚度增加.最大值为11.82 mm;土壤颗粒细化,0.02～0.05 mm之间的颗粒含量为7.3%～27.7%,高于流沙中的颗粒含量;由于颗粒的细化,结皮层容重增加,其抗剪强度明显提高,且抗剪强度与厚度和容重之间存在一定的相关性.生物结皮层pH值为7.23～7.81,低于流动沙地的pH值;有机质、N和K含量明显高于流沙的含量;P含量有所增加但不明显.研究表明,各个样点的生物结皮效应表现有所不同,原因有多方面.主要是结皮的发育程度、植被盖度以及采样点地形地貌之间的差异所引起. 相似文献
4.
晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤抗侵蚀能力的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过大量的野外试验及调查,探讨了晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤抗蚀性的时空变化规律、天然撂荒地的抗冲刷性能以及表土生物结皮、农耕地的犁底层等对土壤抗侵蚀能力的影响。结果表明:(1)晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域的坡地土壤抗剪力及抗蚀性存在明显的时空变化规律。总体上,旱季的土壤抗蚀性高于雨季;峁顶缓坡地的土壤抗蚀性高于梁坡下部陡坡地。(2)只要土壤的整体结构不被破坏,即便水流冲刷力很大,黄土易蚀的特点也不易表现。尽量避免人为破坏黄土的整体结构,也是减少黄土侵蚀的重要手段。(3)黄土生物结皮,可大大增强土壤的抗侵蚀能力,减沙效应同结皮覆盖率成正比;犁底层在黄土地区的农耕地普遍存在,且会加剧耕作层的侵蚀作用。 相似文献
5.
人工生物土壤结皮特性及其集雨潜力的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探讨在太行山半干旱区利用人工土壤生物结皮进行集雨的潜力和可行性,以自然生长的生物土壤结皮为种子,通过培育建立人工土壤生物结皮和生物结皮集雨,对人工土壤生物结皮建成后土壤物理性状、渗透率的变化及人工生物结皮集雨面的集流效率进行了研究。结果表明,人工土壤生物结皮与自然生长的生物结皮一样,可显著改变土壤的颗粒组成,使0~1 cm表层土壤的小颗粒物质含量增加、大颗粒物质减少,但对0~5 cm的土壤容重影响不显著。对土壤入渗速率的测定结果表明,人工培育的土壤生物结皮具有降低入渗速率的作用,与自然土壤相比,生物结皮的土壤初始入渗速率和稳定入渗速率分别下降59.1%和44.4%,达到稳定入渗的加水量也减少50.0%。人工营建的生物结皮集雨面的平均集雨效率达60.86%,与自然土面相比,提高23.0%。对集雨面效益分析表明,生物结皮集雨面不仅具有较高的集雨效果,且使用年限较长,并具有明显的减少地表径流沉积物含量,提高土壤抗蚀性的作用。综上结果可以看出,人工土壤生物结皮是一种极具潜力的绿色环保型集雨材料。 相似文献
6.
干湿循环对崩岗土体稳定性的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
通过对湖北通城花岗岩崩岗区发育典型的各层次土体(淋溶层、淀积层、过渡层、母质层)进行干湿循环试验,分析干湿交替次数对各层次土体裂隙发育、崩解性、抗剪强度的影响。结果表明,在干湿循环影响下,土体产生并逐渐发育裂隙,在第2次循环后,土体产生主要裂隙,裂隙比显著增加,此后循环发育出细小裂隙。4次循环后4个层次土体的裂隙比表现为淀积层淋溶层过渡层母质层。随着干湿循环次数的增加,裂隙发育,各层次土体崩解性不断增强,淋溶层和淀积层崩解缓慢,而过渡层和母质层能够在极短时间内完全崩解;随着干湿循环次数的增加,土体的抗剪强度不断衰减,淋溶层和淀积层衰减幅度减小,过渡层和母质层衰减幅度增大。 相似文献
7.
三峡库区狗牙根根系固坡抗蚀效应研究 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
研究了三峡库区嘉陵江岸的野生狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.)根系在土壤表层(0-30 cm)的分布特征,并从土壤理化性质和抗剪强度方面分析了其固坡抗蚀效应。研究结果表明:(1)样本的根系密度(RSD,root system density)与根系生物量呈较显著的正线性相关(R2=0.874 7),且90%总根数和86%的总根量均集中分布在0-30 cm的表土层;(2)狗牙根根系改变了土壤结构,土壤容重与根系生物量呈极显著的负线性相关(R2=0.977 8),总孔隙度与根系生物量呈极显著的正线性相关(R2=0.980 5);(3)狗牙根根系提高了土壤团聚体和有机质含量,土壤团聚体、有机质含量均与根系生物量呈极显著的正线性相关(R2=0.947 7,0.952 7);(4)根系增强了土体的抗剪强度,根系密度越大则抗剪强度增量越大;(5)根系对土体抗剪强度的增强主要是通过粘聚力来实现;(6)根系主要是通过增强土体的抗剪强度来实现其固坡抗蚀效应。 相似文献
8.
沙漠人工植被区生物结皮类土壤的蒸发特性——以沙坡头沙漠研究试验站为例 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
沙漠人工植被区的建立有助于生物结皮的形成和发育，它将显著改变植被区土壤的持水性能和蒸发过程。利用室内蒸发法研究了流沙和沙漠植被区生物结皮类土壤的蒸发特性。结果表明，随固沙年限的延长生物结皮层及其下的亚土层逐年增厚、容重下降、土壤持水能力增加，且苔藓结皮优于藻类结皮。当土壤样品完全饱和后，生物结皮土壤的蒸发量明显高于流沙，苔藓结皮高于藻类结皮，并随固沙年限的延长而增加；但是蒸发过程表现出明显的阶段性（P〈0．05）。在蒸发的第一阶段（速率稳定阶段），与流沙相比生物结皮的存在有利于蒸发；但在蒸发的第二阶段（速率下降阶段）生物结皮却抑制蒸发。分析后认为，正是生物结皮具有较高的持水能力，在蒸发的第一阶段增加了水分被蒸发的可能性；当土壤干旱时，结皮可以将水分束缚在土壤中从而抑制了蒸发。 相似文献
9.
芨芨草水土保持功能的初步研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
芨芨草是黄土高原地区广泛分布的禾本科植物.人们对其水土保持方面的定量研究基本上还处于空白.通过对芨芨草草地土壤抗冲性、渗透性、土壤抗剪强度等指标的研究,来探讨芨芨草的水土保持功能.结果表明:芨芨草能明显提高土壤的抗冲性、渗透性及土壤的抗剪强度,并能增加地表的覆盖度.芨芨草在黄土高原地区的水土保持工作中有着广阔的应用前景. 相似文献
10.
黄土丘陵区不同盖度生物结皮土壤抗冲性研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
按藓类植物所占结皮面积比例为盖度划分标准,采用变坡度水槽研究了不同盖度生物结皮对土壤抗冲性及黏结力、有机质、容重等理化属性的影响,探索了生物结皮理化属性与抗冲性之间的关系。结果表明:结皮容重随结皮盖度的增加呈不断减小的变化趋势4,盖度(苔藓盖度>80%)平均结皮容重比1盖度(苔藓盖度<20%)减小了16%;土壤黏结力、有机质、>5 mm水稳性团聚体百分比均随着结皮盖度的增加而增大。生物结皮通过本身分泌的有机凝胶体和多聚糖等胶结物质及菌丝之间的缠绕、包裹等作用,不但改善了土壤本身的理化属性,而且增强了松散土粒与土粒之间的黏结作用;结皮土壤抗冲刷时间随着结皮盖度的增加而延长,土壤侵蚀率随着结皮盖度的增加而减少,证实了结皮的形成和发育减少或避免了土壤侵蚀的发生与发展;生物结皮提高土壤抗冲性的作用主要表现在生物结皮提高了土壤黏结力与团聚体含量上。 相似文献
11.
Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made. 相似文献
12.
The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management. 相似文献
13.
Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland. 相似文献
14.
15.
土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。 相似文献
16.
17.
Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered. 相似文献
18.
设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。 相似文献
19.
植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据. 相似文献
20.
金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant. 相似文献