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1.
在木质径流小区布设人工磁性示踪剂,利用模拟降雨和自然降雨研究了连续降雨条件下的鲁中山区小流域坡面侵蚀形态的演变以及径流小区侵蚀泥沙量与坡面磁化率变化值的相关性。结果表明,坡面侵蚀方式以溅蚀、面蚀和细沟侵蚀为主。坡面顶部以溅蚀为主,为净侵蚀区;细沟侵蚀在坡面中下部最先发育,试验结束时细沟侵蚀部位已上溯至坡面中上部;坡脚处为侵蚀、沉积的交汇处。坡面的侵蚀程度以细沟发生部位最严重,坡面顶部其次,坡脚处最轻。在模拟降雨和自然降雨条件下,侵蚀泥沙量与坡面磁化率降幅完全吻合,呈极显著性相关,R2分别为0.851 4和0.832 0。因此,磁性示踪法可以准确的监测坡面的侵蚀沉积状况。 相似文献
2.
以钛铁矿粉作为磁性示踪剂,研究土壤磁化率背景值、操作方式、测定条件对耕作侵蚀磁性示踪的影响,确定耕作侵蚀磁性示踪技术的适宜测定条件。结果表明:紫色土研究样地的耕层土壤磁化率背景值和空间变异性都较小,对示踪剂磁性强度要求不高;土壤磁化率与示踪剂浓度可以利用线性方程拟合,示踪剂浓度在20~70g/kg时,拟合效果较好(R~2=0.999 6,P0.001);当土壤颗粒组成中粗颗粒(粒径5mm)占主导时,土壤磁化率与粒径2mm和2~5 mm含量呈显著正相关,与粒径5~10 mm和10~20mm含量呈显著负相关,然而当细颗粒(粒径5mm)占主导时,土壤磁化率与土壤颗粒组成无关;土壤磁化率与堆积厚度、土壤含水量和土壤紧实度呈正相关关系,与取样间距、示踪剂老化、土壤温度关系不明显。耕作侵蚀磁性示踪技术的适宜测定条件为:钛铁矿粉磁性示踪剂浓度为20~70g/kg,土壤磁化率测定时细颗粒占多数(50%),堆积厚度在5cm以上,土壤紧实度在50~150N/cm~2,保持耕作前后土壤磁化率测定中堆积厚度、土壤含水量和土壤紧实度等条件基本相似。试验和应用表明钛铁矿粉的性能较适合作为耕作侵蚀磁性示踪剂。 相似文献
3.
坡面侵蚀土壤磁化率及磁性示踪试验研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过在小流域坡面上进行的实地磁测、室内组分分离、组分磁测及坡面土壤侵蚀磁性示踪试验,对坡面不同空间部位土壤的磁化率特征和降雨后土壤磁化率变化的机理,以及利用磁性示踪法来研究坡面土壤侵蚀的可行性进行了探讨,结果表明,坡面土壤磁化率以上坡磁化率最低、中坡最高、下坡居中;土壤不同粒径组分磁化率与粒径大小存在密切联系,土壤不同粒径组分中以粒径在0.1～0.25mm的组分对土壤磁化率影响最大;在降雨后不同坡位土壤磁化率均发生变化,其机理是由于土壤遭到侵蚀后粒级组成发生变化,从而造成磁性矿物的含量发生变化,进而引起了土壤磁化率的改变;利用磁性示踪法来研究坡面土壤侵蚀是一个行之有效的方法。 相似文献
4.
土壤侵蚀磁性示踪剂两种布设方式下示踪效果的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用自制的新型磁性示踪剂研究了不同示踪浓度、不同示踪深度对土壤磁性的影响,以及通过自然降雨,在段面、点穴两种布设方式下示踪小区的土壤侵蚀的空间变异特征.试验结果表明:随着示踪剂浓度的增加土壤的磁化率逐渐增大,当示踪剂浓度为5%时,土壤磁化率在240(SI)左右,用SHX-2型磁化率仪测定的结果精确;在0～6 cm范围内土壤磁性随着厚度的增加而增大,土壤厚度超过6 cm时磁化率达到稳定值,当示踪深度为5 cm时,土壤厚度的增加和减小会相应的引起土壤磁化率值的升高和降低;用段面和点穴两种布设方式来布设磁性示踪剂,降雨前后土壤磁化率的变化均能指示坡面不同空间部位土壤的剥蚀和沉积,但段面式布设方式比点穴式的示踪效果更精确. 相似文献
5.
太白山不同海拔植被带土壤矿物磁性变化规律研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
土壤矿物磁性对环境变化具有重要的指示意义。然而,有关中国中东部东亚季风区内土壤矿物磁性随海拔高度的变化规律的研究和讨论尚不多。我们获取了太白山不同海拔高度5个典型植被带下的表土及土壤剖面样品,测量了这些样品的磁化率(χ_(lf))、频率磁化率(χ_(fd))、非磁滞剩磁(ARM)、饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)、反向磁场等温剩磁(IRM_(-300m T)),探讨了不同植被带中土壤矿物磁性特征及其变化。结果显示:(1)不同植被带下,表土矿物磁性差异显著,χ_(lf)、ARM、SIRM之间表现出良好的相关性,随海拔升高呈降低趋势,而IRM_(-300m T)/SIRM随海拔升高而升高。(2)除栓皮栎林外,其他植被带处的土壤剖面χ_(lf)、χ_(fd)、ARM、SIRM随剖面深度加深而降低,IRM_(-300m T)/SIRM随深度加深而升高;此外,低海拔的栓皮栎林与锐齿栎林处土壤剖面磁性的各个指标远高于高海拔土壤剖面磁性指标。(3)表土总体磁性矿物浓度,较细磁畴的SSD颗粒及亚铁磁性矿物浓度与不同植被带所处温度呈现正相关关系,而与其土壤中的有机质含量呈负相关,但受降雨及坡度影响较小。 相似文献
6.
裸地雨滴溅蚀对坡面微地形的影响与变化特征 总被引：9，自引：5，他引：4
为了探讨溅蚀作用与坡面微地形之间的相互关系,该文通过模拟降雨试验方法,研究了黄土区坡耕地无植被条件下雨滴对坡面微地形的溅蚀作用与变化特征。微地形由不同的耕作管理措施形成,包括锄耕措施、掏挖措施和等高耕作措施,以平整坡面为对照措施。降雨强度分别为60,90和120mm/h。试验小区大小为0.5m2。用溅蚀板测定坡面向下和向上2个方向的溅蚀量。利用激光扫描仪测定微地形,并结合GIS技术建立大比例DEM(分辨率2cm)。结果表明,在耕作管理条件下,坡面微地形具有降低坡面溅蚀量的作用。微地形的变化特征主要表现为微坡度的变化,而微坡向对溅蚀作用的变化不敏感。因此,微坡度可以作为研究雨滴溅蚀作用与微地形变化的一个反映指标。 相似文献
7.
降雨条件下耕作方式对地表糙度的溅蚀效应 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4
地表糙度是影响坡耕地土壤侵蚀的主要因素之一,为了进一步明确耕作方式对地表糙度的侵蚀效应,该文通过室内人工模拟降雨的方法,就单雨强与组合雨强条件下耕作方式对溅蚀的作用以及地表糙度的变化进行了研究。结果表明,从对照坡面,经耙耱地、人工锄耕、人工掏挖到等高耕作方式的坡面,在雨强0.62 mm/min条件下,不同耕作方式坡面向上坡溅蚀量呈先增加再减小的变化,向下坡和总溅蚀量均呈先增加再减小最后增加的变化;除耙耱地外,其他耕作方式坡面的地表糙度呈减小的变化。在雨强1.53 mm/min条件下,不同耕作方式坡面向上坡、向下坡和总溅蚀量均呈先增加再减小最后增加的变化;地表糙度与对照坡面相反,均呈增加的变化。组合雨强条件下,随降雨强度的增加,耙耱地总溅蚀量与地表糙度呈一直增加的变化趋势;其他耕作方式下,随降雨强度的增加,坡面总溅蚀量呈先增加后减小的变化趋势,地表糙度却呈先减小后增大的变化。这为揭示地表糙度的侵蚀特征提供了一定的理论依据,同时也可服务于黄土高原坡耕地的水土流失治理。 相似文献
8.
基于M-DEM的黄土人工锄耕坡面水系分维特征研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
该文旨在微观尺度上对地表微地形水系形成过程及其几何分形特征进行研究与分析,为研究坡面流水侵蚀过程及其防治提供科学依据。通过构建90mm/h雨强、15°坡度下不同水蚀阶段(雨前—溅蚀—片蚀—细沟侵蚀)黄土人工锄耕坡面微地形数字高程模型,设置不同集水面积阈值提取微地形水系,并基于格网法计算相应的水系分维值。结果表明:(1)分形理论用于研究微地形水系及其形成过程具有可行性;(2)降雨前、溅蚀、片蚀和细沟侵蚀阶段的最适集水面积阈值分别为15,20,25,30cm2,对应的最佳分维值分别为1.067,1.088,1.068,1.079;(3)人工锄耕坡面在各侵蚀阶段均处于侵蚀发育的幼年期。该研究不仅为微观层面研究黄土耕作坡面水系分维提供方法指导,也可为进一步揭示土壤侵蚀机理提供数据支持。 相似文献
9.
川西地区表土磁学性质及其环境意义 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过对川西地区表土样品进行系统的岩石磁学分析,并且结合气候要素探讨表土磁学性质与环境要素之间的关系。结果表明:(1)川西表土在成土过程中生成的细粒超顺磁(SP)和单畴(SD)的亚铁磁性矿物是磁化率增强的主导因素。该地区表土磁性增强机制与黄土高原类似。(2)在空间上,川西高原西部和南部地区的磁性矿物含量要高于东部和北部地区,而成都平原西部地区成土作用最强,磁颗粒细且含有较多高矫顽力磁性矿物。(3)川西表土的磁学参数和气候要素的研究发现年平均降水量(MAP)在600～1000 mm之间磁化率、频率磁化率与MAP呈正相关关系,而磁学参数组合χ_(fd)%/HIRM、ARM/HIRM、χ_(ARM)/SIRM与MAP在这一降雨区间也呈正相关关系,然而这些磁学参数与MAP的相关系数不如黄土高原,可能与研究区复杂的地形、相对湿润的成土条件有关。 相似文献
10.
华北土石山区坡面溅蚀和片蚀泥沙颗粒特征研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于野外人工模拟降雨试验,研究3种降雨强度(35,65,100mm/h)、2种坡度(5°,15°)和3种植被盖度(0%,30%,80%)条件下,溅蚀和片蚀泥沙颗粒的粒径动态分布特征,及其与降雨强度、坡度和植被覆盖度的关系,揭示表层土壤团聚体在侵蚀过程中的破碎机制。结果表明,2种侵蚀方式下的泥沙颗粒主要集中在0.1~0.002mm粒级范围内,显著高于其它粒级颗粒含量。在溅蚀泥沙颗粒中0.1~0.05mm粒级颗粒含量较高,而片蚀泥沙颗粒中0.02mm粒级颗粒含量较高,溅蚀泥沙颗粒的平均重量直径均大于片蚀泥沙颗粒。对比泥沙颗粒粒径的变化特征,溅蚀泥沙颗粒中粗砂粒(2~0.25mm)和细砂粒(0.25~0.05mm)含量逐渐减少,粉粒(0.05~0.02mm)和粘粒(0.002mm)含量逐渐增加,而片蚀泥沙颗粒中砂粒(2~0.05mm)含量呈增加趋势,粘粒(0.002mm)含量呈减小趋势。2种侵蚀方式下不同粒径泥沙颗粒与坡面径流深和径流量的相关性分析表明,泥沙颗粒粒径分布与地表产流过程密切相关。同时,雨滴击溅侵蚀泥沙颗粒的分形特征与侵蚀土壤的相对机械破碎指数有关,能够有效预测侵蚀过程中降雨和径流对坡面土壤团聚体的分选特征。 相似文献
11.
Lin Liu Yi Zhang Zhongwu Li Fei Xu Qinghui Zhang 《European Journal of Soil Science》2023,74(2):e13360
Splash erosion plays a vital role in the loss of eroded materials. Unlike those in slope central areas, laterally ejected splashed materials in slope border areas cannot be replenished easily because slope edges prevent splash erosion particles from entering the slope. Thus, splashed materials in slope border areas are less than those in slope central areas because of the lack of source areas for splash-eroded materials. However, this phenomenon, called the slope border effect, has received minimal attention by researchers. The partially missing splash erosion induced by the slope border effect on sediment transport was investigated to understand the slope erosion mechanism further in this paper. A modified soil pan divided into four areas, namely, central erosion test area (length = 100 cm, width = 35 cm, depth = 45 cm), border erosion test area (length = 100 cm, width = 35 cm, depth = 45 cm), splash compensate border area (length = 110 cm, width = 30 cm, depth = 45 cm) and splash collection area (length = 100 cm, width = 2.5 cm, depth = 45 cm) was used to monitor diffusion and splash erosion under simulated rainfall. Results showed that the splash detachment rate increased with the increase in slope but initially decreased and then increased with the increase in rainfall intensity. The runoff rate and diffuse erosion rates for complete splash erosion (SE) treatments were higher than those without partial splash erosion (SEL). Under low rainfall erosive power and runoff transport capacity (e.g., 5° slope and 60 mm h−1), the transported clay in SE treatments was approximately 2% more than that in SEL treatments. This amount changed to more than 2% sand under high rainfall and runoff erosive power. However, the mass fraction accounted for by silt particles in the sediments of the SEL treatments was more than that in the SE treatments. Thus, the partially missing splash erosion can weaken the selective transport ability of runoff for sediments. The effect of missing partial splash erosion on diffuse erosion was enhanced with an increase in erosive power. The results of our paper will provide insights into the effect of the boundary effect zone of slope on soil erosion and its related mechanisms. 相似文献
12.
《CATENA》2004,57(2):189-207
Prior research has highlighted the potential for using soil magnetism as a rapid estimator of total cumulative soil loss on cultivated land. In this study, the influences of particle size, choice of magnetic measurement and initial conditions on a proposed model linking surface soil magnetism and soil loss are described and evaluated. Output model curves are generated for several parameter sets corresponding to different model assumptions and physical scenarios. Output is also compared to a new high-resolution surfacial magnetism data set from a cultivated site, Gilbert Farm in northwestern Alabama (USA), to further evaluate the model. Magnetic susceptibility values at Gilbert Farm range from 150 to 220 (×10−8) m3 kg−1 in a control soil profile. The original model output ranges from 180 to 192 (×10−8) m3 kg−1 and many magnetism values in the cultivated area fall outside this range. Introduction of a particle-size sorting correction factor decreases the range of output values and results in even greater numbers of out-of-range observations. However, there is evidence suggesting that particle-size distributions in the upper soil at this site are not strongly affected by differences in water erosion mechanism. Lower tillage depths cause magnetic susceptibility values to come in range, but may be unrealistic and create a twin-value problem for complex magnetic profiles. Use of the remanence (SIRM)/volume susceptibility (κlf) ratio profile, with values ranging from 35 to 120 mA m−1/10−5 SI, instead of magnetic susceptibility as used in the original model, was found to eliminate out-of-range and twin value. Anomalous magnetism values were identifiable and treatable on the high resolution magnetism maps, but other types of natural spatial variation remain at issue. 相似文献
13.
The magnetic properties and magnetic mineralogy of a weathering sequence of soils developed on basalt parent material from eastern China, were studied by rock magnetism, X-ray diffraction and soil chemical analyses to establish the connection between mineral magnetic properties and pedogenic development in a subtropical region. The magnetic susceptibility of soils formed on basalt varied greatly and did not increase with the degree of pedogenic development. The frequency-dependent susceptibility (χfd) values of soils ranged from 1.0 to 11.1% and increased with the pedogenic development. Highly significant linear relationship was found between the frequency-dependent susceptibility and the Fed content (R2 = 0.683) and Fed/Fet ratio (R2 = 0.780) in soils, indicating that pedogenic SP ferrimagnetic grains were associated with enrichment of the secondary iron oxide minerals in the weathering process of soil. Rock magnetism analysis showed that the major magnetic carriers in the weakly weathered soil profiles are magnetite and/or maghemite, and the highly developed soil profiles are generally enriched in magnetite/maghemite grains of pedogenic origin and the magnetically hard haematite, indicating that the magnetic component was transformed from a ferrimagnetic phase (magnetite) to antiferromagnetic phase (hematite) during pedogenic development. Results indicated that some of the magnetic parameters of soils, in this case χfd, can be useful for pedogenic comparisons and age correlations in the weathering sequence of soil. It is thus suggested that multiparameter rock magnetic investigations represent a more powerful approach for pedogenesis. 相似文献
14.
Three types of composts [vegetable, fruit and yard waste compost (VFYW), garden waste compost (GW), and spent mushroom compost (SM)] were applied at a rate of 30 m3 ha−1 for 10 years to loamy sand, to determine its effect on the aggregate stability and susceptibility to water erosion. Aggregate stability was measured using the stability index derived from the wet sieving method while a laboratory rainfall simulator was used to measure runoff, sheet and splash erosion. Only GW recorded a significant increase (45%) in aggregate stability. Runoff, sheet erosion, and splash erosion did not show significant improvement for any of the compost types. SM application resulted in a significant increase (51%) in the shear strength of the soil after rainfall. Long term compost application does not appreciably improve the resistance of loamy sand to water erosion. 相似文献
15.
C. A. E. Hamlett S. Atherton N. J. Shirtcliffe G. McHale S. Ahn S. H. Doerr R. Bryant M. I. Newton 《European Journal of Soil Science》2013,64(3):324-333
Extreme soil water repellency can have substantial implications for soil hydrology, plant growth and erosion, including enhanced splash erosion caused by raindrop impact. Previous studies of water droplet impact behaviour on man‐made super‐hydrophobic surfaces, with which water‐repellent soil shares similar characteristics, revealed three distinct modes of splash behaviour (rebound, pinning and fragmentation) distinguished by two transition velocities: rebound‐to‐pinning (vmin) and pinning‐to‐fragmentation (v*). By using high‐speed videography of single water droplet impacts we show that splash behaviour is influenced by the hydrophobicity of immobile particles, with hydrophobic glass spheres exhibiting all three modes of splash behaviour in the hydrophobic state but hydrophilic spheres exhibiting solely pinning behaviour. We found that increasing the particle size of fixed glass spheres increases vmin. A study of droplet impact on hydrophobic sand shows that the increased roughness of the immobile particles makes impacting droplets more likely to fragment at slower impact velocities. The mobility of the particles influenced droplet impact behaviour, with loose, hydrophobic particles displaying significantly greater vmin values than their fixed analogues. The surface tension of the water droplet also lifted loose, hydrophobic particles from the surface, forming highly mobile ‘liquid marbles'. Water‐repellent soil was also shown to form ‘liquid marbles' at both the slow (approximately 0.3–2.1 m s?1) and fast (about 7 m s?1) droplet impact velocities studied. The observation of very mobile liquid marbles upon water droplet impact on water‐repellent soil is significant as this provided a mechanism that may enhance erosion rates of water‐repellent soil. 相似文献
16.
It remains unknown whether there is a consistent relationship between magnetism dynamics and pedogenesis for paddy soils. In this study, three paddy soil chronosequences, derived from purple sandy shale (PS), Quaternary red clay (RC) and red sandstone (RS) in the hilly regions of south China, were studied to identify changes in magnetism during soil development and to understand their implications for pedogenesis. The results show that magnetic susceptibility (MS) and soft isothermal remanent magnetization (IRMs) simultaneously decreased to extremely small values in the anthrostagnic epipedons during the initial stages of cultivation. In contrast, this decrease was limited in the hydragric horizons of the young paddy soils and even increased in some. These changes suggest that MS and IRMs can be enhanced by the oxidation of Fe2+ in acid paddy soils (between pH 5 and 6) or be depressed by anaerobic transformations of ferrimagnetic minerals. The main influence on magnetic properties was time duration and especially reducing degree of artificial submergence, while parent materials played a supportive role. Magnetic enrichments generally occurred in the clay fraction. Ferrimagnetic clay minerals were more easily altered than minerals in the silt and sand fractions. The study also shows that there was no fixed pattern in the relationship between magnetism and paddy pedogenesis and magnetic properties should be used with care when applying them to environments in which redox processes occur. 相似文献
17.
民勤绿洲区撂荒农耕地抗风蚀效果 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
通过风洞试验,在5个风速下对民勤绿洲区5种不同撂荒年限农耕地的土壤风蚀速率、0—20cm风沙流结构进行了模拟观测研究。结果表明:农耕地撂荒20年后土壤风蚀速率明显增加,撂荒30,40年土壤风蚀速率是其他处理的2.40～4.97倍。不同撂荒年限土壤风蚀速率均随风速的增大呈指数函数递增,但在撂荒30,40年条件下递增较快。风速为14m/s是民勤绿洲农田土壤风蚀加剧的转折点,当风速>14m/s时,农耕地撂荒20年后的土壤风蚀速率明显高于撂荒20年内。0—20cm内,农耕地撂荒20年内和撂荒20年后输沙率与高度分别呈负线性和负指数关系,农耕地撂荒20年内0—4cm输沙量和输沙量百分比(Q0—4/Q0—20)均低于撂荒30,40年。随着撂荒年限的延长,农田表层不可蚀性颗粒(粒径≥1mm的团聚体及粗砂砾)的含量明显降低,且土壤风蚀速率随不可蚀性颗粒含量的增加呈非线性降低趋势。因此,增强民勤荒漠绿洲区撂荒农耕地抗风蚀能力需适当减少撂荒年限。 相似文献
18.
Water erosion is one of the major concerns with regard to sustainability of agricultural systems in Mediterranean countries (e.g. olive farming areas in Southern Spain). The limitations of the technologies traditionally used in erosion measurement has created increased interest in the use of innovative erosion tracers useful for monitoring erosion and determining deposition rates in the field. In this work, we evaluated the potential of magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) as a soil tracer. Particle size distribution of the magnetic iron oxide, mobility under drainage conditions and the effect of the aggregate size distribution in blank and tagged soils were studied. The use of magnetic iron oxide to estimate soil losses at small-scale was also examined using a portable rainfall simulator and measuring magnetic susceptibility before and after each simulated rainfall. The properties of the magnetic iron oxide, including a particle size distribution similar to that of soil aggregates, strong binding to soil particles, little mobility in soil, very high magnetic susceptibility relative to the typically low background values of the studied soils, innocuous to environment and low cost, make it an effective soil tracer for estimating soil losses at a small-scale. 相似文献
19.
发育于石英岩之上的表土磁学性质及其环境磁学意义 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过对石英岩及发育于石英岩之上表土的磁化率(X)、频率磁化率(Xfd)、等温剩磁(IRM)、非磁滞剩磁(ARM)、κ-T曲线等磁学参数测定和石英岩显微镜下观察,结果表明,石英岩中磁性矿物含量极少;表土中含磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿、铁的氢氧化物等磁性矿物,磁性矿物主要以稳定单畴(SSD)和超顺磁性颗粒(SP)形式存在,磁赤铁矿是石英岩在成土过程中形成的次生矿物.表土磁性增强,说明石英岩的磁性对表土磁性影响甚小,而成土作用对表土磁性增强起到了重要作用.表土的磁化率值和磁赤铁矿含量都反映了成土作用的强弱. 相似文献
20.
THE EFFECT OF SOIL TYPE, SLOPE, RAIN INTENSITY AND THEIR INTERACTIONS ON SPLASH DETACHMENT AND TRANSPORT 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
C. QUANSAH 《European Journal of Soil Science》1981,32(2):215-224
From a factorial experiment using a graded sand and three soils (sand, clay loam, and clay), five slopes (0.0, 3.5, 7.0, and 14.0 per cent) and four intensities (50, 80, 110, and 140 mm h?1), splash detachment and splash transport are described in terms of the direct effects and the first and second order interactions of these variables. The graded sand and three soils tested are significantly different in the mean weight of soil detached and transported. They can be placed in rank order of graded sand, sand, clay, and clay loam with increasing resistance to splash detachment. The amount of material transported is in the order of graded sand > clay > sand > clay loam. For each soil there are significant increases in splash detachment and splash transport with increasing rainfall intensity. Both splash parameters are significantly correlated with slope steepness. The most important interactions that influence splash detachment and splash transport are soil × intensity and slope × intensity respectively. Significant interactions show that the factors are not independent of each other; the simple effects of a factor differ, and the magnitude of any simple effect varies according to the level of the other factors of the interaction term. These interactions have not been explicitly studied in previous research on splash erosion. Power equations are established between splash activity and the above variables and reasonable working ranges for the exponents are suggested. 相似文献