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1.
《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2017,(3)
Background: Original rumen digesta, rumen liquid and solid fractions have been frequently used to assess the rumen bacterial community. However, bacterial profiles in rumen original digesta, liquid and solid fractions vary from each other and need to be better established.Methods: To compare bacterial profiles in each fraction, samples of rumen digesta from six cows fed either a high fiber diet(HFD) or a high energy diet(HED) were collected via rumen fistulas. Rumen digesta was then squeezed through four layers of cheesecloth to separate liquid and solid fractions. The bacterial profiles of rumen original digesta, liquid and solid fractions were analyzed with High-throughput sequencing technique.Results: Rumen bacterial diversity was mainly affected by diet and individual cow(P 0.05) rather than rumen fraction. Bias distributed bacteria were observed in solid and liquid fractions of rumen content using Venn diagram and LEf Se analysis. Fifteen out of 16 detected biomarkers(using LEf Se analysis) were found in liquid fraction, and these 15 biomarkers contributed the most to the bacterial differences among rumen content fractions.Conclusions: Similar results were found when using samples of original rumen digesta, rumen liquid or solid fractions to assess diversity of rumen bacteria; however, more attention should be draw onto bias distributed bacteria in different ruminal fractions, especially when liquid fraction has been used as a representative sample for rumen bacterial study. 相似文献
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The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of nisin and monensin on rumen fermentation of diets containing hay and barley (80:20%) in artificial rumen (Rusitec system). The Rusitec system consisted of four fermentation vessels (V1, V2, V3, V4): V1 was without additives (control), V2 received daily 2 mg of nisin, V3 involved 5 mg of monensin and V4 combination of 2 mg of nisin with 5 mg of monensin. After an adaptation period (7 days), the fermentation parameters were determined for six consecutive days. Compared to control diet, the addition of nisin resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) of hemicellulose degradation, acetate, propionate (mmol.day-1) production and energetic efficiency of VFA (E), decrease of butyrate production. Nisin had no effect on dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), cellulose and detergent fiber degradation, production of total gas, methane and efficiency of microbial synthesis. The addition of monensin resulted in an decrease of DM, OM (P < 0.05), cellulose, hemicellulose, detergent fiber degradation (P < 0.001), total gas, methane and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) production. Monensin also significantly decreased acetate, butyrate, L-lactate (mmol.day-1) production and it increased propionate production (P > 0.001) and efficiency of microbial synthesis. The combined effect of nisin and monensin in V4 was similar to the effect of monensin in V3 compared to control. Then, the effect of additive monensin was dominant over nisin. In conclusion, our results indicate that nisin was less effective than monensin on some fermentation parameters (important for the improvement of the efficiency of utilization of the diet by ruminants) in artificial rumen. 相似文献
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西藏农区黄牛主要瘤胃微生物及瘤胃液物质特征值 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过测定牛瘤胃液中N源、可溶性糖含量,统计分类纤毛虫数量和改良纤维分解细菌选择性培养基等方法,发现瘤胃内 NH+1-N、NO-3-N、全N和可溶性糖处在一个动态变化过程,含量的高低取决于瘤胃内食糜的养分、食糜和瘤胃液在瘤胃中的排空时间,同时鉴定了西藏黄牛瘤胃液中12种不同属的纤毛虫、4个主要纤维素分解细菌和厌氧真菌的数量变化特点.结果表明,NH+4-N含量变化较小,在平均值(71.279 9±15.120 5)mg/L浮动;NO-3-N在AM 10:00达到最高值;全N在AM 8:00和16:00含量最高.通过试验改良的纤维素菌培养基能较好地培养瘤胃内4种细菌,为更进一步研究瘤胃内微生物提供了一条途径. 相似文献
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Factors limiting the maintenance of recombinant ruminal bacterium in the rumen were evaluated in vitro , using batch culture prepared from rumen fluid of sheep. Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens expressing a foreign xylanase gene ( B. fibrisolvens NO4) was used as a tested recombinant that was selectable on an erythromycin-containing agar medium. The recombinant tended to reduce its level slowly in the rumen fluid of sheep on a high hay diet, while its initial decrease was more apparent in the rumen fluid of sheep on a high concentrate diet. Incubation with cell-free ruminal fluid revealed a significant decrease of inoculated recombinant, suggesting the presence of antibacterial factors limiting maintenance of the recombinant. In particular, during the first 12 h of incubation this inhibition was more notable in culture prepared from rumen fluid of sheep given the high concentrate diet. Autoclaving the cell-free rumen fluid inactivated the inhibition. Numbers of the recombinant for inoculation did not influence the final level of survived recombinant, that is, the initial depression was larger as more recombinant was inoculated. Subculturing with xylan before inoculation and/or direct addition of xylan to the batch culture did not improve survival of the recombinant. From these results it is suggested that the level of survived recombinant is limited to 102–4 /mL of in vitro batch culture with restricted energy supply and that initial depression of the recombinant is mainly caused by the heat-sensitive antibacterial factors not associating with microbial cells in the rumen. 相似文献
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本文旨在研究不同剂量的瘤胃细菌培养物对荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃发酵及菌体蛋白(BCP)含量的影响。试验采用单因素试验设计,选用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管,体况相近的荷斯坦奶牛,取其瘤胃液混匀,添加不同剂量的瘤胃细菌培养物进行体外培养,分别为:对照组(0 CUF/g),试验Ⅰ组(添加量为3%,4.4×108CUF/g),试验Ⅱ组(添加量为5%,7.8×108CUF/g),试验Ⅲ组(添加量为10%,1.2×109CUF/g),每组分别设2、4、8、12、24、36、48 h 7个指标测定时间点,每个时间点3个重复。结果表明:(1)添加瘤胃细菌培养物使瘤胃液pH有所降低,但始终在6.5～7.0,对瘤胃内环境无不良影响;(2)添加3%的瘤胃细菌培养物显著降低氨态氮(NH3-N)的含量(P<0.05),显著增加了培养液BCP的浓度(P<0.05);(3)添加3%的瘤胃细菌培养物可一定程度增加总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)和乙酸浓度,但对其他各挥发性脂肪酸及乙酸/丙酸比值无显著影响。由此可见,添加3%剂量的瘤胃细菌培养物可改变瘤胃的发酵环境,提高BCP浓度。 相似文献
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《畜牧与兽医》2016,(2):36-40
为了研究日粮中添加延胡索酸二钠对断奶羔羊瘤胃发育及瘤胃发酵功能的影响,选用30只日龄为(50±5)d、体重为(25±2)kg的公羔,随机分为3组,每组10只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮的基础上添加0.5%(Ⅰ组)和1%(Ⅱ组)的延胡索酸二钠,试验期70 d。结果显示:1试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组断奶羔羊体增重比对照组分别增重3.2%(P0.05)和55.5%(P0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组瘤胃净重比对照组分别高8.5%(P0.05)和26.4%(P0.01),Ⅰ和Ⅱ组间差异显著(P0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组断奶羔羊瘤胃乳头高度比对照组分别高8.2%和9.2%,Ⅱ组乳头密度比对照组降低16.2%,各组间差异均不显著(P0.05)。2Ⅰ和Ⅱ组瘤胃p H值比对照组高(P=0.08);Ⅰ和Ⅱ组瘤胃氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度比对照组分别降低29.7%(P0.05)和21.0%(P0.05);Ⅰ和Ⅱ组瘤胃内容物中乳酸浓度分别比对照组降低27.0%(P0.01)和19.5%(P0.01);乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、乙酸/丙酸和总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度3组间差异不显著(P0.05)。结果提示:日粮中添加延胡索酸二钠提高了断奶羔羊的体增重及瘤胃净重和瘤胃p H值,降低了瘤胃内氨态氮及乳酸浓度。 相似文献
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Thiamin and niacin in the rumen 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Thiamin analogs, produced in the rumen by thiaminase I, in the presence of a cosubstrate appear to be responsible for the central nervous system disorder, polioencephalomalacia (PEM). For PEM to occur, an analog must be produced that inhibits an essential thiamin-requiring reaction, and results from a cosubstrate present in the rumen. In high concentrate diets, thiaminase I is produced by rumen microbes. However, PEM can also be caused by thiaminase I of plant origin. Based on physical characteristics and cosubstrate specificity, the thiaminase I enzymes produced by Bacillus thiaminolyticus and Clostridium sporogenes appear to be different from the enzyme produced by the rumen. Because niacin and certain antihelmentics are thiaminase I cosubstrates, they should be used cautiously. Supplementary niacin increased microbial protein synthesis in vitro and in vivo, and was more effective with urea than soybean meal. Supplementary niacin (5 to 6 g X cow-1 X d-1) increased milk production in postpartum cows but not in those in mid-lactation, and in cows fed soybean meal but not in those fed urea. We believe the heating of soybean meal during commercial processing decreased the availability of niacin for rumen protozoa. Supplementary niacin for postpartum cows increased blood glucose, decreased blood ketones and reduced the incidence of ketosis. Niacin flow to the small intestine and its absorption from the small intestine increased with niacin supplementation. Supplemental niacin prevented the postpartum decrease in red blood cell niacin observed in control cows. 相似文献
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Bacteriological studies were made with in vitro sheep ruminal fluids supplemented with synthetic fodder containing different amounts of kanamycin (0.125, 2.50, and 60 mg/ml), during anaerobic incubation at 38–39°C for 6 h.Changes in the bacterial population occurred in the presence of large amounts (60 mg/ml) of kanamycin, and the B1-type strain of Eubacterium became predominant.The marked increase in the concentration of ammonia in the supplemented rumen liquor, obtained after anaerobic incubation with high dosages of this antibiotic, is discussed. 相似文献
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包被铜对西门塔尔牛瘤胃发酵及尿嘌呤衍生物的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
选用4头体重420kg、2.5岁、体况良好、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国西门塔尔阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究包被铜(0、8、16和24mg/kg)对瘤胃发酵和尿嘌呤衍生物的影响。结果表明:包被铜对瘤胃pH值、NH3、VFA及玉米秸秆和豆粕营养物质瘤胃有效降解率影响均不显著(P>0.05);对尿嘌呤衍生物含量、微生物氮和微生物蛋白质合成量差异不显著(P>0.05)。根据试验结果推断包被铜可安全通过瘤胃,避免了铜对瘤胃微生物的影响。 相似文献
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Effect of defaunation and refaunation of the rumen on rumen fermentation and N-flow in the duodenum of sheep 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In order to confirm earlier fragmentary results, the effect of defaunation and refaunation of the rumen on the fermentation pattern and flow of N-components in the proximal duodenum of two sheep was investigated. Defaunation had no effect on acetic acid as a proportion of the total volatile fatty acids in the rumen, while the proportions of propionic acid increased with a concomitant decrease in butyrate. Refaunation resulted in lower acetic acid and higher butyric acid proportions. The concentration of ammonia N in the rumen was clearly decreased after defaunation, already indicating an effect of the elimination of protozoa on nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. Defaunation also increased significantly the flow of total N, non ammonia N and individual and total amino acids in the proximal duodenum. Defaunation resulted in higher bacterial growth efficiency, significantly in one sheep, but the decrease after refaunation was statistically significant for both sheep. Determination of rumen digestibility of organic matter and acid detergent fibre (ADF) revealed lower values in the absence of the protozoa, while total digestibility was only influenced to a much lower extent. This indicated a shift of digestion from rumen to the lower digestive tract. Finally, earlier work is discussed in the light of the present findings. 相似文献
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Effect of wheat processing on rumen characteristics and rumen parameters in Holstein‐Friesian calves
S. S. Mirghaffari K. Karkoodi A. Mirza‐aghazadeh N. Maheri‐sis 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2013,97(5):911-918
In this experiment, effect of wheat processing on rumen conditions and development were investigated. Fifty‐six neonatal Holstein‐Friesian calves (22 male and 34 female) were fed calf starters and post‐weaning diets containing 35 (pre‐weaning) and 21.90% (post‐weaning) popped wheat (PW), steam‐flaked wheat (SFW), dry‐rolled wheat (DRW) or ground wheat (GW) till 12 weeks of age. Calves were weaned at the end of 9th week, and a post‐weaning‐specific starter diets were fed for 1 month. Rumen liquor was analysed in days 30, 60 and 90 of the experiment to determine volatile fatty acids (VFA), pH and ammonia nitrogen concentrations. Twelve male calves (three calves/treatment) were slaughtered, and digestive tract was emptied. Forestomach empty weight and rumen parameters were assessed. Results indicated that calves received PW had the highest total VFA, acetate, propionate, butyrate, ammonia nitrogen, rumen wall thickness, papilla width and density. Calves fed DRW experienced the lowest rumen pH throughout the experiment probably because high proportion of fine particles in GW. Calves consuming PW apparently had more functional rumen in comparison with other groups. 相似文献
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本研究以4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的徐淮山羊为试验对象,利用体外培养法研究了不同氨基酸模式(A 组:微生物蛋白必需氨基酸模式,B组:90%微生物蛋白必需氨基酸模式+10%山羊肌肉必需氨基酸模式,C组:80%微生物蛋白必需氨基酸模式+20%山羊肌肉必需氨基酸模式.D组:70%微生物蛋白必需氨基酸模式+30%山羊肌肉必需氨基酸模式)对瘤胃微生物生长及其发酵特征的影响.结果表明:氨基酸模式影响瘤胃微生物发酵.培养液pH值、氨氮(NH3-N)浓度以及尿素(氧)(UN)各组间存在显著差异(P＜0.05).并且随培养时间的动态变化模式也是不一致的;培养液中总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)以C组最高,从乙酸/丙酸值来看,乙丙比接近3:1,乙酸和丙酸处于相对平衡的状态,各组间差异不显著(P＞0.05).原虫/细茵(P/B)值以及游离氨基酸(AA-N)各组之间差异显著(P＜0.05).氨基酸模式对瘤胃微生物的生长有一定影响,B组的氨基酸模式对微生物生长促进作用最大.综合以上试验结果可以认为氨基酸组成的不同可以影响瘤胃微生物生长以及发酵. 相似文献
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瘤胃作为反刍动物体内的饲料加工厂,其内环境稳定和微生物区系的平衡影响着动物对饲料的利用,日粮精粗比的改变影响瘤胃内环境稳态以及微生物区系组成,从而影响反刍动物的生产效率。本文综述了日粮精粗比影响瘤胃pH、NH3-N浓度、VFA浓度和瘤胃微生物区系组成的研究进展,为在生产实践中提高反刍动物生产效率提供理论依据。 相似文献
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为研究饲养水平对阿勒泰羊胃肠道发育、瘤胃发酵参数、消化酶活性及瘤胃微生物区系的影响,选取月龄相近（3~3.5月龄）、体重均一（19.16±0.54） kg、臀型一致、健康状况良好的阿勒泰母羔羊30只,随机分为3组,每组10只,自由采食60 d后,参照NRC（2007）饲养标准中维持能量（Em）需要,3个组分别按1.5Em（0.75 MJ·kg-1 W0.75）、1.0Em（0.50 MJ·kg-1 W0.75）和0.5Em（0.25 MJ·kg-1 W0.75）饲喂30 d。结果表明：1）随饲养水平的降低,羔羊全胃、瘤胃、小肠的重量逐渐降低,且1.5Em组全胃、瘤胃、小肠重量和瘤胃指数显著高于1.0Em和0.5Em组（P<0.05）,1.5Em和1.0Em组小肠长度和小肠指数显著高于0.5Em组（P<0.05）,但1.5Em和1.0Em组无显著差异（P>0.05）;2）随饲养水平的降低,绵羊瘤胃液pH先升高后降低,1.5Em组pH显著低于0.5Em和1.0Em组（P<0.05）,氨态氮（NH3-N）含量逐渐降低但3组之间的差异不显著（P>0.05）,总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）以及乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、异丁酸、异戊酸含量1.0Em组最低,且1.0Em组TVFA、乙酸、丙酸含量显著低于1.5Em和0.5Em组（P<0.05）,丁酸、戊酸和乙酸/丙酸1.0Em和0.5Em组显著低于1.5Em组（P<0.05）;3）随饲养水平的降低,瘤胃液消化酶活性降低,脂肪酶、蛋白酶活性1.5Em组显著高于1.0Em和0.5Em组（P<0.05）,1.0Em和0.5Em组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）,α-淀粉酶3组之间差异显著（P<0.05）;4）瘤胃内容物中真菌、原虫的相对含量1.5Em组显著高于1.0Em和0.5Em组（P<0.05）,但1.0Em和0.5Em组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）,产琥珀酸丝状杆菌、白色瘤胃球菌1.0Em组最低,显著低于1.5Em和0.5Em组（P<0.05）,黄色瘤胃球菌3组之间无显著变化（P>0.05）。由此可见,饲养水平对阿勒泰羊胃肠道发育、瘤胃发酵参数、消化酶活性及瘤胃微生物区系都具有显著影响。 相似文献
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M. Petzold U. Meyer J. Spilke S. Dänicke 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2014,98(4):785-796
The study aimed to examine the influence of supplemented conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) to periparturient cows receiving different concentrate proportions antepartum on rumen pH (RpH) and rumen temperature (RT). Twenty pregnant German Holstein cows were equipped with rumen probes for continuous RpH and RT measurement in a frequency of 15 min to investigate effects of dietary concentrate and CLA around parturition and the impact of parturition itself on RpH and RT. Cows had ad libitum access to partial mixed rations, 3 weeks prior to calving until day 7 post‐partum. Antepartum, cows received 100 g/day control fat (CON) or CLA supplement, either in low (20%; CON‐20, CLA‐20) or high concentrate diet (60%; CON‐60, CLA‐60). Post‐partum, concentrate proportion was adjusted to 50% while fat supplementation continued. Compared with adapted feeding, high concentrate proportions antepartum tended to increase DMI and reduced RpH. Groups CON‐60 and CLA‐60 spent more than 4 h per day below RpH 5.6 during late pregnancy, indicating the presence of subacute rumen acidosis (SARA). The RT remained unaffected antepartum. Before calving, cows spent less time below RpH 5.6 and SARA could be detected in each group post‐partum. Mean RpH increased slightly antepartum, whereas few hours before parturition a sharp decrease in RpH could be observed, accompanied with increased RT. Overall, it seems that CLA supplementation influences RpH and RT. Bearing in mind that rumen parameters fluctuate during day and herd level must be known, rumen probes for continuous RpH and RT measurement could be a useful management tool for animal health surveillance and may also help to predict parturition. 相似文献
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Pilachai R Schonewille JT Thamrongyoswittayakul C Aiumlamai S Wachirapakorn C Everts H Hendriks WH 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2012,96(2):206-213
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the supplementation of crude protein (CP) results in rumen acidosis and increased histamine concentrations in dairy cows. Six ruminally fistulated, non-pregnant dry cows were fed three experimental rations in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. The CP contents in the low-CP, the high rumen undegradable protein (high-RUP) and the high rumen degradable protein (high-RDP) rations were 112, 259 and 266 g/kg dry matter (DM) respectively. The cows were fed 7.7 kg DM of the concentrates and 2.7 kg DM of rice straw. High levels of RDP in the ration significantly increased the ammonia, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and histamine concentrations in the rumen fluid. However, supplemental CP, whether degradable or undegradable, did not significantly affect the pH of rumen fluid. Plasma urea nitrogen concentration was higher in both high-RDP and high-RUP in relation to cows fed the low-CP ration. The rise in ruminal histamine concentrations was physiologically non-relevant, most likely because rumen pH was not affected by supplemental CP at the installed level of DM intake. Therefore, it can be concluded that the issue of supplemental CP, rumen pH and ruminal histamine concentrations has not yet been settled. Further research is warranted to understand these relationships. 相似文献