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1.
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains were isolated from healthy dogs and dogs with pyoderma in 2000-2002 and 2009. All the isolates from dogs with pyoderma in 1999-2000 and from healthy dogs in 2000-2002 and 2009 were susceptible to cefalexin and/or other cephalosporins and oxacillin. However, 7.1-12.5 and 11.4% of S. pseudintermedius isolates from dogs with pyoderma in 2009 were resistant to cephalosporins and oxacillin, respectively. All S. pseudintermedius isolates from dogs with pyoderma in 1999-2000 and those from healthy dogs in 2000-2002 were susceptible to fluoroquinolones; however, 50% of the S. pseudintermedius strains isolated from dogs with pyoderma in 2009 and 30% of the S. pseudintermedius strains isolated from healthy dogs in 2009 were resistant to fluoroquinolones. Of the 21 oxacillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) isolates, 11 carried SCCmec type V and 10 carried hybrid SCCmec types II-III. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains that were resistant to only one of three fluoroquinolones had a mutation in the quinolone resistance determination region of grlA, whereas S. pseudintermedius strains that were resistant to two or more fluoroquinolones had mutations in the quinolone resistance determination regions of both grlA and gyrA.  相似文献   

2.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether resistance to oxacillin and other antimicrobials in 3 Staphylococcus spp commonly isolated from dogs increased from 2001 to 2005. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SAMPLE POPULATION: 1,772 clinical samples of various types obtained from dogs examined at the University of Tennessee Veterinary Teaching Hospital or at regional veterinary hospitals and submitted to the bacteriology and mycology laboratories associated with the teaching hospital. PROCEDURES: Samples were submitted by attending veterinarians to the bacteriology and mycology laboratories for routine aerobic microbial culture. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility procedures were performed on all isolates. Susceptibility reports for each antimicrobial and Staphylococcus spp were determined from aggregate electronically archived test results. Oxacillin and multidrug resistance for Staphylococcus intermedius was analyzed by reviewing disk diffusion zone measurements. RESULTS: Oxacillin resistance increased among S. intermedius isolates during the past 5 years, and the increase was associated with multidrug resistance. In 2005, 1 in 5 Staphylococcus spp isolates from canine clinical samples was resistant to oxacillin. The most common staphylococcal species isolated were S. intermedius (n = 37), Staphylococcus schleiferi (21), and Staphylococcus aureus (4), and frequencies of oxacillin resistance in isolates of these species were 15.6%, 46.6%, and 23.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Veterinarians should be aware of the potential for empiric drug treatment failures in instances where Staphylococcus spp infections are common (eg, pyoderma). Judicious use of bacterial culture and susceptibility testing is recommended.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the methicillin-resistant profile of staphylococcal isolates from the skin of dogs with pyoderma. ANIMALS: 90 dogs with pyoderma. PROCEDURE: Staphylococci isolated from dogs with pyoderma were tested for susceptibility to methicillin by use of a standard disk diffusion test with oxacillin disks. The DNA extracted from the isolates was tested for the mecA gene that encodes the penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) by use of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The expression of PBP2a was determined with a commercial latex agglutination assay. Species of staphylococcal isolates were identified by use of morphologic, biochemical, and enzymatic tests. RESULTS: Most of the isolated staphylococci were methicillin-susceptible, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus intermedius isolates. Whereas only 2 of 57 S. intermedius isolates were resistant to methicillin, approximately half of the isolates had the mecA gene and produced PBP2a. Staphylococcus schleiferi was the second most common isolate. Widespread resistance to methicillin was found among S. schleiferi isolates. More coagulase-negative S. schleiferi isolates were identified with mecA gene-mediated resistance to methicillin, compared with coagulase-positive S. schleiferi isolates. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The latex agglutination assay for the detection of PBP2a expression coupled with the PCR assay for the mecA gene may provide new information about emerging antimicrobial resistance among staphylococcal isolates.  相似文献   

4.
This study characterized the antimicrobial susceptibility of 221 Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various species, and 60 canine Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from 1986 through 2000 at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine (WCVM). Resistance of S. aureus was most common to penicillin (31%) and tetracycline (14%); resistance of S. pseudintermedius to penicillin was present in 8% and to tetracycline in 34% of isolates. Resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was only seen among S. pseudintermedius, and there was no resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate, ampicillin/sulbactam, cephalothin, amikacin, gentamicin, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol, or rifampin among any isolate. Inducible clindamycin resistance was found in both S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius, highlighting the need for careful interpretation of culture and susceptibility test results. There were significant differences in the minimum inhibitory concentrations of penicillin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline between avian, bovine, equine, and porcine isolates.  相似文献   

5.
Methicillin resistance among staphylococci isolated from dogs   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether methicillin-resistant staphylococci from dogs expressed the mecA gene and to determine what proportion of canine staphylococcal isolates positive for the mecA gene were resistant to oxacillin and other antibiotics. SAMPLE POPULATION: 25 methicillin-resistant (10 coagulase-positive and 15 coagulase-negative) and 15 methicillin-susceptible (8 coagulase-positive and 7 coagulase-negative) staphylococci isolated from dogs. PROCEDURE: All strains were tested for methicillin resistance by use of oxacillin agar screening and identified by use of standard techniques. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of 16 antibiotics were determined for all 40 isolates. A polymerase chain reaction method targeting a 533-basepair fragment of the mecA gene was used to detect mecA gene expression. RESULTS: 23 of the 25 methicillin-resistant isolates and none of the methicillin-susceptible isolates possessed the mecA gene. For 10 of 16 antibiotics, the proportion of mecA-positive isolates that were resistant or of intermediate susceptibility was significantly higher than the proportion of mecA-negative isolates that were resistant or of intermediate susceptibility. Only 1 methicillin-resistant coagulase-positive isolate was identified as Staphylococcus intermedius; the other 9 were identified as S. aureus. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results confirm that staphylococci isolated from dogs may have methicillin resistance mediated by the mecA gene. Isolates positive for the mecA gene were more likely to be resistant to various antibiotics than were isolates negative for the mecA gene. Results suggest that in dogs, infections caused by staphylococci that have the mecA gene may be difficult to treat because of resistance to antibiotics.  相似文献   

6.
Staphylococcus intermedius has been the predominant coagulase-positive Staphylococcus isolated from canine skin and mucosae and the most commonly reported staphylococcal pathogen in small animal practice for the last 35 years. Although microbiological tests have historically indicated variability in biochemical characteristics amongst S. intermedius isolates from animals, an acceptable level of diagnostic accuracy for clinical purposes was readily achievable with routine phenotypic testing. However, three recent developments have changed our understanding of the term "S. intermedius" and have challenged veterinary bacteriologists to ensure correct species identification of pathogenic staphylococci from small animals. First, the increasing recognition of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in small animal practice and its human health implications demand accurate species identification. Secondly, the application of molecular techniques to analysis of staphylococcal isolates has led to a revised taxonomy and canine isolates of S. intermedius being re-named S. pseudintermedius. Thirdly, the recent, rapid emergence of meticillin- and multi-drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) has become a major therapeutic challenge in veterinary practice worldwide, including the UK. This article discusses the background of the recent taxonomic changes within the genus Staphylococcus and reviews the key features of MRSP and its implications for day-to-day laboratory diagnosis and small animal practice.  相似文献   

7.
Fluoroquinolone resistance in Staphylococcus intermedius   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Four canine isolates of S. intermedius resistant to enrofloxacin were isolated amongst a total of 429 screened. Two of these were shown to exhibit resistance also to marbofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Whilst molecular studies have shown the mechanism of resistance to these quinolone antibiotics to be similar in a number of staphylococcal species, it was not possible to confirm this mechanism in Staphylococcus intermedius .  相似文献   

8.
Antimicrobial resistance of feline staphylococci in south-eastern England   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Staphylococcus aureus is reported as the predominant feline staphylococcal pathogen. There is concern that cats may transfer resistant staphylococci to humans. In this study, staphylococci were obtained from skin and mucosae of 20 domestic cats, 9 with lesions, and 10 healthy feral cats. Species were identified by DNase and API ID32 Staph tests. Of 187 isolates, 21.4% were coagulase-positive and predominately from lesional cats; 90% of these were Staphylococcus intermedius . Coagulase-negative species were isolated equally in all three groups. All isolates were susceptible to coamoxiclav, cephalexin and bacitracin. Twenty-two, including 18 coagulase-negative isolates, showed some resistance to cotrimoxazole, lincomycin, enrofloxacin or oxytetracycline. Two isolates were resistant to more than one antibiotic. More resistant isolates were obtained from feral cats ( P < 0.01). The results suggest that S. intermedius is the principal coagulase-positive species. Antibiotic resistance is generally low amongst feline staphylococci. Higher resistance amongst feral cats suggests exposure to environmental antibiotics.  相似文献   

9.
Prevalence of mecA, blaZ, tetO/K/M, ermA/B/C, aph, and vanA/B/C/D genes conferring resistance to oxacillin, penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, and vancomycin was investigated in 65 staphylococcal isolates belonging to twelve species obtained from ready-to-eat porcine, bovine, and chicken products. All coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) and S. aureus isolates harbored at least one antibiotic resistance gene. None of the S. aureus possessed more than three genes, while 25% of the CNS isolates harbored at least four genes encoding resistance to clinically used antibiotics. In 15 CNS isolates the mecA gene was detected, while all S. aureus isolates were mecA-negative. We demonstrate that in ready-to-eat food the frequency of CNS harboring multiple antibiotic resistance genes is higher than that of multiple resistant S. aureus, meaning that food can be considered a reservoir of bacteria containing genes potentially contributing to the evolution of antibiotic resistance in staphylococci.  相似文献   

10.
In the past 5 years, the incidence of canine skin infections caused by resistant strains of Staphylococcus (pseud)intermedius has increased. Many older antibiotics are used to treat these infections because the sensitivity can be demonstrated in vitro. Additionally, many of these older drugs are efficacious and unlikely to induce multidrug resistance. More than a decade ago, the antibiotic tylosin tartrate was reported to be efficacious in vitro and in vivo against Staphylococcus intermedius. The purpose of this study was to determine whether S. (pseud)intermedius isolated from untreated pyoderma cases at veterinary referral centers across the United States are sensitive in vitro to this antibiotic. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for tylosin tartrate and other commonly used antibiotics were determined for 103 isolates. Most (82.61%) of the isolates not exposed to antibiotics in the 3 months before submission were sensitive to tylosin tartrate. These findings suggest that tylosin tartrate warrants further study as a first-line option for the treatment of dogs initially presenting with pyoderma.  相似文献   

11.
Specimens obtained from pyogenic skin lesions of 210 dogs were culturally examined for staphylococci. A total of 215 isolates of staphylococci were biotyped, using the biochemical tests contained in a commercial staphylococcal identification system. Of 201 coagulase-positive isolates, 197 were identified as Staphylococcus intermedius, 3 as S aureus, and 1 as S hyicus. Of 14 coagulase-negative isolates, 5 were identified as S epidermidis, 5 as S xylosus, 3 as S simulans, and 1 as S hominis. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done on all staphylococcal isolates, using the standard disk-diffusion method. Staphylococcus intermedius isolates were susceptible to cephalothin, methicillin, and gentamicin. Resistance to ampicillin, penicillin G, and tetracycline was frequent. Antibiotic resistance was not associated with the depth of skin infection. Resistance to ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was not associated with previous antibiotic use. Increased resistance to chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and erythromycin was associated with previous antibiotic therapy. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of the other Staphylococcus species isolated are reported, but the small numbers of these species precluded making meaningful comparison with S intermedius.  相似文献   

12.
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13.
In this study, Staphylococcus aureus strains (n = 110) isolated from seven ewe flocks in Sanliurfa, Turkey were screened for antibiotic resistance and biofilmforming ability as well as for genes associated with antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming ability. All isolates were found to be susceptible to oxacillin, gentamicin, clindamycin, cefoxitin, tetracycline, vancomycin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim. The percent proportions of strains resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin and erythromycin were 27.2% (n = 30), 25.4% (n = 28) and 6.3% (n = 7), respectively. Regarding the antibiotic resistance genes, 32 (29%) isolates carried the blaZ and 8 (7.2%) the ermC gene. Other resistance genes were not detected in the isolates. All isolates showed biofilm-forming ability on Congo red agar (CRA), while 108 (98.18%) and 101 (91.81%) of them were identified as biofilm producers by the use of standard tube (ST) and microplate (MP) methods, respectively. All isolates carried the icaA and icaD genes but none of them harboured the bap gene. The results demonstrated that S. aureus isolates from gangrenous mastitis were mainly resistant to penicillins (which are susceptible to the staphylococcal beta-lactamase enzyme), and less frequently to erythromycin. Furthermore, all of the S. aureus isolates produced biofilm which was considered a potential virulence factor in the pathogenesis of staphylococcal mastitis.  相似文献   

14.
The occurrence and phenotypic, and genotypic properties of 24 Staphylococcus isolates from canine dermatitis were investigated. The predominant staphylococcal species was Staphylococcus intermedius. The other species such as Staphylococcus chromogenes, Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus capitis were only occasionally isolated. The study showed low level biochemical diversity among S. intermedius isolates. Resistance to antibiotics was frequently observed, with 87.5% of the isolates showing resistance to at least one drug. The most active antimicrobial agents against all staphylococci were amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cephalexin and gentamicin. Resistance to carbenicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephadroxil, erythromycin, clinadmaycin and neomycin was common. No correlation was observed between antibiotic resistance and plasmid profile. PFGE analysis revealed a high degree of genetic polymorphism of S. intermedius, even among isolates collected in a restricted area over a short time.  相似文献   

15.
The use of the penicillins in veterinary dermatology is discussed. An outline is provided of the main penicillins used in the veterinary field. These include benzyl penicillin, penicillin V, ampicillin, amoxycillin, co-amoxiclav and oxacillin. An increase in β-lactamase production among strains of Staphylococcus intermedius , the principal canine pathogen in pyoderma, has been seen in recent years. Thus only those penicillins with resistance to β-lactamase (co-amoxiclav or isoxazolyl penicillins) are likely to be of value in treating canine pyoderma. However, feline, porcine and equine staphylococcal dermatoses, and other veterinary dermatoses such as the actinomycoses, dermatophilosis and erysipelothrix, usually respond well to most penicillins, whether or not they resist β-lactamase.  相似文献   

16.
The Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is regarded as the major cause of canine bacterial pyoderma. Despite its clinical importance, there is only very limited knowledge about the pathogenesis of S. pseudintermedius infection and the specific bacterial virulence factors involved in causing disease. Using a whole-genome approach, we have previously identified 18 predicted cell-wall-anchored surface proteins representing possible virulence factors in a clinical isolate of S. pseudintermedius (strain ED99). They were designated S. pseudintermedius surface proteins A-R (SpsA-SpsR). The present study tested three of the putative Sps proteins (SpsD, SpsL and SpsO) for their ability to mediate adherence of bacteria to canine corneocytes. The three proteins were expressed on the surface of the nonpathogenic surrogate host Lactococcus lactis, a Gram-positive bacterium that does not adhere to canine corneocytes. Adherence assays were performed using corneocytes from different healthy canine donors (n = 5), and bacterial cells were quantified using computerized image analysis. Two of the proteins, SpsD and SpsO, mediated adherence of L. lactis to canine corneocytes, suggesting that they contribute to S. pseudintermedius pathogenesis and may represent novel therapeutic targets to combat infection.  相似文献   

17.
Antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria has been a problem in both developed and developing countries. This problem is especially evident in Salmonella typhimurium, one of the most prevalent foodborne pathogens. While performing in vitro gentamicin protection-based invasion assays, we found that certain isolates of multiresistant S. typhimurium can be 'induced' to exhibit new resistance profiles. That is, bacteria become resistant to a wider range of antibiotics and they also exhibit quantitative increases in MIC values for antibiotics that were part of their pre-induction antibiograms. This 'induction' process involves growing the bacteria to stationary phase in the presence of antibiotics such as ampicillin, amoxicillin or ticarcillin. Since the isolates studied exhibited resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin and ticarcillin prior to exposing the bacteria to these antibiotics, the observed phenomenon suggests that resistant Salmonella not only have a selective advantage over non-resistant Salmonella but their resistance phenotypes can be accentuated when an inappropriate antibiotic is used therapeutically.  相似文献   

18.
We report the antibiotic treatments administered to a female dog with mastitis and successive pyoderma. Microbiological investigations allowed the identification of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius after 54 days of various antibiotic treatments. The isolate carried the mecA gene and was resistant to 9 of 15 tested antibiotics. Consistent antibiotic treatment of the infection was possible only after accurate microbiological diagnosis.  相似文献   

19.
2010年从贵州省猪肉和牛奶样品中分离鉴定出73株葡萄球菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌50株,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌23株。采用琼脂稀释法检测其对18种抗菌药物的敏感性,运用统计学方法比较分析金黄色葡萄球菌与凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的耐药性差异。结果显示,动物性食品源葡萄球菌耐药较严重,对临床上常用药物耐药率较高,且为多重耐药,其中乳源葡萄球菌的多重耐药现象较猪肉源葡萄球菌严重;猪肉源金黄色葡萄球菌主要对青霉素类、四环素和大环内酯类耐药,乳源金黄色葡萄球菌主要对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、大环内酯类、四环素、克林霉素、泰妙菌素及利福平耐药;猪肉源凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌主要对氨苄西林、苯唑西林和泰妙菌素耐药,乳源凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的耐药谱与乳源金黄色葡萄球菌类似。  相似文献   

20.
This study determined the diversity of species and antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci isolated from dogs with a presumptive diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI). Urine samples from 348 dogs with clinical signs of UTI, according to clinical examination and urinalysis, were processed for isolation of Staphylococcus. Colonies in pure culture were identified by biochemical reactions and tested for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobials. Seventy isolates of staphylococci were obtained (20.1%). Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was the most frequent species (32.8%), followed by S. epidermidis (18.6%), S. simulans (15.7%), S. schleiferi schleiferi (11.4%), S. aureus (11.4%), S. schleiferi coagulans (7.2%) and S. saprophyticus (2.9%). All the isolates were resistant to at least 1 drug and 77.1% were multiresistant. The study reports the alarming antimicrobial resistance of members of the Staphylococcus genus isolated from canine UTI and highlights the importance of coagulase-negative staphylococci in its etiology.  相似文献   

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