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1.
Spirulina has been highlighted as a valuable complementary ingredient in aquafeeds due to its high protein and vitamin content, in addition to other nutritional benefits. To evaluate the effect of dietary spirulina inclusion in fish meal sparing (FMS) on juvenile Caspian brown trout as a slow‐growth fish, a complete randomized experimental design was developed with five treatments: 0% (control), 2% FMS (13.2 g/kg spirulina in diet), 4% FMS (26.4 g/kg spirulina in diet), 6% FMS (39.6 g/kg spirulina in diet) and 8% FMS (52.8 g/kg spirulina in diet). Six hundred juveniles (11.0 ± 1.0 g) were assigned to 15 experimental tanks. Although this fish is sensitive to diet composition, fish fed the 6% FMS and 8% FMS diets had a significantly higher weight gain rate (239.51% and 231.27%) and specific growth rate (1.74% bw per day and 1.71% bw per day) compared with those fed the control diet. Furthermore, 6% FMS and 8% FMS treatments had statistically higher protein efficiency (0.76 and 0.78), lipid efficiency (1.89 and 1.94) and statistically lower feed conversion ratio (2.47 and 2.41) compared with other treatments, respectively (p < 0.05). In terms of whole‐body composition, the higher amount of protein and lower content of lipid were observed in fish fed the 8% FMS diets as compared to control. Although no significant differences in ash and moisture content were observed, the highest protein deposition (157.3 g/kg) and the lowest lipid content (77 g/kg) in whole body were reported in fish fed 8% FMS diet. Based on the fillet fatty acid outcome, fish fed the 8% FMS diet had significantly higher saturated fatty acids (SFAs), C20:3n‐6, C18:3n‐3, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and total n‐3 fatty acids as compared to those fed the control diet (p < 0.05). Accordingly, increasing dietary spirulina content significantly enhanced the amount of these fatty acids in fish fillet. As regards of whole‐body amino acid profile, arginine and lysine in fish fed 6% FMS and 8% FMS diets were higher and lower than in those fed the control diet, respectively (p < 0.05). Fillet and skin colour parameters, such as luminosity, redness and yellowness, significantly increased with spirulina supplementation with the 8% FMS treatment displaying higher values than the control. In summary, according to our results, 8% FMS (52.8 g/kg spirulina in diet) treatment improved juvenile Caspian brown trout growth, carcass composition and pigmentation.  相似文献   

2.
Several studies investigated the usage of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) in aquaculture as a functional dietary additive or plant proteins replacers; however, more efforts still needed to test its nano form inclusion in aquafeed. In this study, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed dietary spirulina (A. platensis) nanoparticles (SNP) at 0 (control), 0.1, 1 and 10 g/kg diet while the fifth diet was mixed with 10 g/kg of the normal form of A. platensis as a positive control. The final weight (FW), weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio of fish fed SNP at 10 g/kg displayed improved values comparing with the other groups (p < 0.05). Further, fish fed 1 g SNP had higher FW and WG than the control and 0.1 g SNP and 10 g normal A. platensis. The incorporation of SNP at 1 and 10 g/kg in Nile tilapia diets significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced total protein, albumin, globulin, lowered the values of serum glucose and activities of ALT and AST compared with control and spirulina groups. The SOD, CAT, GPx, lysozyme and respiratory burst activities were meaningfully promoted (p < 0.05) in fish received 1 and 10 g/kg diet concerning the control and spirulina groups. Nile tilapia challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila showed congestion of the kidney, liver and spleen tissues while SNP alleviated the inflammation induced by A. hydrophila. Different levels of SNP-incorporated group showed lower cumulative mortality than the other groups. In conclusion, the obtained results illustrated that spirulina in nano form is recommended to enhance Nile tilapia well-being.  相似文献   

3.
This study evaluated the impact of dietary ginger and liquorice supplementation on growth performance, physiological and histopathological profiles and heavy metal accumulation in Nile tilapia fingerlings. Fish (n = 1,800, 17.5 ± 0.11 g BW) were randomly distributed into four treatment groups in triplicates and received no supplementation (control group), 5 ml aqueous ginger extract/kg feed (ginger group), 4 ml aqueous liquorice extract/kg feed (liquorice group) or 2.5 ml ginger plus 2 ml liquorice aqueous extracts/kg feed (mix group). The ginger‐liquorice mix supply improved the growth performance and feed efficiency (p < .05), increased the haematocrit and haemoglobin (p < .05), leucocytes (p = .108), neutrophils (p = .054), serum total protein (p < .05), albumin (p = .011) and globulin (p = .094) but decreased (p < .05) the blood urea nitrogen and creatinine than feeding liquorice or ginger lonely compared to the control. Heavy metal loads in pond water induced lamellar telangiectasis of gills and necrosis with sloughing of intestinal villi tips. These detrimental effects were alleviated, and the intestinal villus length (p = .041) and crypt depth (p = .069) were increased with liquorice supply. In all treatment groups, heavy metal contents in fish flesh were lower compared to the control. Thus, using ginger and/or liquorice aqueous extracts can decrease heavy metal accumulation in the fish flesh and exert positive effects on growth performance, metabolic profile and the intestinal and gill morphology of Nile tilapia.  相似文献   

4.
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Eucommia ulmoides (EU) on growth, feed utilization, antioxidant activity and immune responses of turbot fed a basal diet (CON) or EU‐supplemented diets with 5.0 g/kg (EU1), 10.0 g/kg (EU2) and 20.0 g/kg (EU3) EU leaf powder. After 70‐day trial, EU supplementation did not affect nutrient utilization, but reduced feed intake (FI) and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish at doses above 5.0 g/kg. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) activities in the EU‐supplemented groups were significantly higher than those in the control group at a dose of 20.0 g/kg. Significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were observed in EU‐supplemented groups at doses over 5.0 g/kg. Furthermore, fish fed 20.0 g/kg EU showed the highest lysozyme (LZM) activity among groups. The EU‐supplemented diets with doses above 5.0 g/kg significantly enhanced the mRNA expressions of cytokines. The expression level of major histocompatibility complex II alpha (MHC IIα) was significantly upregulated compared to that of the control fish when the supplemental level was at 20.0 g/kg. Taken together, the present study indicated that the EU could remarkably enhance the antioxidant activity, non‐specific immunity and maintain an active immune response in turbot.  相似文献   

5.
The present Present experiment was conducted for 75 days in triplicates groups in 18 aquaria of 50 L each to study the effect of Wolffia arrhiza and Spirulina platensis on growth and pigmentation of Botia dario. Six isonitrogenous diets were prepared with 350 g/kg crude protein (CP) level. Diet 1 (T1) was prepared without fortification of spirulina and wolffia. T2 diet was prepared with spirulina as supplement of carotenoids. Similarly, T3, T4, T5 and T6 diets were prepared by substituting 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/kg of CP from spirulina with wolffia, respectively. Significant differences (p < .05) in final mean weight, mean weight gain, body weight gain and specific growth rate were observed. 100 percent survivability was recorded in T4 and T5. Final carotenoids content (μg/g) in skin (166.39 ± 2.71) and muscle (10.67 ± 0.32) was recorded highest in T5 and in whole fish in T6 (13.03 ± 0.95 μg/g). Redness, yellowness and whiteness found to have no significant differences (p > .05). Thus, it can be concluded that diet containing 100 g/kg spirulina can be effective for better growth while diet containing 25 g/kg spirulina and 150 g/kg wolffia can be effective for higher survival and pigmentation in Botia dario.  相似文献   

6.
In this study, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of grapefruit peel extract (GPE) were equal to 117.3 ± 0.3 µg of gallic acid/mg and 39.30 ± 0.1 µg of quercetin/mg respectively. Caspian white fish (n = 180, 4 ± 0.9 g body weight) was fed with supplemented diets, including 0, 6.25, 12.5 and 25 mg of GPE/kg for 60 days at 25 ± 1°C. The growth performance was markedly improved in fish fed with 25 mg/kg of GPE compared to others (p < 0.05). Moreover, fish fed with 25 mg/kg of GPE showed a significant increase in red blood cell (2.65·106 cell/mm3), white blood cell (17.75·103 cell/mm3), packed cell volume (48%) and haemoglobin concentrations (8.75 g/dl) compared to the control (p < 0.05). However, the highest alanine aminotransferase (140 U/L), alanine transaminase (14.5 U/L), and alkaline phosphatase (18.5 U/L) were observed in control group. Morphological analysis of intestine revealed the highest amount of villus width (8.4 µM), height (32.86 µM) and surface area (342.7 µM2) in fish fed with 25 mg/kg of GPE (p < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementing feed with GPE at 25 g/kg can improve growth performance and haemato‐biochemical parameters of Caspian white fish fry.  相似文献   

7.
Gelatin and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were often used as binders due to their binding ability. To investigate the effects of gelatin and CMC supplementation on feed quality, intestinal ultrastructure and growth performance of gibel carp, six pelleted feed were formulated: control; supplemented with gelatin (10 g/kg, 30 g/kg and 50 g/kg); and supplemented with CMC (10 g/kg and 30 g/kg). Increased gelatin supplementation levels reduced feed solubility and pellet softening (p < .05) and decreased chemical oxygen demand in the surrounding water after pellets were immersed (p < .05). Increased levels of gelatin supplementation enhanced digesta viscosity and reduced intestinal microvilli length and digestive enzymes activities (chymotrypsin and amylase; p < .05) of fish. Fish‐fed diets supplemented with 30 g/kg gelatin had higher levels of plasma total free amino acids and glucose (p < .05) than fish fed 10 g/kg and 50 g/kg gelatin. Feed supplemented with 10 g/kg CMC were softer than those supplemented with 30 g/kg CMC (p < .05); fish‐fed diets supplemented with 10 g/kg CMC had longer intestinal microvilli (p < .05) than fish fed 30 g/kg CMC. Thus, our results indicated that either gelatin or CMC is applicable to supplement in the feed for improving feed quality and without negative effect on growth performance of gibel carp.  相似文献   

8.
A nine‐week feeding trial was performed to determine the dietary linolenic acid (LNA; 18:3n–3) requirements of juvenile blunt snout bream. Six iso‐nitrogenous, semi‐purified diets were prepared with different concentrations of LNA (0–25 g/kg). Dietary LNA had no significant effects on survival rate. However, final fish weight, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) increased with increasing dietary LNA concentrations up to 20 g/kg. Dietary LNA increased muscle LNA and total n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents, but decreased total saturated fatty acid content. Fish fed 20 g/kg LNA had the highest plasma alkaline phosphatase activity, total protein, albumin and white blood cell count levels. Additionally, fish fed 20 g/kg LNA had higher triglyceride levels than control fish. Plasma glucose increased with increasing dietary LNA concentrations. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities significantly increased with increasing dietary LNA concentrations up to 15 g/kg. Based on SGR and FER, the optimal dietary LNA requirements of juvenile blunt snout bream were 17.5 and 15.6 g/kg respectively.  相似文献   

9.
In this study, effects of grape Vitis vinifera seed oil supplementation (0, 250 mg, 500 mg, 1,000 mg/kg feed) for 60 days on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss juveniles were investigated. The average final fish weights were not different between the control group and 500 mg/kg feed group (p > .05), but 250 mg/kg feed group were lower than those of the control group, and 1,000 mg/kg feed group were higher than those of the control group. Although the SFA, MUFA and n3 ratios of the control group were higher than that of the other groups, no statistical difference was found. The highest fatty acids in the fish were palmitic acid C 16: 0 in the SFA group and C 18: 1n‐9 and docosahexaenoic acid C 22: 6n‐3 in the PUFA group. The EPA ratio was significantly increased in all groups compared with the control group. The DHA ratio was significantly higher in the control group than in the experimental groups, and there was no difference between the experimental groups. Urea were significantly lower in the 250 mg/kg feed group. Total protein and aspartate aminotransferase were significantly increased in the 1,000 mg/kg feed group. Only the 1,000 mg/kg feed group showed an increase in antioxidant activities, and this concentration also yielded positive results in terms of growth performance, survival rates, fatty acid composition and antioxidant enzyme activities in rainbow trout juvenile and can be used as a natural feed additive.  相似文献   

10.

The effects of β-1,3/1,6-glucan on Hyphessobrycon eques were assessed after 42 days of feeding diets containing 0 (control group given commercial feed), 0.5, 1, or 2 g β-glucan/kg diet. In total, 180 fish, with an initial weight of 0.43?±?0.03 g, were used. There were 15 fish in each of twelve 42-L aquariums, and there were 3 aquariums of fish for each dietary treatment. The fish were fed until apparent satiety. Performance parameters (final weight, total length, standard length, feed intake, survival rate, weight gain, feed conversion, specific growth rate, and condition factor) and plasma glucose concentration were measured. Histological analysis of the proximal portion of the intestine (width and height of the villi, depth of the crypts, height of the enterocytes, thickness of the muscle layer, and number of goblet cells) was performed. Different levels of the additive did not influence fish performance (for example, final weight: control: 0.63 g, 0.5: 0.60, 1: 0.58, and 2: 0.61). Likewise, there was no influence on the plasma glucose concentration (control: 81.80 mg/dL, 0.5: 75.33, 1: 85.00, and 2: 81.00) and intestinal morphometry of the animals. However, the results showed that 2.0 g/kg of β-1,3/1,6-glucan provided a greater abundance of goblet cells secreting acidic and neutral mucus present in the epithelium (periodic acid-Schiff: 66.67 cells, Alcian blue pH 1.0: 72,67 cells, and Alcian blue pH 2.5: 95.00 cells), showing significant differences when compared to animals in the control group, which may represent better protection of the intestinal epithelium of H. eques.

  相似文献   

11.
Two 3‐week growth trials were performed to determine the optimum feeding rate of juvenile lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) fed with a semi‐purified dry diet (protein, 440 g; lipid, 130 g/kg) at different feeding rates: 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 g/kg body weight per day (BW/.d‐1), for 36 g‐sized fish; and 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 30 g/kg BW/.d‐1, for 80 g sized fish. Feeding rates significantly influenced growth performances, feed conversion ratio, wholebody lipid and moisture contents, energy and protein retention, and fasted blood glucose levels (p < 0.05). The ratio of total C/total N measured in whole fish was positively correlated to the feeding rates and the lipid contents of whole fish. Suboptimal feeding significantly depressed growth performance and protein synthesis based on the measurement of RNA/DNA ratio in white muscle. Based on polynomial regression models, an optimal feeding rate to support the maximum growth, protein and energy retention was 34.5, 22 and 27.3 g/kg BW/.d‐1, respectively, for fish sized at 36–72 g; and 29.0, 16.9 and 19.9 g/kg BW/.d‐1, respectively for fish sized at 80–140 g. Results of this study will benefit future research to develop practical feeds to replace frozen live feed and feed management for lake sturgeon.  相似文献   

12.
The dietary total and available requirement of tryptophan of Nile tilapia fingerlings was determined using linear regression analysis. Six hundred fish (3.4 ± 0.0 g) were fed diets containing 296.4 g/kg of crude protein and 14.1 MJ/kg of digestible energy. Five extruded diets containing 2.5, 3.0, 3.4, 3.8 and 4.2 g/kg of total tryptophan were evaluated. Fish were fed four times a day during 45 days. Final body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and net protein utilization of fish fed Trp 3.4 and Trp 3.8 diets were improved compared to fish fed Trp 2.5 and Trp 4.2 diets. No significant differences in survival rate, whole‐body moisture and ash were observed. Whole‐body amino acid profile of fish fed different diets did not differ statistically (p > .05). Fish fed Trp 3.0 and Trp 3.4 diets showed higher tryptophan retention compared to fish fed Trp 2.5 and Trp 4.2 diets. Excepting blood glucose, no effects of dietary tryptophan on haematological parameters were observed. The dietary total tryptophan requirement of Nile tilapia fingerlings based on weight gain was estimated to be 3.4 g/kg (11.0 g/kg of dietary crude protein) or 3.0 g/kg of available tryptophan (11.0 g/kg of dietary digestible protein).  相似文献   

13.
A 16‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary pantothenic acid requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus. Six casein–gelatin‐based diets (450 g/kg CP; 18.39 kJ/g GE) with graded levels of pantothenic acid (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/kg diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.2 ± 0.71 cm; 4.26 ± 0.37 g) near to apparent satiation. The growth evaluation in terms of absolute weight gain (AWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein retention efficiency (PRE) indicated the best performance (p < .05) in fish fed diet containing 30 mg/kg pantothenic acid. Highest haemoglobin, haematocrit and RBCs counts were also obtained in fish fed diet with 30 mg/kg pantothenic acid. Mean cell haemoglobin and mean cell volume were found to be lowest in fish fed pantothenic acid‐free diet indicating the anaemia in this group of fish. Superoxidase dismutase and catalase activities of liver tissue were found to improve (p < .05) with the increasing levels of dietary pantothenic acid from 0 to 30 mg/kg. However, liver pantothenic acid concentration responded positively with the increasing levels of pantothenic acid up to 40 mg/kg diet and then stagnation in liver pantothenic acid concentration with the further inclusion of pantothenic acid was recorded. Second‐degree polynomial regression analysis of AWG, FCR and PRE exhibited the pantothenic acid requirement at 36.4, 32.8 and 34.7 mg/kg diet, respectively. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating pantothenic acid‐balanced commercial feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.  相似文献   

14.
The study was to examine the effects of dietary L. aspera on growth performance, physio-metabolic response and health status of Rita rita fish reared in tanks for 60 days. Six experimental diets were formulated containing 0 g/kg, 3 g/kg, 6 g/kg, 9 g/kg and 12 g/kg L. aspera and designated as D0, D3, D6, D9 and D12 respectively. The inclusion of L. aspera at graded levels resulted in significantly varying effects on growth performance where the weight gain (%), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were significantly higher (p<0.05) in D6 and D9 groups than others. The protease and amylase activities were elevated in L. aspera supplemented groups than the control group (p<0.05), whereas lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and serum transaminase enzyme activities were significantly reduced with the increasing level of L. aspera and comparatively higher activities of the respective enzymes were found in the control group. The activities of oxidative stress enzymes were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the D9 group and lower in control. The blood glucose level significantly decreased with the increasing level of L. aspera in the experimental diets. The L. aspera supplemented fish had significantly higher liver glycogen, serum protein, albumin and globulin than control group. Red blood cell count was significantly higher (p<0.05) in D6-D12, whereas white blood cell count and haemoglobin content were significantly higher (p<0.05) in D6 and D9 groups. Regression analysis showed that L. aspera at the level of 7.3–7.9 g/kg is optimum for better growth and feed efficiency.  相似文献   

15.
A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary phosphorus requirement of Heteropneustes fossilis fingerlings (7.7 ± 0.04 g). Fish were fed casein–gelatine‐based purified diets in triplicate groups near satiation with seven different levels of dietary phosphorus (3.2, 5.2, 7.2, 9.2, 11.2, 13.2 and 15.2 g/kg dry diet). All diets were formulated to be isoproteic (400 g/kg) and isoenergetic (17.89 kJ/g). Highest absolute weight gain (68.38 g/fish), best feed conversion ratio (1.48), protein retention efficiency (30.74%), protein gain (12.44 g/fish), haemoglobin (11.19 g/dL), RBCs (3.12 x106/mm3), haematocrit (33.44%) and serum phosphate (2.82 mg/L) were found at 9.2 g/kg phosphorus. Hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase activity were also significantly influenced by the dietary phosphorus levels. Whole body and vertebrae phosphorus concentrations increased significantly as the amount of dietary phosphorus increased from 3.2 to 11.2 g/kg dry diet and then plateaued. More accurate information on dietary phosphorus requirement was obtained by subjecting the AWG, FCR, vertebrae phosphorus and whole body phosphorus concentrations data against various levels of dietary phosphorus to broken‐line analysis, which yielded the requirement in the range of 9.0–11.0 g/kg for optimum growth and mineralization of H. fossilis.  相似文献   

16.
The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of supplementation of inulin on histology, immuno‐haematological and biochemical parameters of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) fingerlings with an initial average body weight of 7.14 ± 0.05 g. Inulin was supplemented at four different concentrations (control) 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 g/kg in the L. calcarifer diet containing 400 g/kg protein and 90 g/kg lipid. At the end of the 60 days feeding trial, the absorptive surface area of the intestine and glycogen deposition in liver were increased in fish fed inulin supplemented diets. The immune parameters lysozyme, alternative complement pathway, superoxide dismutase and nitroblue tetrazolium assay showed significant (p < 0.05) difference between control and treatment groups. Haematological parameters showed that red blood cells, white blood cells, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration levels increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the fish fed with inulin supplemented diets. The analysis of biochemical parameters revealed that glucose, urea, cholesterol, triglyceride, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between control and treatments groups. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed for total protein among different treatments. The results of the study revealed that 15–20 g/kg inulin supplementation has a beneficial effect in the histology, immuno‐haematological, and biochemical parameters in L. calcarifer juveniles.  相似文献   

17.
In this study the effects of commercial juniper berry oil (JBO) as a feed additive in diets for common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was investigated in terms of growth performance, feed utilization and blood parameters. The experimental diets were prepared to contain JBO at rate of 0 (JBO‐0), 5 (JBO‐5) and 10 (JBO‐10) ml/kg. Common carps (3.07 ± 0.15 g) were fed with test diets for a period of 60 days in 40‐L aquariums of triplicate groups. The feeding experiment revealed that JBO groups showed significantly better growth performance and feed utilization compared with the control group (JBO‐0) (p < 0.05). No significant effect was observed on hemoglobin amount, haematocrit ratio and consequential erythrocyte indices (p > 0.05). In the JBO groups, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, glutamic–pyruvic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase levels decreased significantly (p < 0.05). In contrast, the total protein level showed a significant increase, while glucose, albumin and lactate dehydrogenase levels did not present any significant variation (p > 0.05). Therefore, dietary addition of 5 ml/kg JBO promoted fish growth and positively influenced the blood parameters in common carps.  相似文献   

18.
Effects of graded dietary levels of fish meal (FM) replacement with meat and bone meal (MBM) with garlic powder (G) or without garlic powder (WG) garlic powder were investigated on growth, digestive enzymes, apparent digestibility, body composition and fatty acid profile of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss; 8.26 ± 1.10 g). A total of eight dietary treatments were evaluated: control with garlic powder (0 MBM+G), 250 MBM+G, 450 MBM+G, and 650 MBM+G (g MBM/kg diet; treatments with garlic powder; G treatments), control without garlic powder (0 MBM), 250 MBM, 450 MBM and 650 MBM (g MBM/kg diet; treatments without garlic powder; WG treatments). Our results demonstrated that increased dietary content of MBM impaired growth and production performance, body composition, digestive enzyme activity, tissue fatty acid profile and overall digestibility. Addition of garlic powder was able to correct fish performance, body composition, enzyme activity and digestibility to some extent. Dietary supply of garlic resulted in increased digestive enzyme activity improving fish performance. The current results indicated that fish fed 650 g MBM/kg feed exhibited impaired growth that could be attributed to reduce digestibility of protein, fat, energy and dry matter, PUFAs and n‐3 LC‐PUFAs in muscle. We suggest that 450 g FM per kilo feed can be successfully replaced with MBM supplemented with 30 g garlic powder per kilo feed without impairing fish performance and physiology, however distorting tissue fatty acid composition resulting in lesser levels of n‐3 LC‐PUFAs compared to the 0 MBM+G diet.  相似文献   

19.
A six‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of butyric acid (BA) inclusion in diet on performance of Barramundi (Lates calcarifer). Fish (12.0 ± 0.2 g) were fed with four experimental diets contained 0.0 (control), 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 g BA/kg in triplicate. Fish fed on 5 and 10 g BA/kg diets had higher growth and total alkaline protease and lipase activities than the other treatments. Fillet protein content in BA‐supplemented groups was higher than the control. Liver catalase activity was highest in 2.5 g BA/kg group compared with the other groups. The values of liver superoxide dismutase activity and serum total protein concentration in 5 and 10 g BA/kg treatments were higher than those in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the highest and the lowest levels of serum lysozyme activity were noticed in the 10 g BA/kg and the control groups, respectively (p < .05). Also, the highest respiratory burst activity was observed in fish fed 5 g BA/kg feed. Supplementing diet with 2.5 or 5 g BA/kg resulted in higher serum haemolytic activity in fish compared with the other groups. The number of red and white blood cells increased in fish fed BA‐supplemented diets compared with the control (p < .05). In conclusion, the results of this study showed inclusion of BA at 5 g/kg diet in L. calcarifer juveniles improved growth and upgraded the general health condition by enhancing fish antioxidant enzyme activities and haemato‐immunological responses.  相似文献   

20.
The study investigated effect of dietary supplementation with malic acid, Bacillus subtilis and a mixture of the two (3 × 2 factorial trial) on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) health. Treatment groups (T1–T6) were fed diets containing three levels of malic acid (0.0, 5.0 and 10.0 g/kg), each of which was supplemented with 0 and 1.1 × 105 cfu/g B. subtilis, respectively. Each treatment group was assigned randomly to triplicate groups of 35 fish (5.26 ± 0.06 g) in 18 tanks for 84 days. The results indicated that survival was higher in all dietary treatments as compared to the control fed fish. The highest values of FBW, WG and SGR (%), PER, PPV and ER were recorded in groups T4 and T6, which were fed diets supplemented with 5 g malic acid/kg and 1.1 × 105 cfu/g B. subtilis and 10 g malic acid/kg and 1.1 × 105 cfu/g B. subtilis, respectively. The best value of FCR was obtained in groups T4 and T6. The lowest total bacterial count in the gut and faeces was detected in fish from group T6. The values of haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cells, white blood cells, total protein, albumin and globulin were significantly higher (p < .05) in fish from groups T4 and T6 (diets supplemented with malic acid and B. subtilis). As compared to the control fed fish, te mixture of these substances are promising as immune enhancher in aquacultured fish.  相似文献   

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