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1.
[l4C]exudation from fungal propagules on 5 soils over 4–24 h was studied in relation to mycostasis. [l4C]exudation from sclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina, chlamydospores of Thielaviopsis basicola, and conidia of Cochliobolus victoriae after 24 h on two sandy loam soils and a loam was generally greater than exudation on the two clay loam soils. Results were similar for conidia of Stemphylium sarcinaeforme but differences were not statistically significant. When natural soils were pulsed with [14C]glucose, 14CO2 evolved by the soil microflora over 2–12 h showed a similar trend. [14C]exudation from M. phaseolina sclerotia and C. victoriae conidia incubated on soils was greater than that from propagules incubated aseptically on a bed of sand through which water percolated at a flow rate sufficient to inhibit germination. Propagules of C. victoriae, M. phaseolinia and T. basicola germinated greater on one or more of the coarse-textured soils than on fine-textured soils. Using γ-irradiated soils, more [l4C]exudate was adsorbed by the clay loams than by the loam and sandy loam soils, suggesting that the adsorptive capacity of soils may be an important factor in controlling fungal utilization of soluble nutrients. Fungal germination in soil appears to be jointly influenced by two opposing tendencies: the ease with which germination occurs in response to exogenous nutrients and the amount of endogenous substrate lost or retained.  相似文献   

2.
Exposure of sclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina to 0 and 33% relative humidity (r.h.) for 12 weeks and of Sclerotium cepivorum to 0, 33 and 55% r.h. for 20 weeks did not reduce their germinability on agar. Exposure to 78% r.h. caused high loss of germinability in M. phaseolina and complete loss in S. cepivorum. After 7-day exposures respective moisture contents of sclerotia of M. phaseolina and S. cepivorum were 1 and 2% at 0% r.h.; and 10 and 14% at 78% r.h. M. phaseolina sclerotia held at 0% and 33% r.h. in desiccators for several times up to 12 days did not decrease in subsequent survivability in moist soil, unlike sclerotia held at 78% r.h. for 4 days.More sclerotia of M. phaseolina were colonized by fungi and Streptomyces spp. on alkaline soil than on acid soil. On alkaline soil twice as many sclerotia were colonized after exposure to 0% r.h. as after exposure to 33, 55 and 78% r.h. Colonization of S. cepivorum sclerotia was as high on acid as on alkaline soil and 3 times as high on sclerotia treated at 0% r.h. as on those treated at higher r.h. Attempts to ascertain the effects of colonization on sclerotial viability were unsuccessful. Incubation of sclerotia of M. phaseolina in moist Rumsford sandy loam (50% m.h.c.) for 20 weeks reduced survivability by 43%. At room temperature, alternate drying and wetting of soil containing sclerotia did not appreciably affect survivability of either pathogen. Survivability of S. cepivorum sclerotia was highest when the sclerotia were incubated in air-dried soil (2–3% m.h.c.) for 20 weeks.Incidence of white rot on onion seedlings transplanted to S. cepivorum-infested soil was higher in soil that had been air-dried for 20 weeks than in soil that had been alternately wetted and dried. Sclerotia that were exposed to 0% r.h. for 7 days before soil incubation produced little white rot.  相似文献   

3.
Direct observation of washed conidia of Cylindrocladium scoparium on non-sterile soils, air dried and rewetted immediately before deposition of conidia, indicated that peak germination (33–58%) occurred after 24 h incubation at 26°C. Peak germination on continually moist soils was lower (18–26%) than on rewetted soils. Lysis of germ tubes and germinating conidia on continually moist soils at 26°C was evident with 48 h. Conidia did not germinate on continually moist soils at 6°C and lysis did not become apparent until 168 h. Conidia germinated at a high level (93–99%) in axenic culture in the absence of exogenous C and N sources. The inhibition of conidial germination on soils may be attributed, in part, to the presence of soil volatiles. Germination of conidia placed on washed agar disks and exposed to volatiles from four soils ranged from 51 to 86% of the no-soil controls. Addition of carbon (13 ng C per conidium as glucose) and nitrogen (65 pg N ng?1 C as NH4C1) nullified the inhibitory effect of the soil volatiles. Germinability assayed on a selective medium at 26°C of conidia in artificially infested soils (approximately 104 conidia g?1 soil) decreased progressively during incubation at 26°C from 1 week to 4 months. No germinable conidia were recovered from artificially infested soils after 2 months incubation at 6°C. Conidia of C. floridanum and C. crotalariae responded similarly to C. scoparium in many assays.  相似文献   

4.
A quantitative approach was devised to evaluate the influence of soil microbial activity as a sink for nutrients exuded by fungal spores as a factor in soil fungistasis. The approach was based on measuring the CO2 evolved from microbial respiration of 14C-labelled exudates from conidia of Cochliobolus victoriae incubated on soil. The amount of exudate lost by spores on soil was greater than the amount lost by spores incubated on a bed of sand undergoing leaching at a flow rate of 110 ml h?1. where restriction of germination was similar to that on soil. Increasing flow rates in the leaching system increased spore exudation and reduced germination. Germination of C. victoriae conidia on membrane filters floated on distilled water decreased as the volume of water increased. The results indicate that the microbial nutrient sink of soil is sufficient to impose soil fungistasis.  相似文献   

5.
The proportion of viable sclerotia of Sclerotium cepivorum placed in field plots in Burnaby, British Columbia, decreased with time (P = 0.05). Sclerotia that had been air-dried for 48–72 hr had a lower percentage survival than those that had not been dried. Sclerotia placed on the soil surface decayed more rapidly than those buried at 15 cm (P = 0.05). Loss of viability was due to decay of sclerotia rather than to a reduction in the ability of the sclerotia to germinate which did not decline with time (P = 0.05). After 16 months in the field 23.6; 2.1; 11.7 and 8.9% of the sclerotia remained viable in the not-dried buried, not-dried surface, dried buried and dried surface treatments respectively.  相似文献   

6.
At least 75% of the sclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina survived for 1 yr in most natural soils kept at 26°C and at 50–55% of the soil moisture holding capacity (m.h.c.). Although survivability was reduced in a very acid soil (pH 4.5) collected under a pine stand, 33% of the sclerotia survived for 1 yr. Soil pH had very little or no effect on sclerotial survivability. Of three organic amendments tested (alfalfa hay, chitin, pine needles) only ground alfalfa hay at 0.8% (w/w) reduced survivability of sclerotia in soil by about 75% in a year. Alfalfa hay at 0.4% reduced survivability by 36%. Various N sources added at 200 μg Ng?1 soil had no effect on survival. Of 13 fungicides tested, only benomyl and captan at 20 μg a.i. g?1 soil appreciably reduced populations of sclerotia in soil.Soil temperature and moisture content were the two most important factors affecting survivability of sclerotia. At ?5 or 5°C the biggest drop in sclerotial survivability occurred when the soil was incubated moist (at 50% m.h.c. or more). At 26°C the biggest drop occurred in air-dried soil (2–3% m.h.c.) and survivability was decreased to some extent at 15 and 30% m.h.c. Survivability also dropped rapidly in moist soil (50–55% m.h.c.) exposed to four cycles each having 3-week freezing (?5°C) and 1 week thawing (26°C). Sclerotia in air-dried soil (2–3% m.h.c.) continuously kept at ?5°C maintained nearly complete survivability after 16 weeks. Sclerotia survived almost 80–90% in moist soil (50–55% m.h.c.) kept for 16 weeks at 26°C or in moist soil exposed to four cycles each having 3-week thawing (26°C) and 1-week freezing (?5°C).  相似文献   

7.
《Applied soil ecology》2006,31(1-2):159-168
Survival of conidia of eight species of Bipolaris, Curvularia, and Exserohilum in soil was compared to identify the species most suitable for use in experiments to assay fungitoxicity of soils amended with animal wastes and agricultural byproducts. Conidia produced on cellulose-containing substrates were added to soil between porous nylon mesh membranes, incubated for 0–12 weeks, retrieved, and plated on cornmeal agar to induce germination as an indicator of viability. In three experiments, significant variation in spore germination was attributed to fungal species, incubation time in soil, and species × time interactions. Few or no differences in viability of conidia of the eight species were evident prior to incubation in soil, but numerous significant differences (P = 0.05) were observed between species after incubation for 2–12 weeks in soil. Survival of conidia usually was greatest for C. lunata, B. sorokiniana, and B. stenospila; least for B. cynodontis, B. hawaiiensis, and E. rostratum; and intermediate or inconsistent for B. spicifera and C. geniculata. C. lunata, B. sorokiniana, and B. stenospila appear most capable of survival in soil as conidia and most suitable for use as test organisms to evaluate fungitoxicity of amended soils. When conidia of these species were incubated for 4–8 weeks in three soils with and without previous commercial swine waste applications, survival was often significantly (P = 0.05) reduced across soils or in individual soils that had received swine waste. The most frequent and strong reductions in survival of conidia in waste-amended soils were observed with B. stenospila. Results indicate that the eight species of fungi studied differ significantly in ability of conidia to survive in soil, that three species exhibit the greatest potential for survival, that these species may be used to bioassay soils for fungitoxicity, and that conidia of these species exhibit slight to strong reductions in survival in soils that previously received commercial applications of liquid swine waste.  相似文献   

8.
The colonization of Macrophomina phaseolina sclerotia by microbial parasites was evaluated in unsterilized field soil at different levels of soil moisture (0,-5, and-10 kPa) and temperature (20, 30, and 40°C). The maximum colonization of sclerotia was recorded in soil held at-5 or-10 kPa at 30–40°C. Trichoderma harzianum isolate 25–92 and Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate 4–92 were recorded as potential sclerotial parasites, and they significantly (P=0.05) reduced the germination of sclerotia by 60–63%. Cells of P. fluorescens and buffer-washed conidia of T. harzianum were completely agglutinated at 28°C with crude agglutinin of M. phaseolina. The ability of different antagonists to parasitize the sclerotia were correlated with the agglutination ability of the antagonists.  相似文献   

9.
Rhizoctonia solani causes worldwide losses in numerous crops. Sclerotia of R. solani remain viable for several years in soil and are an important source of primary infection. In this study the effect of soil incorporation of Kraft pine lignin, a side product of the paper industry, on viability of R. solani AG1-1B sclerotia was investigated. The efficacy of lignin was assessed in a sandy loam (Oppuurs) and a silt loam soil (Leest) collected from commercial fields in Belgium. Evaluating sclerotial viability after 4 weeks incubation in the two soils amended with 1% (w/w) Kraft pine lignin demonstrated a soil-dependent effect. In Leest soil the addition of lignin resulted in a significantly reduced sclerotial viability, together with an increased mycoparasitism by Trichoderma spp.; in Oppuurs soil, on the other hand, only a slight and insignificant reduction in sclerotial viability was observed. Based on phospholipid fatty acid analysis, different changes in microbial community structure upon lignin amendment were detected in the two soils. Both amended soils showed a significant increase in Gram negative bacteria. In Leest soil this increase was accompanied with a significantly higher increase in fungi and actinomycetes compared with Oppuurs soil. In addition, Kraft pine lignin resulted in both soils in a small but significant increase in manganese peroxidase activity and this increase tended to be higher in Leest soil. Manganese peroxidase produced by lignin-degrading basidiomycetes has previously been shown to degrade melanin, which protects the sclerotia against biotic and abiotic stress. We hypothesize that lignin-degrading fungi increased the susceptibility of the sclerotia to sclerotial antagonists such as Trichoderma, Gram negative bacteria and actinomycetes. Clearly, the effect observed here did not rely on the stimulation of one microbial group, but is the result of an interaction of different groups.  相似文献   

10.
Mulching of Macrophomina phaseolina-inksted soil (moist or dry) with transparent polyethylene sheets during the hot days of May increased temperature of wet soil at 5 cm from 37°C (unmulched) to 52°C (mulched) and of dry soil from 52°C (unmulched) to 65°C (mulched). At 20 cm mulching increased temperature from 30°C to 41°C (wet) and from 38°C to 42°C (dry). In artificially-infested soil. the sclerotia of M. phaseolina were eradicated at 5 cm by a mulch treatment for 1 week and at 20 cm depth 50% sclerotia lost viability in wet soil but were not affected in dry soil. In a naturally infested soil (5–7 sclerotia g?1), which gave 20% infection on Vigna, the sclerotia were reduced to such an extent that after 1 week mulching no disease was observed on Vigna.  相似文献   

11.
A single injection of 0.2 ml diallyl disulphide (DADS) at 0.156% (v/v) into soil containing naturally-produced sclerotia of Sclerotium cepivorum and maintained in the laboratory at 15°C stimulated sclerotial germination and reduced sclerotial numbers by 67%; ungerminated sclerotia remained viable. Higher concentrations of DADS had no additional effect except that at 20% (v/v), germination was slightly inhibited. A similar reduction in sclerotial numbers was obtained when the mixture of soil and sclerotia was exposed to DADS vapour. Four, monthly applications of DADS at 0.2 ml 0.15% (v/v) per application did not give a further reduction.The effect of DADS was temperature dependant, with a reduction in sclerotial numbers of 65 and 9% at 15 and 5°C respectively.  相似文献   

12.
Aspects of the biology of C. minitans and its potential for control of S. sclerotiorum were investigated.Temperatures below 7°C resulted in comparatively slow rates of germination and infection of sclerotia by C. minitans. The optimum temperature for germination, growth, infection of sclerotia, and destructive parasitism by C. minitans was 20°C. The optimum relative humidity for germination, growth and infection by C. minitans was above 95%.Autumn inoculations with suspensions of conidia, pycnidia and mycelium of C. minitans in the field resulted in negligible numbers of sclerotia remaining viable after 1 month. With culture-grown sclerotia 2 months were required for a similar reduction of sclerotial viability. In the absence of C. minitans mulching had no significant effect on sclerotial viability. In the presence of C. minitans mulching did, however, influence the viability and infection by C. minitans of culture-grown sclerotia. Populations of field sclerotia also differed from culture-grown sclerotia in that they harboured an internal population of microorganisms, which included C. minitans, and had a lower level of viability at the commencement of the treatments.A winter application of C. minitans did not result in significant infection of sclerotia nor in a reduction in viability of sclerotia. This failure is believed to have resulted from low temperatures and dry conditions.  相似文献   

13.
Dried sclerotia of Sclerotium delphinii rotted in moist soil whereas those of Sclerotium cepivorum. Botrytis cinerea and Botrytis tulipae did not. A number of fungi invaded dried sclerotia of S. delphinii in soil, the principal coloniser found in the first sampling being Trichodermu hamatum. Leakage of 14C compounds from dried labelled sclerotia placed in water was rapid and was little affected by variation in leakage temperature from 1 to 25°C or by prolonging the drying period beyond a day. Leakage from dried sclerotia which were allowed to imbibe water through a small part of their surface was much reduced. Sclerotia which were redried after leakage leaked again when returned to water but with all four fungi the first of three leakage cycles gave the highest 14C levels. Loss in dry weight in the first leakage cycle was greater with S. delphinii than with the other three fungi and this may be related to the poor survival of dried sclerotia of S. delphinii in moist soil. Substances lost during leakage appear to originate from within sclerotial hyphae rather than from the hyphal free space.  相似文献   

14.
Germinability and virulence of sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii were assessed after 50 days of exposure of 14C-labeled sclerotia to soil at 0, −5 and −15 kPa and pH 6.9, or to soil at 15, 25 or 30 °C, pH 5 or 8 and −1 kPa. Evolution of 14CO2 accounted for the greatest share of endogenous carbon loss from sclerotia under all soil conditions, except in water-saturated soil (0 kPa), in which sclerotial exudates contributed the major share of carbon loss. Total evolution of 14CO2 from sclerotia in soil at −15 kPa (42.4% of total 14C) and at −5 kPa (38%) was significantly higher than at 0 kPa (23.8%). Evolution of 14CO2 in soil at 25 or 30 °C was more rapid than at 15 °C with regardless of pH. Loss of endogenous carbon by sclerotia was the greater after 50 days of exposure to soil at 0 kPa, or at 25 or 30 °C and pH 8, than at other soil conditions. Sclerotia exposed to water-saturated soil (0 kPa) showed a more rapid decline in nutrient independent germinability, viability and virulence, than to those exposed to −5 or −15 kPa. Sclerotia became dependent on nutrient for germination and lost viability and virulence within 30–40 days in soil at 25 or 30 °C, pH 8. However, more than 60% of sclerotia retained viability in soil at 15 °C regardless of pH, even after 50 days. Radish shoot growth was increased significantly by the sclerotia that had been exposed to soil at 0 kPa, or to soil at 25 or 30 °C and pH 8 for 50 days. In conclusion, carbon loss by sclerotia during incubation on soil at different pH levels, temperatures and water potentials was inversely correlated with sclerotial ability to infect radish seedlings. The relationship between carbon loss by sclerotia and radish shoot length was positive.  相似文献   

15.
To determine why viability of conidia of Cochliobolus sativus declines in some soils treated with atrazine and not in others, the influence of soil organic matter, texture and pH on the lethal effect of atrazine was examined. Viability of conidia on Boyer sandy loam (SL) (−1 kPa matric potential) containing 25μg atrazine g−1 was 7% after 3 weeks, as compared with 99% in the control. Decreasing the organic carbon of Boyer SL from 0.73 to 0.02% by H2O2 digestion, or to 0.04% by NaOH extraction, nullified the lethal effect of atrazine. The addition of 4mg humic acid g−1 to NaOH-extracted Boyer SL containing atrazine partially restored the lethal effect. Increasing the pH of Boyer SL from 5.2 to 7.5 nullified the lethal effect of atrazine. Viability of conidia on Spinks SL (pH 6.6) containing atrazine remained at 99% after 3 weeks. The addition of 4mg humic acid g−1 from Boyer SL to atrarine-treated Spinks SL reduced viability to 86%. Viability of conidia in atrazine-treated acidified Spinks SL (pH 5.4) was 65%. The response of conidia to atrazine in soils supplemented with 4% bentonite clay, or in separated sand or silt and clay fractions of soils was not affected except when the soil pH was altered. Thus, a low pH and the presence of humic acid increased the toxicity of atrazine to conidia of C. sativus.  相似文献   

16.
The effects of canopy, soil physico-chemical and microbiological variables on Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) on soybean were assessed in two soils (clay loam and sandy loam) using multiple regression and canonical redundancy analysis (RDA) and their partial form to control for the rotation (2 or 3-y-corn/soybean monoculture) and fertilization (mineral/urban compost) or spatial variables effects. The models revealed the minimal sets of variables that best explain the variance of the survival of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum’s sclerotia, carpogenic germination, disease severity and their associations. In clay loam, the 3-y-corn rotation reduced disease severity mainly through the reduction of weed biomass that favoured carpogenic germination. Urban compost has a conducive effect explained by a better soil surface drainage. Additionally, total N was found suppressive to sclerotial survival. In sandy loam, the carpogenic germination was negatively correlated with high C mineralization quotient and aggregate stability but correlated positively with Ca. Sclerotial survival was negatively correlated with pH and Ca, and positively correlated with biological fertility index. Aggregate stability, Ca and pH were associated with the urban compost. The regression and RDA analyses allowed to identify key variables that drived SSR development and explain their relationship with the cultural practices, soil health, as well as the spatial variation of disease variables.  相似文献   

17.
The effects of three Coniothyrium minitans isolates (Conio, IVT1 and Contans®), applied to soil as conidial suspensions or as maizemeal-perlite (MP) inocula (Conio), on apothecial production and infection of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotia were assessed in two soil pot bioassays and two novel box bioassays in the glasshouse at different times of the year. C. minitans isolate Conio applied as either MP or ground MP at full rate (106-107 cfu cm−3 soil) consistently decreased the carpogenic germination, recovery and viability of sclerotia and increased C. minitans infection of the sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum by in comparison with either MP or conidial suspension treatments applied at lower rates (103-104 cfu cm−3 soil). Additionally, when applied at the same rate, MP inoculum of C. minitans was consistently more effective at reducing carpogenic germination than a conidial suspension. The effect of MP and ground MP at full rate on carpogenic germination was expressed relatively early as those sclerotia recovered before apothecia appeared on the soil surface already had reduced numbers of apothecial initials. In general, there were few differences between the isolates of C. minitans applied as conidial suspensions. Box bioassays carried out at different times of the year indicated that temperature and soil moisture influenced both apothecial production and mycoparasitism. Inoculum concentration of C. minitans and time of application appear to be important factors in reducting apothecial production by S. sclerotiorum.  相似文献   

18.
Isolates of Trichoderma spp grew and produced chlamydospores as well as conidia in molasses-corn steep liquor (M-CSL), sucrose nitrate (SN), and glucose tartrate (GT) media. In M-SCL, isolates of T. hamatum, T. viride, and T. harzianum formed 10.4, 5.9 and 1.1 × 108 chlamydospores g?1 dry weight of mycelium. Fewer chlamydospores formed in SN and GT. Although T. harzianum formed the least number of chlamydospores, it produced the highest number of conidia in all three media. Molasses-corn steep liquor was superior to SN or GT in supporting development of both spore types. Spore production was not influenced by initial pH of the media or by continuous maintenance of the media at pH 4 or 7. Equal numbers of chlamydospores were formed in liquid media incubated in shake or static culture. Conidia formation, however, was stimulated in static culture. Chlamydospores and conidia of several naturally occurring isolates and induced biotypes of Trichoderma spp were abundantly produced on a variety of solid substrates moistened with liquid nutrients or water, preferably at pH 4. Bran, cornmeal, and peanut hull meal were better than eight other solid substrates for production of chlamydospores and conidia. A u.v.-induced, benomyl-resistant biotype of T. viride (T-1-R9) formed 22 × 107 and 18 × 108 chlamydospores and conidia, respectively, g?1 of bran-SN. The ratio of conidia to chlamydospores was always greater in solid than liquid media. In solid media, 10 times more conidia than chlamydospores were formed, whereas in liquid only two or three times more were formed. Chlamydospores from liquid and solid fermentations were viable (ca 80%) and fresh chlamydospores germinated well (ca 75%) on nutrient agar. Although dried chlamydospores were viable, as determined with tetrazolium bromide, their germination on agar was poor (ca 8%).  相似文献   

19.
盐碱复合胁迫对水稻种子发芽的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为研究盐胁迫与碱胁迫复合对水稻种子发芽的影响,采用模拟试验方法,将两种中性盐(NaCl、Na_2SO_4)和两种碱性盐(NaHCO_3、Na_2CO_3)按照不同比例[NaCl︰Na_2SO_4︰NaH∶CO_3︰Na_2CO_3分别为1︰1︰0︰0(A), 1︰2︰1︰0(B), 1︰9︰1︰0(C), 1︰1︰1︰1(D),9︰1︰1︰9(E)]混合,每个混合比例设不同总盐浓度(50 mmol·L~(-1)、100 mmol·L~(-1)、150 mmol·L~(-1)、200 mmol·L~(-1)),模拟20种盐碱胁迫环境,以去离子水作为对照(CK),研究不同盐碱混合胁迫对水稻种子发芽的影响。结果表明,水稻种子经两种中性盐混合胁迫溶液培养后,与CK相比,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数的降幅分别为9.2%～74.4%、10.0%～48.9%、5.6%～55.6%,平均发芽时间延长3.2%～96.4%;随胁迫溶液中碱性盐比例的增加,与CK相比, B-E组发芽率分别降低8.9%～96.5%、15.0%～98.0%、7.5%～98.7%、18.9%～95.7%,发芽势分别降低20.0%～94.4%、13.2%～97.8%、3.3%～100%、36.7%～94.4%,发芽指数分别降低16.7%～94.4%、22.2%～100%、16.7%～100%、27.8%～94.4%,平均发芽时间较CK延长0.8～4.5倍,说明中性盐和碱性盐的混合胁迫溶液对水稻种子发芽的抑制作用更强。将在盐碱胁迫溶液中未萌发的水稻种子转移至蒸馏水中培养7d后,水稻种子的最终萌发率均达73.33%以上,表明胁迫溶液没有破坏水稻种子的活性,只是暂时性抑制了种子的萌发。试验结果表明:与单施中性盐比较,中性盐与碱性盐混合胁迫作用对水稻种子萌发的抑制作用更明显,且在中性盐与碱性盐混合溶液浓度达200mmol×L~(-1)时,种子发芽率接近0。  相似文献   

20.
Conidia of Cochlioholus sativus were placed onto natural soil, incubated for periods up to 100 days, recovered and examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Lysis of conidia and their colonization by soil microorganisms were studied.  相似文献   

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