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1.
二化螟Chilo suppressalis是水稻生产上重要的常发性害虫, 以大龄滞育幼虫在稻桩中越冬, 研究其寄生性天敌, 对于害虫发生动态预警和防治具有重要意义。通过剥查四川地区稻桩内越冬代二化螟幼虫并室内饲养羽化收集天敌, 鉴定天敌种类和调查自然寄生率发现:2017年-2018年, 2018年-2019年及2019年-2020年, 寄生蜂自然寄生率分别为1.1%~8.6%, 1.5%~11.7% 和 1.9%~9.0%, 年度间自然寄生率无明显差异; 寄生蜂自然种群主要有螟甲腹茧蜂 Chelonus munakatae (Munakata)、大螟钝唇姬蜂 Eriborus terebrans (Gravenhorst)、中华茧蜂 Amyosoma chinensis (Szepligeti)、绒茧克氏金小蜂Trichomalopsis apanteloctena (Crawford)、螟蛉瘤姬蜂 Itoplectis naranyae (Ashmead)、螟黄足盘绒茧蜂 Cotesia flavipes (Cameron)、环腹瘿蜂 Figites sp.、稻螟小腹茧蜂 Microgaster russata (Haliday)、黏虫白星姬蜂 Vulgichneumon leucaniae (Uchida)和二化螟黑卵蜂Telenomus chilocolus(Wu et Chen)。四川省越冬代二化螟寄生性天敌的优势种为螟黄足盘绒茧蜂和螟蛉瘤姬蜂, 部分地区每年自然寄生率维持在较高的水平。  相似文献   

2.
成都水稻二化螟寄生性天敌的调查研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
1978～1982年,在成都调查水稻二化螟寄生性天敌,寄生蜂有19种,优势种为稻螟赤眼蜂、螟甲腹茧蜂、稻螟小腹茧蜂、夹色姬蜂和大螟钝唇姬蜂。卵粒寄生率第一代为2.63％,二代40.73％,三代85.54％;幼虫寄生率一代为28.30％,主要寄生于3～5龄幼虫体内,3龄寄生率为28.57％,4龄55.56％,5龄33.33％,蛹寄生率一代为56.25％,二代57.53％,越冬代8.82％。对二化螟有一定的控制作用。本文还就化学农药对寄生蜂的影响进行了分析。  相似文献   

3.
不同生境中水稻二化螟的自然寄生情况   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
调查并比较了浙江省自然环境条件与水稻栽培制度明显不同的三个地区即安吉、嘉兴和兰溪单季稻、双季晚稻与茭白田中二化螟的自然寄生情况。结果表明,寄生蜂种类以安吉地区相对较多,二化螟绒茧蜂是三地共有的主要寄生蜂。嘉兴与安吉稻田中二、三代二化螟的卵寄生率均很低。幼虫寄生率,各地均以茭白上的为相对较高。三个地区中,单季稻田与双季晚稻田内幼虫寄生率均以兰溪地区相对较高,茭白田内寄生率则以安吉地区相对较高。在嘉兴与安吉,二化螟绒茧蜂与稻螟小腹茧蜂两者发生的时间格局有明显的差异。  相似文献   

4.
二化螟是我国水稻的重要钻蛀性害虫,常年发生危害严重,给水稻生产带来巨大产量损失。寄生蜂是二化螟重要的生态调节因子和生物防控天敌资源,对田间二化螟的种群数量具有明显的自然控制作用。本文主要就二化螟寄生蜂多样性及其影响因素、二化螟卵寄生蜂和幼虫寄生蜂生态控害功能及优势种利用、二化螟幼虫越冬滞育期间寄生蜂对越冬幼虫种群基数的控制和寄生蜂生态控害功能的评估等方面的研究与应用进行综述,并探讨寄生蜂对二化螟生态控害功能的评估,尝试提出二化螟寄生蜂生态控害功能研究应在越冬代重视二化螟盘绒茧蜂、稻螟小腹茧蜂和中华钝唇姬蜂对越冬滞育幼虫的生态控害潜力、非越冬世代则重点发掘稻螟赤眼蜂、螟黄赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂等卵期优势寄生蜂以降低田间二化螟卵的孵化率、减轻二化螟幼虫为害率,以期为提升寄生蜂的生态控害功能提供参考。  相似文献   

5.
1984—1985年,在思南县塘头双季稻区,对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫期的主要寄生天敌进行了调查。两年来,5—10月分期分批从大田随机采集稻纵卷叶螟各代各龄幼虫,室内饲养至化蛹、羽化,调查其天敌种类及数量。结果: 一、主要寄生蜂和寄生率 从饲养的888头幼虫中观察到:有398头被天敌寄生,主要为寄生蜂,计有: 纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂 Apanteles cypris、螟蛉绒茧蜂 Apanteles ruficrus、螟黄抱缘姬蜂  相似文献   

6.
8～11月在福建省沙县稻田调查,发现稻弄蝶卵寄生蜂4种,其中以拟澳洲赤眼蜂、稻螟赤眼蜂和稻苞虫黑卵蜂为主。同期在稻田内挂卵调查,寄生率为5.3～14.7％,平均10.4％,10～11月初田边杂草上卵寄生率为10～39.3％,平均28.6％。11月中下旬采的卵中发现有越冬的寄生蜂,翌年3月陆续羽化。弄蝶幼虫期有7种原寄生天敌和3种重寄生天敌;前者以稻苞虫凹眼姬蜂、银颜筒寄蝇和弄蝶绒茧蜂为主,寄主多在3～5龄时被杀死。8～9月田间幼虫寄生率为30.3～75.7％,平均为48.2％,对稻弄蝶虫口有一定的控制作用。  相似文献   

7.
宁波地区小菜蛾幼虫期和蛹期寄生蜂调查   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
小菜蛾Plutella xylostella是十字花科蔬菜最重要的世界性害虫,保护和利用寄生性天敌是控制小菜蛾的重要手段。为有效控制小菜蛾在蔬菜上的为害,减少农药用量,作者于2007年4月至2009年1月对宁波地区小菜蛾幼虫期和蛹期主要寄生性天敌种类及其田间自然被寄生率进行了调查。结果表明,宁波地区十字花科蔬菜上小菜蛾幼虫期和蛹期共有8种原寄生蜂（菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesia vestalis、螟蛉盘绒茧蜂Cotesia ruficrus、颈双缘姬蜂Diadromus col-laris、东方长颊姬蜂Macromalon orientale、棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂Campoletis chlorideae、无脊大腿小蜂Brachymeria excarinata、齿唇姬蜂Campoletissp.、弯尾姬蜂Diadegmasp.）、1种兼性寄生蜂（菜蛾啮小蜂Oomyzus sokolowskii）和5种重寄生蜂（盘背菱室姬蜂Mesochorus discitergus、粘虫广肩小蜂Eurytoma verticillata、稻灿金小蜂Trichomalopsis oryzae、绒茧灿金小蜂Trichomalopsis apanteloctena和啮小蜂Tetrastichussp.）,其中优势种为菜蛾啮小蜂和菜蛾盘绒茧蜂,分别占62.23%和31.19%,同时,小菜蛾幼虫期田间自然被寄生率普遍高于蛹期。另外,菜地蔬菜品种的多样性有利于寄生蜂的保护和利用。  相似文献   

8.
稻苞虫羽角姬小蜂Dimmockia secun-ds Crawford 是稻苞虫的常见寄生蜂,在稻纵卷叶螟、稻眼蝶上也有寄生,同时还可作为重寄生蜂寄生于广黑点瘤姬蜂、横带沟姬蜂、稻苞虫凹眼姬蜂、纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂、拟螟蛉绒茧蜂及稻纵卷叶螟的寄蝇和稻苞虫的寄蝇。1980年至1981年,笔者对该蜂的生物学特性进行了观察。现将结果整理如下:  相似文献   

9.
不同稻螟发生区螟卵寄生蜂的自然寄生作用   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
对江苏和安徽几个不同稻螟发生区螟卵寄生蜂的调查表明 ,稻螟赤眼蜂为优势种。在一代二化螟中 ,以二化螟特大发生的常熟地区稻螟赤眼蜂寄生率最高达 1 0 0 % ,每卵块羽化寄生蜂数也高达 82 3头 ;三化螟和二化螟发生均较重的安徽省和县稻螟赤眼蜂寄生率为 1 7 1 % ,每一卵块羽化的蜂仅 3 5头。由于地区间卵块大小有差别 ,寄生蜂对二化螟实际控制效果以金坛西部最高。一代三化螟中 ,常熟及金坛西部的寄生率均高达 1 0 0 % ,其它地区寄生率为 46 7%～ 79 1 % ,每一卵块羽化的蜂数则较少。赤眼蜂在不同代次螟虫间变动较大 ,金坛东部地区 ,一代二化螟到二代二化螟 ,每卵块寄生蜂数量由 3 8 3头下降为 0头 ,这主要是由于化学农药影响。在和县 ,寄生蜂随三化螟代次增加而增加 ,但在高淳 ,寄生蜂却在二代出现最低峰 ,三代最高。寄生蜂性比也因地区、螟虫种类和代次不同而变化。  相似文献   

10.
为了解河南省漯河地区小麦田、玉米田黏虫Mythimna separata幼虫的寄生性天敌种类及寄生情况,为黏虫的可持续防控提供科学依据。于2015年-2017年在河南省漯河地区采集小麦田一代和玉米田二代黏虫幼虫,带回室内饲养,对饲养期间出现的寄生性天敌进行种类鉴定。共发现黏虫幼虫寄生性天敌5种:黏虫盘绒茧蜂Cotesia kariyai、螟蛉盘绒茧蜂C.ruficrus、棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂Campoletis chlorideae Uchida、盘背菱室姬蜂Mesochorus discitergus和中华卵索线虫Ovomermis sinensis。麦田一代黏虫寄生天敌主要为中华卵索线虫,夏玉米田二代黏虫主要为寄生蜂类天敌,优势种为黏虫盘绒茧蜂和螟蛉盘绒茧蜂。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

13.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

14.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

15.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

16.
In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.  相似文献   

17.
Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.  相似文献   

18.
Zusammenfassung Herbizidresistente Kulturpflanzen nehmen unter den derzeit weltweit angebauten gentechnisch veränderten Ackerbaukulturen Sojabohne, Baumwolle, Raps und Mais den weit überwiegenden Anteil ein. Als Ursachen für die rasche Zunahme der Anbauflächen herbizidresistenter Sorten sind unter anderem die Unzulänglichkeiten der für diese Kulturen bestehenden Herbizidlösungen sowie die Zunahme der pfluglosen Bestellverfahren zu sehen. Im Gegenzug hat die Minimalbodenbearbeitung aufgrund der Einführung der Herbizidresistenztechnologie, insbesondere in Sojabohne, ein ausgeprägtes Flächenwachstum erfahren.Als Entscheidungskriterien für die Wahl des Unkrautbekämpfungssystems unter Einbezug des Anbaus herbizidresistenter oder konventioneller Sorten lassen sich aus den Erfahrungen der vergangenen 8 Jahre anführen: Sortenleistung, erhöhte Kulturverträglichkeit und zeitliche Anwendungsflexibilität, Wirkungssicherheit einer Nachauflaufbehandlung in Trockenregionen, Wirkungsbreite, Wirkungsdauer und Bekämpfung resistenter Unkrautbiotypen. Aufgrund fehlender Zulassungen und Kennzeichnungsvorschriften in wichtigen Exportmärkten sind für den Anbau transgener Sorten in Übersee auch Vermarktungseinschränkungen sowie für den Anbau in Europa Haftungs- und Koexistenzregeln wichtige einzelbetriebliche Entscheidungsparameter.Fortschritte erfährt die Herbizidresistenztechnologie kurz- und mittelfristig in der Weiterentwicklung bereits praktizierter Spritzfolgen und Tankmischungen zu Fertigformulierungen der Komplementärherbizide mit residualen Partnern. Zur Bekämpfung und Vorbeugung der Ausbreitung neuer herbizidresistenter Biotypen werden die Komplementärherbizide mit Partnern anderer Wirkungsmechanismen kombiniert. Weitere Entwicklungen sind die Kombination verschiedener transgener Merkmale mit der Herbizidresistenz sowie die Ausweitung von den derzeit dominierenden Kulturen auf weltweit weniger bedeutsame Kulturen, in denen die Entwicklung neuer konventioneller Herbizidwirkstoffe bisher wenig erfolgreich war oder im Verhältnis zum Aufwand nur bedingt attraktiv ist. Für die langfristige Entwicklung könnte die Plastidentransformation zur Verhinderung einer unerwünschten Ausbreitung transgener Merkmale Bedeutung erlangen.  相似文献   

19.
Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots. F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization.  相似文献   

20.
Data from surveys of winter wheat fields in the period 1974–1986 and of seed lots in the period 1962–1986 and identifications of diseases on plant samples were compiled to describe the occurrence of snow mould (Monographella nivalis) andFusarium spp. On average,M. nivalis dominated overFusarium spp. The complex ofFusarium spp. constituted mainly ofF. culmorum, followed byF. avenaceum andF. graminearum. M. nivalis was dominant in May on stem-bases and in July on leaves and leaf sheaths. On seedsM. nivalis predominated only in years with low temperatures in July and August.Average brown footrot infection in the field was 4% tillers in May and 5% culms in July. Brown footrot intensity in July was high in cropping seasons with high precipitation in October and with low temperatures in October, November and December. In July during the early eighties, an average of 8% of leaves and 6% of flag leaf sheaths were infected byM. nivalis. Average ear blight incidence was 1.2% glumes infected. Seed contamination by these pathogens averaged 16% in the years 1962–1986. The contamination was high in years with high precipitation in June, July and August. Aspects of cv. resistance and yield loss are illustrated.  相似文献   

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