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1.
Chemical composition and nutritive value of husked and naked oats grain   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
11 samples of oats from the 2005 crop of the field experiment carried out in RSD Lipnik were examined. Naked grain oats were represented by a standard Polar cultivar and 5 strains (STH 6102, STH 6856, STH 7146, STH 7256, STH 1692), whereas husked grains were represented by a standard Bohun cultivar and 4 strains (STH 684, STH 688, STH 729, STH 840). The examined naked grain oats differ considerably from husked grain oats in their chemical composition. A statistically significantly higher content of protein (P ≤ 0.05), a higher level of fat (P ≤ 0.01) and a lower value of crude fibre (P ≤ 0.01) were observed in the grains of naked oats compared with the husked grains. The protein of oats is characterised by a favourable amino acid composition of high quality protein which can be confirmed by the EAAI values. The first amino acid limiting the nutritive value of protein was lysine in nearly all oat samples. The characteristic feature of the Polar cultivar was isoleucine deficit. The positive nutritive values for oat grains, in particular those for naked oat grains, make it possible to use them as food for humans and feed for monogastric animals.  相似文献   

2.
Functional properties of conventional oat materials are relatively poor with respect to foam and emulsion formation and stabilization. This is largely due to the poor solubility of oat proteins and the presence of lipids in aqueous extracts of oats. In the experimental part of this study, extracts were prepared from different type oat flours (oat endosperm flour, oat fine flour, CO2-defatted whole oat flour and CO2-defatted oat flour) with a buffered aqueous extraction procedure at acidic (pH 4.5 and 6.5) and basic (pH 8.5 and 10.5) regions. The solubility of proteins was the highest at pH 10.5 and NaCl concentration of 2%. Among the extracts, CO2-oat flour showed improved foaming and emulsifying properties at basic pH values. The presence of 0.1% NaCl resulted in the lowest foam volumes, but the emulsion activity and stability values being the highest. Sucrose addition resulted in increased foam and emulsion stability of suspensions. Heat treatment at 80 °C impaired foam properties, whereas the stability of emulsions increased with the increase in temperature from 20 °C to 80 °C. CO2-extracted oats can be useful raw materials in beverages and other aqueous applications where protein functionality plays an important role.  相似文献   

3.
A Monte Carlo simulation technique was employed to simulate the factors influencing the level of β-glucan content in both hulled (HO) and naked (NO) oat cultivars during cultivation of the crop. Probability density functions were used to model the uncertainty and variability in the input factors. A scenario analysis was subsequently developed to look at the impact of different model assumptions and input parameters. The simulated mean β-glucan level in harvested oats grain was 3.50 and 4.25 g/100 g for hulled (HO) and naked (NO), respectively. A sensitivity analysis highlighted that cultivar selection was the most important input parameter compared to other inputs in determining the final β-glucan level (correlation coefficients of 0.64 and 0.79 for HO and NO, respectively). The analysis also indicated the positive effect of delayed sowing on β-glucan content (correlation coefficients of 0.32 and 0.25 for HO and NO, respectively). Germination and storage factors showed a negative impact on the final β-glucan levels. The scenario analysis shows the applicability of the proposed model for various agronomic practices. This approach establishes a quantitative scientific ranking of factors influencing β-glucan levels during the cultivation of oats.  相似文献   

4.
Oats are generally considered as a health food and widely accepted by human beings nowadays. Oat flakes are the main commercial oat products around the world. In order to understand the chemical composition and sensory characteristics of the naked oat flakes from China and the hulled oat flakes from western countries, 37 flake samples from China and 44 samples from western countries (8 from the USA, 8 from Canada, 5 from Sweden, 8 from Denmark, 7 from the United Kingdom, and 8 from New Zealand) were investigated in the present study. The results indicated that naked oat flakes showed significantly higher (P < 0.01) contents of lipid and Na, a higher level of whiteness (P < 0.05) and lower (P < 0.01) contents of β-glucan and Fe, compared to hulled oat flakes from western countries. No significant differences of Zn, Ca, and total ash contents were observed between naked oat flakes and hulled oat flakes. In addition, naked oat flakes showed significantly higher water absorption index at room temperature (P < 0.01) when compared with hulled oat flakes. Hulled oat flakes showed higher sensory evaluation score than naked oat flakes (P < 0.01).  相似文献   

5.
Effects of lipid removal on the fine milling and air classification processing of oats were studied. Lipid removal by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction enabled concentration of the main components of oats - starch, protein, lipids and cell walls - into specific fractions. Using defatted oats as raw material, the highest β-glucan concentration of the cell wall-enriched fraction was 33.9% as compared to 17.1% without lipid removal. This was probably due to more efficient milling yielding smaller particles, and release of starchy material from cellular structures during milling of defatted oats, resulting in better classification. The removal of lipids also enabled separation of an oat protein concentrate with a protein concentration of 73.0% and a mass yield of 5.0%. A trial with 2310 kg of oat groats showed that the process based on defatting and dry fractionation was also industrially applicable.  相似文献   

6.
We report the first discovery of lunasin in oats (Avena sativa L). Lunasin is a novel cancer preventive, anti-inflammatory and cholesterol-reducing peptide originally isolated from soy and later found in cereals (barley, rye, wheat, triticale). Lunasin was detected in oats using LC–MS/MS analysis. The chromatograms and mass spectra of lunasin isolated from five oat genotypes were compared with those of the synthetic lunasin peptide. We measured the lunasin content in harvests of two years and found that all tested oat genotypes contained the lunasin peptide. However, we observed genotype-related fluctuations in the lunasin content. Notably, the middle early oat variety ‘Ivory’ contained the highest and the most stable lunasin level at 0.197 ± 0.01 mg per g of grain in year 2010 and 0.195 ± 0.009 mg per g of grain in 2011. We also characterized the selected oat genotypes by measuring the contents of protein, β-glucans, fat, starch and moisture in the grains. However, we did not find correlation between lunasin and protein, and β-glucan content. Lunasin isolated from oat showed similar to the synthetic lunasin antioxidant effects. The detection of lunasin complements a list of bioactive compounds present in oats and strengthens recommendations to use oat products.  相似文献   

7.
Grain characteristics and groat composition have been evaluated in 35 genotypes from nine taxonomic species of Avena, including three species (A. agadiriana, A. atlantica, A. damascena) for which no previous data are available. There was substantial interspecific and intraspecific variation for all characteristics measured. The proportion of groat in the grain ranged from 32·7–62·1%, and mean groat weight from 2·4–37·4 mg. Groat protein concentrations ranged from 13·9–41·3%, and exceeded 32% in one A. atlantica, two A. damascena and one A. murphyi genotype. Groat β-glucan concentration showed very wide variation (2·2–11·3%) are there were substantial interspecific and intraspecific differences. The highest β-glucan concentrations were found in genotypes of A. atlantica. Although there were interspecific and intraspecific variations in groat oil concentration (4·2–10·6%), and in fatty acid composition, data were within previously reported ranges for A. sativa. Overall these data indicate that some of the genotypes of the wild species studied may be of value for breeding oats with improved levels of β-glucan and protein, and that further studies are warranted into both interspecific and intraspecific variations in grain quality factors in wild oat species.  相似文献   

8.
A sensory profiling analysis of heat-processed oats (Avena sativaL.) was performed. The oat grains were of three varieties (Kapp, Mustang and Svea), stored at different relative humidities (30, 55 or 80%) for 3·5 or 15·5 months and heat-treated either with or without prior dehulling. The main differences in sensory attributes were related to the various thermal processes. Processed dehulled samples, particularly of theMustangvariety, had the highest intensities of oat odour, oat flavour, fresh odour and fresh flavour. Samples processed with hulls, in particular the varieties Kapp and Svea had the highest intensities of odour and flavour, rancid odour and flavour and bitterness. The sensory profile of processed oats were described partly by variations in phenolic compounds of low molecular weight, fat acidity and moisture content after processing. Twenty-nine per cent of the variation in odour and flavour attributes was explained by the 11 phenolic compounds analysed. Water content and the phenolic compoundsp-coumaric acid, vanillin,p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and coniferyl alcohol were significantly correlated (P<0·05) to high levels of rancidity, flavour intensity and bitterness and low levels of freshness, oat odour and flavour. The avenanthramides were related mainly to low levels of flavour intensity and rancid odour and flavour. Caffeic acid and fat acidity were related to low intensities of sweetness and aftertaste.  相似文献   

9.
不同风味类型铁观音乌龙茶香气组成化学模式识别研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
铁观音乌龙茶按现行国家标准可划分“清香型”、“浓香型”和“陈香型”3种风味类型。本试验在对安溪铁观音收集和审评分类基础上,采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用法（HS-SPME/GC-MS）对各茶样进行香气成分检测,并通过主成分分析（PCA）、正交偏最小二乘判别分析（OPLS-DA）等可视化模式识别方法比较了不同风味铁观音新茶和不同质量等级铁观音陈茶香气组成的特征差异。结果表明：（1）铁观音新茶和陈茶香气组成的化学模式存在明显的类群区分。铁观音新茶相较陈茶具有更为丰富的香气组分,其中醇类、酯类和烯烃类化合物是铁观音新茶“清新”风味的主要赋香成分,而醛类和酮类化合物则是形成铁观音“陈香”风味的重要物质基础。橙花叔醇、吲哚、α-法呢烯、2-甲基丁酸-2-苯乙酯、己酸-顺式-3-己烯酯、2-甲基苯基甲酸甲酯、丁酸苯乙酯、2-甲基丙酸-2-苯基乙酯、2-苄基（苯甲基）异氰化、己酸异戊酯和香叶基丙酮可作为区分铁观音新茶和陈茶的主要特征香气成分。（2）铁观音新茶按其香气组成可划分为“显酸茶”、“正韵茶和青韵茶”、“浓香茶”3个茶样类群。带“酸香”风味的“显酸茶”主要与酯类化合物密切相关,而显“火香”风味的“浓香茶”香气成分多为长链缩合态化合物,且二者均较“正韵茶和青韵茶”香气组成更为丰富。（3）不同贮藏年份的铁观音陈茶香气组成无明显的类群区分,但有潜在的质量等级差异。高级铁观音陈茶的酯类化合物相对丰富,醛类和酮类化合物含量相对较低。该研究结果可为铁观音产品的分类鉴别和风味品质评价提供参考。  相似文献   

10.
Samples from three different oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars, Vista, Gem and Dane were steeped and germinated in a pilot plant malting system. The content of avenanthramides, antioxidant compounds unique to oats, and some unknown compounds as well as the activities of the avenanthramide-synthesising enzyme hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:hydroxyanthranilate N-hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HHT) and the avenanthramide-oxidizing enzyme phenoloxidase (PO) were measured. An increase in avenanthramide content of germinated seeds, as compared to raw grains, was observed for Dane (125%, p < 0.001) and for Vista (29%, p = 0.007). The HHT activity increased 62% (p = 0.014) in Dane, whereas no change was detected in Vista and Gem. The PO activity decreased slightly during the germination process for Gem (p < 0.001) and Vista (p = 0.005). Many of the unknown compounds increased significantly during germination in all three cultivars, and one of them was identified to be the avenanthramide N-(4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxy-(E)-cinnamoyl)-5-hydroxy-4-methoxyanthranilic acid. This study indicates that a highly controlled steeping and germination process can be a valuable method to increase the content of endogenous avenanthramides in oats.  相似文献   

11.
黑茶香气化学研究进展   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
黑茶是我国独有的茶类,独特的渥堆工艺形成了其陈纯的香气特征。本文详尽综述了近年来黑茶香气化学研究的进展,从黑茶香气成分的化学特性方面归纳出甲氧基苯类和烯醛类化合物是黑茶独特香型的特征成分,分析了渥堆、干燥、贮藏等主要加工工艺对黑茶香气品质的影响,讨论了微生物对黑茶香气形成的影响,并指出了原料、香气提取方式等对黑茶香气分析的影响;最终提出黑茶特征性香气成分的鉴定与表征,香气骨架分子官能团的转化机理,以及微生物对香气形成的参与机制应是今后黑茶香气研究的难点。  相似文献   

12.
In a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003) on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany, pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown alone and intercropped at a range of densities. Shoot biomass, grain yields and amount of N in grain were evaluated and optimized using two different replacement series and a hyperbolic yield–density equation describing a response surface to address the following questions: (i) what is the optimal composition of the pea–oat intercrop with regard to maximum yields, (ii) which intercropping design is most suitable to describe competition effects in pea–oat intercrops and the optimal intercrop compositions and (iii) which intercropping design is best suited for the evaluation of field data. For (i), the optimal intercrop compositions varied depending on the growth conditions for the crops. Furthermore, optimal intercrop compositions were found above the recommended sole crop densities. The density of oat had to be reduced more than that of pea, especially when optimal grain-N yields were desired and soil-N content was high. For maximum grain-N yields, pea could be sown at high densities in combination with 5–50% of the recommended density of oat. Thus, density can be used as a yield regulator for specific purposes such as a high N yield. The effects of competition at final harvest were described equally by both designs (ii). Oat was the clearly stronger and pea the inferior competitor. In contrast to the replacement series design, the hyperbolic yield–density equation was capable of adding valuable information about the extent of intra and interspecific competition. As intraspecific competition was consistently more important than interspecific competition, resource complementarity could be hold responsible for intercrop advantages. The highest intercrop advantage was found when total intraspecific competition was low, as shown by the relative yield total (RYT) and niche differentiation index (NDI) values >1. However, due to the RYT dependence on sole crops and total densities, the replacement series design led to misleading interpretations of the yield advantages. Both experimental designs were able to describe the field-data reliably (iii), but the response surface design had the advantage of being unaffected by insufficient field emergences, as it is not based on total densities. Numbers of plants m−2 instead of seeds m−2 can be used for the evaluation. Data from sole crops are not needed for the response surface design and thus the feared high experimental effort of this design can be reduced. However, when using the replacement series design, experimental effort should be greater than normal, as different sole crop densities and more intercrop compositions within a replacement series can lead to a more precise interpretation of the competition effects.  相似文献   

13.
Coeliac disease (CD) is a chronic intolerance to gluten, contained mainly in wheat, rye and barley. The only therapy at present is the lifelong exclusion of gluten from the diet.Whether oats can be considered safe for CD patients has long been debated, and oats have been included among gluten-free ingredients only recently (EU Regulation 41/2009), provided the gluten content does not exceed 20 ppm.The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of 36 different oat cultivars for CD patients using biochemical and immunochemical approaches. The cross-reactivity between avenins and gliadins was evaluated by both SDS-PAGE/Immunoblotting and ELISA.The protein pattern of each oat cultivar showed both qualitative and quantitative differences that correlated with different binding affinity for specific anti-gliadin antibodies in immunoblotting. In most oat samples, the content of cross-reactive proteins measured by ELISA was below 20 ppm, but in a few varieties was above 80 ppm.Although the taxonomic and biochemical characteristics of oats allow to conclude that their use could be safe for CD patients, it is essential to select those cultivars having the lowest level of gluten-like proteins.  相似文献   

14.
The purpose of this research was tostudy the effects of initial moisture levels andextrusion temperatures on bulk density, waterabsorption and water solubility indexes, viscosity,and color of extruded oat products. The dehulledgrains were ground in a Brabender Quadrumat Seniormill and the coarse fraction, with higher amounts ofcrude protein, lipids, and dietary fiber content, wereconditioned to moisture levels of 15.5–25.5% andextruded in a Brabender single-screw laboratoryextruder. The water absorption index of extrudateswere relatively low (4.16–6.35 g gel/g sample) butincreased as the initial moisture of the raw materialas well as the extrusion temperature was elevated.The water solubility index was inversely proportionalto the extrusion temperature. Initial viscosity of thepaste increased with the increase of raw materialmoisture and extrusion temperature, while the maximumviscosity (at a constant temperature) diminished withthe increase of temperature. Products with lowervalues of L* (luminosity) and greater values ofa* (red) and b* (yellow) were obtained athigh moisture rates and at a 120 °C extrusiontemperature.  相似文献   

15.
Oat could be a good addition to the Gluten Free diet, but the purity of the oat supply is under scrutiny. As celiac disease becomes more prevalent, better detection tools for gluten in oats are necessary. We aimed to produce reference materials (RMs) of Canada Western Red Spring wheat (CWRS)-contaminated oat flour. Pure, uncontaminated oats flour (cultivars Navan and Gehl) was supplied by Cream Hill Estates. CWRS samples were provided by the Canadian Grain Commission from the 2009 Harvest Sample program. RMs containing 0, 20 and 100 ppm CWRS gluten-contaminated oats were created using a V-shell blender and tested by sandwich-type ELISA for gluten. Marked variations in ELISA results for the RMs were found among different test kits due to differences in capture antibodies and kit construction. The Veratox test was accurate at the 0, 20 and 100 ppm levels but detected only 30% (Veratox) and 50% (Veratox R5) of gluten at the 1000 ppm level; the Ridascreen test was accurate at all levels; the Biokits test detected roughly 10% of the gluten dosage; the Gluten-Check test detected some 30% of the gluten dosage. The RMs created could serve as standards for gluten detection in oat containing foods.  相似文献   

16.
Oat samples of different varieties were collected from various habitats for the determination of avenacoside, β-glucan and fatty contents. The variation coefficients of the three components were 12.13%, 20.79% and 22.46%, respectively. Thus, those three indicators cannot represent the information of all samples, and are not suitable for evaluating the quality of oat raw materials and products. Fatty acid profiles were analyzed using gas chromatography combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. Fourteen leather oat varieties were distinguished through a PCA scores scatterplot. Forty-six naked oat varieties were selected by cluster analysis and eleven characteristic peaks in these naked oats were identified. Finally, accurate fatty acid standard fingerprints of naked oats were constructed. The results of methodological indicated high precision, reproducibility and stability, in line with fingerprint testing requirements. This study fills the knowledge gap for naked oat fingerprint information, expands the grain fatty acid database, and lays the foundations of a grain nutritional liposome identification technology system.  相似文献   

17.
为明确无核黄皮挥发性风味化合物组分,采用顶空气相-离子迁移色谱（headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry, HS-GC-IMS）技术,并结合挥发性化合物的指纹图谱、峰强度及主成分分析（principal component analysis, PCA）,测定分析并比较4个不同成熟度无核黄皮果实的挥发性风味化合物组分差异。从无核黄皮果实中共鉴定出60个已知的和3个未知的挥发性风味化合物,已知的挥发性风味化合物包含13种醛类、12种醇类、9种烯烃类、6种酮类、2种酯类、2种醚类、1种苯和1种乙酸。挥发性风味物质指纹图谱显示,在特有的风味化合物方面,STAGE2的种类最多,STAGE4次之,STAGE1仅有2种,而STAGE3无明显的特有风味化合物。此外,STAGE1与STAGE2共有的风味化合物种类最多,STAGE3与STAGE4仅共有乙酸和乙醇。各化合物的信号峰强度值显示,各成熟度果实中含量均较为丰富的有己醛、戊烯醛、乙烯醇、石竹烯、α-水芹烯、柠檬烯、1-戊烯-3-酮和丁香酚甲醚。丁香酚甲醚和乙烯醇的峰强度最高,且表现为随果实成熟度的增强,其相对含量逐渐降低。主成分分析（PCA）显示不同成熟度果实的挥发性风味组分各自聚类,但STAGE1与STAGE2、STAGE3与STAGE4的距离分别较近。无核黄皮果实中主要的挥发性风味化合物是醛类和醇类,其次是烯氢类和酮类,不同成熟度果实分别具有共同的及特有的挥发性风味化合物特征峰区域,成熟度越接近,其风味化合物的组成也较为相近。本研究可为无核黄皮的成熟度、品质和标准判定、风味成分研究及精深加工产品开发等提供理论基础。  相似文献   

18.
Nine chymotrypsin and four trypsin inhibitors have been extracted and separated from ungerminated oat grains. The inhibitors fell into two groups, based on their heat and pH stabilities. Members of the most abundant group are labile and are inactivated at 80 °C or at pHs of 3·3 or lower. Members of the second group are stable and are resistant to boiling for 30 min. On germination, the labile inhibitors are inactivated after 2 days and the stable chymotrypsin inhibitors after 3 days. Most of the labile inhibitors from ungerminated grain are destroyed when incubated at 20 °C for 20 h but addition of PMSF, a serine protease inhibitor, prevented their inactivation. Labile inhibitors in extracts of ungerminated oats are inactivated on incubation with an extract prepared from germinated oats, but not in the presence of PMSF. Most oat chymotrypsin and trypsin inhibitors are heat labile and pH sensitive. These inhibitors are apparently inactivated by serine proteinase(s) already present in ungerminated grain.  相似文献   

19.
采用顶空固相微萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用技术对武夷大红袍初制过程在制叶的香气成分进行了分析,结果表明,与鲜叶相比,以壬醛、十四烷、十三烷、十二烷、丁酸-2-乙基-1,2,3-丙三酯、二-叔-十二烷基二硫化物和乙酸橙花叔酯为代表的烷烃类、醛类和酮类组分等香气成分随着初制工序的进展呈下降趋势,且降幅较大,在毛茶中的含量分别下降了72.4%、91.8%、63.6%;而以橙花叔醇、α-法尼烯、吲哚、苯乙腈、苯乙醇、己酸己酯、己酸-顺3-己烯酯、己酸-反2-己烯酯、苯甲酸己酯、苯甲酸-3-己烯-1-酯和苯甲酸反2-己烯酯为代表的构成大红袍的特征性香型的醇类、酯类和烯烃类香气成分在初制过程中大量转化生成,在毛茶中的含量分别增加了215.5%、70.8%、682.6%。  相似文献   

20.
B-glucan is one of the components that differentiate oats from other cereals and that contribute to the health-related value of oats. However, so far oats cannot easily be applied in bread-like products without loss of product quality. Here we have studied how the content and viscosity of oat β-glucan affect the technological properties of oat dough in both a gluten-free and a gluten-containing system. In both systems, increasing the β-glucan concentration resulted in an increase of dough stiffness and in a reduction of dough extensibility. β-glucan negatively impacted the elastic properties that additional wheat gluten conferred to oat dough. This effect was smaller for medium-viscosity β-glucan than for high-viscosity β-glucan. Interestingly, dough made from low β-glucan flour (<2%) had increased gas retention capacity. Overall, the impact of β-glucan on the properties of oat dough systems was governed by concentration and viscosity, with or without additional wheat gluten. Our findings indicate that β-glucan is a key component that determines the rheology of oat-based dough systems and, with that, the technological functionality of oat in dough systems.  相似文献   

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